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Child Psychopathology > Test 2 Study > Flashcards

Test 2 Study Flashcards

1
Q

What are the best treatments for kids with ADHD and anxiety?

A

Behavioral, medication, and combined.

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2
Q

What are the best treatments for kids with ADHD and other co-morbid disorders (except ADHD with anxiety)?

A

Combined treatment and medicine management.

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3
Q

Describe the general course of ADHD.

A

Persistent.

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4
Q

What processes do the executive functions include? (CELM)

A
  1. Cognitive. 2. Emotional. 3. Language. 4. Motor.
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5
Q

Higher rates of what medical concerns have been found in those with ADHD? (3)

A
  1. Enuresis. 2. Asthma. 3. Dental health problems.
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6
Q

Are those with ADHD more or less likely to have poor fitness and be obesity?

A

More likely.

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7
Q

Are sleeping problems (such as resistance to fall asleep, teeth grinding, etc.) common in children with ADHD? If so, why?

A

Yes, perhaps because of stimulant medications.

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8
Q

What percent of children with ADHD also have speech or language impairments?

A

Around 30-60%.

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9
Q

Children with inattentive ADHD are more likely to show what kinds of language/speech impairments?

A

Weaker receptive and expressive vocabulary skills.

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10
Q

Children with hyperactivity/impulsivity ADHD are more likely to show what kinds of language/speech impairments?

A

Poor language skills.

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11
Q

Do those with ADHD have more difficulty understanding others’ speech and using appropriate language in everyday situations?

A

Yes.

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12
Q

What are the primary difficulties individuals with ADHD have with speech? (3)

A
  1. The pragmatic aspects. 2. Impaired verbal working memory. 3. Discourse analysis.
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13
Q

In clinic samples, how often do children with ADHD have 1 other disorder?

A

80%

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14
Q

In clinic samples, how often do children with ADHD have 2 or more other disorders?

A

50%.

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15
Q

What percent of children with ADHD also have ODD?

A

50%.

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16
Q

What percent of children with ADHD also experience excessive anxiety?

A

25%.

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17
Q

What percent of children with ADHD also experience depression?

A

Around 20% to 30%.

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18
Q

What percent of children with ADHD also motor coordination difficulties?

A

Around 30%-50%.

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19
Q

Around what percent of children with ADHD may also have a developmental coordination disorder?

A

50%.

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20
Q

What percent of children with ADHD also have a tic disorder?

A

Around 20%.

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21
Q

How prevalent is ADHD in children 4-17 years old?

A

Around 5%-9%.

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22
Q

What is the heritability for ADHD?

A

Around 75%

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23
Q

If a parent has ADHD, what is the risk that the child will have ADHD?

A

About 60%.

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24
Q

During vigilance tests, the brain activity of those with ADHD suggests what about their responsiveness to stimuli and about their response to inhibition?

A

Under-responsiveness to stimuli and deficits in response inhibition

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25
Q

During psycho-physiological measures, what did researchers find out about those with ADHD?

A

Diminished arousal or arousability.

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26
Q

What differences in blood flow were found in the brains of those with ADHD?

A

They had decreased blood flow to the prefrontal regions and the pathways connecting the regions to the limbic system and cerebellum.

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27
Q

What structures make up the frontostriatal circuitry of the brain? (2)

A
  1. The prefrontal cortex. 2. Interconnected areas of gray matter located in the basal ganglia.
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28
Q

Do children with ADHD have a smaller right prefrontal cortex?

A

Yes.

29
Q

Do children with ADHD have abnormalities in the basal ganglia?

A

Yes.

30
Q

Do children with ADHD have smaller cerebellums? IF, so which part specifically?

A

Yes, the right cerebellum.

31
Q

Those with ADHD that persisted into adulthood had what brain abnormalities?

A

An increase in cortical thinning in areas of the prefrontal cortex.

32
Q

In general, those with ADHD show what brain abnormalities? (4)

A
  1. Frontostriatal region. 2. Basal ganglia 3. Cerebellum. 4. Thalamus.
33
Q

What is the goodness of fit in reference to family influences?

A

The match between the child’s early temperament and the parent’s style of interaction.

34
Q

What was the first major follow-up questions of the MTA study?

A

Which treatment worked best for each outcome?

35
Q

What was the second major follow-up questions of the MTA study?

A

What are the benefits of state-of-the-art (MTA delivered) treatment vs. treatments as delivered in the community?

36
Q

What was the third major follow-up questions of the MTA study?

A

For whom do treatments work? What factors moderated treatment outcomes?

37
Q

What was the fourth major follow-up questions of the MTA study?

A

Why and how did the MTA treatments work?

38
Q

What was the fifth major follow-up questions of the MTA study?

A

What is the overall impact of the various treatments in terms of proportions of children normalized?

39
Q

What is the answer to the second follow-up question of the MTA study?

A

MTA kids were more closely monitored on dosage, length of visit, number of visits, etc.

40
Q

What is the answer to the fourth follow-up question of the MTA study? (4)

A
  1. The use of medications seems to unlock children’s social abilities. 2. Medicine management. 3. Better parenting. 4. Better compliance/adherence.
41
Q

What is the answer to the fifth follow-up question of the MTA study?

A

68% of children normalized from best treatment (Comb).

42
Q

What percent of children were normalized in the community care group?

A

25%.

43
Q

What percent of children were normalized in the medication management alone group?

A

56%.

44
Q

What percent of children with ADHD take stimulant medication?

A

74%-81%.

45
Q

What percent of children with ADHD have combined treatment?

A

31%.

46
Q

What is stimulus dominance? How does it relate to those with ASD?

A

The tendency to focus on certain types of sensory inputs over others (ex. sights over sound). Those with ASD may have deficits in this.

47
Q

What is stimulus overselectivity?

A

The tendency to focus on one feature of an object or event in the environment while ignoring other equally important features.

48
Q

How does stimulus overselectivity affect those with ASD?

A

Those with ASD feel like they have tunnel vision or hearing making it difficult to learn about the world.

49
Q

Do children with ASD tend to think in images or abstract ideas? How could this help them?

A

Images. It may allow them to remember material in the manner of a camera.

50
Q

Do those with ASD tend to segment information into wholes or parts?

A

Parts.

51
Q

What percent of children with ASD develop special talents in spelling, reading, math, music, or drawing?

A

25%.

52
Q

How often is ID comorbid with ASD?

A

Around 40%-50%.

53
Q

What percent of children with ASD pass the Sally-Anne test or false-belief tests?

A

Around 15%-60%.

54
Q

What is central coherence?

A

The tendency of humans to interpret stimuli in a relatively global way that takes the broader context into account.

55
Q

Individuals with ASD have what kind of problems with central coherence?

A

They have a weak drive for central coherence. They process info in bits; resulting in difficulty learning meaning.

56
Q

What is social motivation? How does it relate to those with ASD?

A

Finding social stimuli intrinsically rewarding. They have an impairment in this; resulting in not finding social stimuli intrinsically rewarding.

57
Q

What are the 8 key features of most interventions for ASD?

A
  1. Start early. 2. Intensive. 3. Low student-teacher ratio. 4. High structure. 5. Family inclusion. 6. Peer interactions. 7. Generalizations. 8. Ongoing assessment.
58
Q

What is a reactive-aggressive child?

A

A child who shows a an angry, defensive response to frustration or provocation

59
Q

A reactive-aggressive child often displays what bias?

A

A hostile attributional bias.

60
Q

What does a proactive-aggressive child display?

A

A lack of concern for others, and their solutions to social problem are few, mostly aggressive, and inappropriate.

61
Q

What percent of children with conduct problems also have depression or anxiety?

A

50%.

62
Q

Does an early onset of menarche predict increased delinquency?

A

Yes.

63
Q

How does maltreatment affect the brain?

A

Poorer neural connectivity between PFC and limbic system.

64
Q

What is the recidivism rate for 2 years? For 3 years?

A

Around 51% for 2 years. Around 60% for 3 years.

65
Q

Maltreatment/insensitive parenting may lead to deficits in what?

A

Social information processing.

66
Q

What is the “triple threat”?

A
  1. Brain isn’t fully developed. 2. Adolescent brain is more drawn to highly charged emotional stimuli. 3. Adolescents are more susceptible to peer influence than children or adults.
67
Q

What is the evidence for the idea that the adolescent brain is not fully developed? (2)

A
  1. Synaptic pruning. 2. Gray matter maturation over the cortical surface (cerebral cortex).
68
Q

What is the evidence that the adolescent brain is more drawn to emotionally charged stimuli?

A

The amgydala in teens are more active than in children or adults.

Child Psychopathology (14 decks)

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