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Child Psychopathology > ADHD > Flashcards

ADHD Flashcards

1
Q

What is inattention?

A

An inability to sustain attention or stick to tasks or play activities, to remember and follow through on instructions or rules, and to resist distractions.

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2
Q

What do inattention symptoms tend to predict?

A

Academic problems and peer neglect.

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3
Q

What do hyperactivity-impulsive symptoms tend to predict?

A

Aggressive behaviors and peer rejection.

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4
Q

What is attentional capacity?

A

The amount of information we can remember and attend to for a short time.

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5
Q

Do children with ADHD have troubles with attentional capacity?

A

No.

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6
Q

What is selective attention?

A

The ability to concentrate on relevant stimuli and ignore task-irrelevant stimuli in the environment.

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7
Q

What is distractibility?

A

A term commonly used to indicate a deficit in selective attention.

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8
Q

What is sustained attention?

A

AKA Vigilance. The ability to maintain a persistent focus over time on unchallenging, uninteresting tasks, or activities or when fatigued.

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9
Q

What is Alerting?

A

An initial reaction to stimulus; it involves the ability to prepare for what is about to happen.

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10
Q

How do children with ADHD have problem with Alerting?

A

They respond too quickly in a situation requiring slow and careful approach and too slowly in situations requiring a quick response.

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11
Q

What does hyperactivity-impulsivity involve?

A

The under-control of motor behavior, poor sustained inhibition of behavior, the inability to delay a response or defer gratification, or an inability to inhibit dominant responses in relation to ongoing situational demands.

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12
Q

What is cognitive impulsivity?

A

Disorganized, hurried thinking, and the need for supervision.

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13
Q

What is behavioral impulsivity?

A

Have difficulty inhibiting their response when the situation requires it.

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14
Q

What is emotional impulsivity?

A

Impatience, low frustration tolerance, hot temper, quickness to anger, and irritability.

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15
Q

What are the 3 presentation types of ADHD?

A
  1. Predominantly inattentive presentation (ADHD-PI). 2. Predominantly hyperactive-impulsive presentation (ADHD-HI). 3. Combined presentation (ADHD-C).
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16
Q

Describe the Predominantly Inattentive presentation (ADHD-PI).

A

Describes children who meet symptom criteria for inattention, but not hyperactivity-impulsivity.

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17
Q

Describe the Predominantly hyperactive-impulsive presentation (ADHD-HI).

A

Describes children who meet symptom criteria for hyperactivity-impulsivity, but not inattention.

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18
Q

Describe the Combined Presenation (ADHD-C).

A

Describes children who meet symptom criteria for both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity.

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19
Q

How are children with predominately inattentive presentation (ADHD-PI) often described?

A

As anxious and apprehensive and socially withdrawn and may display mood disorders.

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20
Q

Which ADHD presentation represents the most common presentation in the general population?

A

Predominantly inattentive presentation (ADHD-PI).

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21
Q

What presentation type is associated with problems with arousal? What is the problem?

A

Predominantly inattentive presentation (ADHD-PI). Sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT).

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22
Q

What is sluggish cognitive tempo? What presentation type is it most commonly associated with?

A

A cluster that includes symptoms such as daydreaming, trouble staying awake/alert, mentally foggy/easily confused, slow processing of info, stares a lot, spacey, loses train of thought, appearing lethargic. hypoactive, sleepy. It is associated with Predominantly inattentive presentation (ADHD-PI).

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23
Q

What diagnostic sub-groups could be contained under predominantly inattentive presentation (ADHD-PI)? (3)

A
  1. Children who display both clinically significant symptoms of inattention and sub-clinical, but still substantial levels of hyperactivity-impulsivity. 2. ADHD-PI with SCT. 3. Individuals who previously met criteria for ADHD-C presentation.
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24
Q

What problems are children with ADHD-HI and ADHD-C presentations more likely to present with than those with ADHD-PI.

A

Problems in inhibiting behavior and in behavioral persistence.

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25
Q

Which presentation is most likely to be referred for treatment?

A

ADHD-C.

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26
Q

Which presentation is the rarest and comprises mostly preschoolers?

A

ADHD-HI

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27
Q

By what age must the symptoms of ADHD be found?

A

By age 12.

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28
Q

How long must the symptoms persist for?

A

For more than 6 months.

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29
Q

What categories do executive functions include? (4)

A
  1. Cognitive processes. 2. Language processes. 3. Motor processes. 4. Emotional processes.
30
Q

Describe the cognitive processes. (5)

A
  1. Working memory, holding information in mind while manipulating information. 2. Mental computation. 3. Planning and anticipation. 4. Flexibility of thinking. 5. Use of organizational strategies.
31
Q

Describe the language processes. (2)

A
  1. Verbal fluency. 2. The use of self-directed speech.
32
Q

Describe the motor processes. (4)

A
  1. Allocation of effort. 2. Following prohibitive instructions. 3. Response inhibition. 4. Motor coordination and sequencing.
33
Q

Describe the emotional processes. (2)

A
  1. Self-regulation of arousal level. 2. Tolerating frustration.
34
Q

About how many children with ADHD also have a specific learning disorder?

A

45%

35
Q

What percent of people with ADHD have one other psychological disorder? What percent have at least two or more psychological disorder?

A

Around 80% have one. Around 50% have two or more.

36
Q

What are the two types of Oppositional Defiant Disorder symptoms?

A
  1. Irritability. 2. Defiance.
37
Q

Describe ODD.

A

They overreact by lashing out against adults and other kids. They are stubborn, short-tempered, argumentative, and defiant.

38
Q

What percent of children with ADHD develop conduct disorder?

A

Around 30%-50%.

39
Q

Describe conduct disorder.

A

Children with CD violate societal rules and are at high risk for getting into serious trouble at school or with the police. They may fight, cheat, steal, set fires, or destroy property.

40
Q

What presentation of ADHD increases the odds that they will develop ODD or CD?

A

ADHD-HI. It increases the odds 10-fold.

41
Q

Persistent and severe ODD and CD outcomes among children with ADHD are associated with variations with what gene?

A

Variations in the COMT gene.

42
Q

What is the COMT gene?

A

Associated with the regulation of neurotransmitter in the area of the brain implicated in ADHD.

43
Q

What percent of people with children with ADHD experience excessive anxiety?

A

Around 25%.

44
Q

Describe the association between ADHD and Bipolar Mood Disorder.

A

A diagnosis of childhood BP sharply increases the child’s risk for previous or co-occurring ADHD. But a diagnosis of ADHD does not appear to indicate a risk for BP.

45
Q

What percent of children with ADHD display motor coordination difficulties?

A

30-50%.

46
Q

Describe what coordination difficulties children with ADHD would have? (3)

A
  1. Clumsiness. 2. Poor performance in sports 3. Poor hand writing-especially when they attempt to execute complex motor sequences.
47
Q

What is Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD)?

A

A coordination characterized by marked motor incoordination and delays in achieving motor milestones.

48
Q

Around what percent of children have Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD)?

A

Around 50%.

49
Q

What are tic disorders?

A

Sudden, repetitive, nonrhythmic motor movements or sounds such as eye blinking, facial grimacing, throat clearing, and grunting.

50
Q

Around how many children with ADHD have a tic disorder?

A

Around 20%.

51
Q

What explains the increase in prevalence of ADHD? (4)

A
  1. The increase in diagnostic practices 2. Awareness about ADHD in the public. 3. Pressure from parents seeking treatment for children. 4. Adults identifying their own ADHD.
52
Q

What percent of children between the ages of 4 and 17 years old have ADHD?

A

Around 5-9%.

53
Q

What symptoms predict a greater likelihood of developing ADHD if present for 1 year at the preschool level? (2)

A
  1. Hyperactive-impulsivity. 2. Oppositional behavior.
54
Q

What symptoms in the preschool years indicate a greater likelihood of developing ADHD symptoms in the third grade? (3)

A
  1. Difficulties in resisting temptation. 2. Difficulties delaying gratification. 3. Difficulties inhibiting behavior during
55
Q

What percent of people with ADHD go on to have it in adolescence?

A

Around 50% of clinic referred elementary school children.

56
Q

What are the four interrelated theories of ADHD?

A
  1. Cognitive functioning deficits. 2. Reward/Motivation deficits. 3. Arousal Level Deficits. 4. Self-regulation deficits.
57
Q

If a parent has ADHD, what is the likelihood that the child will develop ADHD?

A

Around 60%.

58
Q

Which variant of one of the dopamine receptor genes is implicated with ADHD? (2)

A
  1. DRD4. Which had been linked to the personality trait of sensation seeking (high level of thrill seeking, impulsive, exploratory, and excitable behavior). 2. It affects responsiveness to medication, and it impacts parts of the brain associated with executive functions and attention.
59
Q

What other genes have been implicated with ADHD?

A

Genes related to the regulation of dopamine and noradrenaline.

60
Q

What part of the brain do people with ADHD have abnormalities in?

A

The frontostriatal circuitry of the brain.

61
Q

What is the frontostriatal circuitry of the brain?

A

A region consisting of the prefrontal cortex and interconnected areas of gray matter located deep below the cerebral cortex, collectively known as the basal ganglia.

62
Q

What brain parts are smaller in children with ADHD?

A
  1. Right prefrontal cortex. 2. Right cerebral volumes.
63
Q

How might the thalamus be implicated in ADHD?

A

Different thalamic sub-circuits associated with differing ADHD symptoms linked with the regulation of motor and emotional responses.

64
Q

What kind of thalamic mode network do normal children have? Those with ADHD have?

A

The network tends to be active at rest, but tends to shut off during task engagement - but not as effectively in those with ADHD.

65
Q

How might neural circuitry be implicated in ADHD?

A

Circuits develop differently or later in ADHD. Especially in the prefrontal regions.

66
Q

What neurochemicals are implicated in ADHD? Which are the most implicated? (4)

A
  1. Dopamine. 2. Norepinephrine. 3. Epinephrine. 4. Serotonin. Dopamine and norepinephrine are the most implicated.
67
Q

What are the primary treatments for ADHD? (3)

A
  1. Stimulant medication. 2. Parent management training. 3. Educational intervention.
68
Q

What is one intensive treatment for ADHD?

A

Summer treatment programs.

69
Q

What is the focus of the parent management training treatment for ADHD? (3)

A
  1. Managing disruptive child behavior at home. 2. Reducing parent-child conflict. 3. Promoting prosocial and self-regulating behaviors.
70
Q

What did the Multimodal Treatment Study of Children with ADHD (MTA) study find were the most effective treatments? (4)

A
  1. Combined treatments. 2. Medication alone. 3. Behavior therapy. 4. Community treatment.

Child Psychopathology (14 decks)

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