Test 2 Study Flashcards
What are the best treatments for kids with ADHD and anxiety?
Behavioral, medication, and combined.
What are the best treatments for kids with ADHD and other co-morbid disorders (except ADHD with anxiety)?
Combined treatment and medicine management.
Describe the general course of ADHD.
Persistent.
What processes do the executive functions include? (CELM)
- Cognitive. 2. Emotional. 3. Language. 4. Motor.
Higher rates of what medical concerns have been found in those with ADHD? (3)
- Enuresis. 2. Asthma. 3. Dental health problems.
Are those with ADHD more or less likely to have poor fitness and be obesity?
More likely.
Are sleeping problems (such as resistance to fall asleep, teeth grinding, etc.) common in children with ADHD? If so, why?
Yes, perhaps because of stimulant medications.
What percent of children with ADHD also have speech or language impairments?
Around 30-60%.
Children with inattentive ADHD are more likely to show what kinds of language/speech impairments?
Weaker receptive and expressive vocabulary skills.
Children with hyperactivity/impulsivity ADHD are more likely to show what kinds of language/speech impairments?
Poor language skills.
Do those with ADHD have more difficulty understanding others’ speech and using appropriate language in everyday situations?
Yes.
What are the primary difficulties individuals with ADHD have with speech? (3)
- The pragmatic aspects. 2. Impaired verbal working memory. 3. Discourse analysis.
In clinic samples, how often do children with ADHD have 1 other disorder?
80%
In clinic samples, how often do children with ADHD have 2 or more other disorders?
50%.
What percent of children with ADHD also have ODD?
50%.
What percent of children with ADHD also experience excessive anxiety?
25%.
What percent of children with ADHD also experience depression?
Around 20% to 30%.
What percent of children with ADHD also motor coordination difficulties?
Around 30%-50%.
Around what percent of children with ADHD may also have a developmental coordination disorder?
50%.
What percent of children with ADHD also have a tic disorder?
Around 20%.
How prevalent is ADHD in children 4-17 years old?
Around 5%-9%.
What is the heritability for ADHD?
Around 75%
If a parent has ADHD, what is the risk that the child will have ADHD?
About 60%.
During vigilance tests, the brain activity of those with ADHD suggests what about their responsiveness to stimuli and about their response to inhibition?
Under-responsiveness to stimuli and deficits in response inhibition
During psycho-physiological measures, what did researchers find out about those with ADHD?
Diminished arousal or arousability.
What differences in blood flow were found in the brains of those with ADHD?
They had decreased blood flow to the prefrontal regions and the pathways connecting the regions to the limbic system and cerebellum.
What structures make up the frontostriatal circuitry of the brain? (2)
- The prefrontal cortex. 2. Interconnected areas of gray matter located in the basal ganglia.
Do children with ADHD have a smaller right prefrontal cortex?
Yes.
Do children with ADHD have abnormalities in the basal ganglia?
Yes.
Do children with ADHD have smaller cerebellums? IF, so which part specifically?
Yes, the right cerebellum.
Those with ADHD that persisted into adulthood had what brain abnormalities?
An increase in cortical thinning in areas of the prefrontal cortex.
In general, those with ADHD show what brain abnormalities? (4)
- Frontostriatal region. 2. Basal ganglia 3. Cerebellum. 4. Thalamus.
What is the goodness of fit in reference to family influences?
The match between the child’s early temperament and the parent’s style of interaction.
What was the first major follow-up questions of the MTA study?
Which treatment worked best for each outcome?
What was the second major follow-up questions of the MTA study?
What are the benefits of state-of-the-art (MTA delivered) treatment vs. treatments as delivered in the community?
What was the third major follow-up questions of the MTA study?
For whom do treatments work? What factors moderated treatment outcomes?
What was the fourth major follow-up questions of the MTA study?
Why and how did the MTA treatments work?
What was the fifth major follow-up questions of the MTA study?
What is the overall impact of the various treatments in terms of proportions of children normalized?
What is the answer to the second follow-up question of the MTA study?
MTA kids were more closely monitored on dosage, length of visit, number of visits, etc.
What is the answer to the fourth follow-up question of the MTA study? (4)
- The use of medications seems to unlock children’s social abilities. 2. Medicine management. 3. Better parenting. 4. Better compliance/adherence.
What is the answer to the fifth follow-up question of the MTA study?
68% of children normalized from best treatment (Comb).
What percent of children were normalized in the community care group?
25%.
What percent of children were normalized in the medication management alone group?
56%.
What percent of children with ADHD take stimulant medication?
74%-81%.
What percent of children with ADHD have combined treatment?
31%.
What is stimulus dominance? How does it relate to those with ASD?
The tendency to focus on certain types of sensory inputs over others (ex. sights over sound). Those with ASD may have deficits in this.
What is stimulus overselectivity?
The tendency to focus on one feature of an object or event in the environment while ignoring other equally important features.
How does stimulus overselectivity affect those with ASD?
Those with ASD feel like they have tunnel vision or hearing making it difficult to learn about the world.
Do children with ASD tend to think in images or abstract ideas? How could this help them?
Images. It may allow them to remember material in the manner of a camera.
Do those with ASD tend to segment information into wholes or parts?
Parts.
What percent of children with ASD develop special talents in spelling, reading, math, music, or drawing?
25%.
How often is ID comorbid with ASD?
Around 40%-50%.
What percent of children with ASD pass the Sally-Anne test or false-belief tests?
Around 15%-60%.
What is central coherence?
The tendency of humans to interpret stimuli in a relatively global way that takes the broader context into account.
Individuals with ASD have what kind of problems with central coherence?
They have a weak drive for central coherence. They process info in bits; resulting in difficulty learning meaning.
What is social motivation? How does it relate to those with ASD?
Finding social stimuli intrinsically rewarding. They have an impairment in this; resulting in not finding social stimuli intrinsically rewarding.
What are the 8 key features of most interventions for ASD?
- Start early. 2. Intensive. 3. Low student-teacher ratio. 4. High structure. 5. Family inclusion. 6. Peer interactions. 7. Generalizations. 8. Ongoing assessment.
What is a reactive-aggressive child?
A child who shows a an angry, defensive response to frustration or provocation
A reactive-aggressive child often displays what bias?
A hostile attributional bias.
What does a proactive-aggressive child display?
A lack of concern for others, and their solutions to social problem are few, mostly aggressive, and inappropriate.
What percent of children with conduct problems also have depression or anxiety?
50%.
Does an early onset of menarche predict increased delinquency?
Yes.
How does maltreatment affect the brain?
Poorer neural connectivity between PFC and limbic system.
What is the recidivism rate for 2 years? For 3 years?
Around 51% for 2 years. Around 60% for 3 years.
Maltreatment/insensitive parenting may lead to deficits in what?
Social information processing.
What is the “triple threat”?
- Brain isn’t fully developed. 2. Adolescent brain is more drawn to highly charged emotional stimuli. 3. Adolescents are more susceptible to peer influence than children or adults.
What is the evidence for the idea that the adolescent brain is not fully developed? (2)
- Synaptic pruning. 2. Gray matter maturation over the cortical surface (cerebral cortex).
What is the evidence that the adolescent brain is more drawn to emotionally charged stimuli?
The amgydala in teens are more active than in children or adults.
