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Child Psychopathology > Conduct Problems > Flashcards

Conduct Problems Flashcards

1
Q

What are conduct problems and antisocial behaviors?

A

Age-inappropriate actions and attitudes of a child that violate family expectations, societal norms, and the personal or property rights of others.

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2
Q

What kind of behavior keeps its relative standing over time?

A

Aggressive behaviors. It has a correlation of about .70 (about as much as IQ scores).

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3
Q

How prevalent are early, persistent, and extreme patterns of antisocial behaviors in children?

A

About 5%.

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4
Q

Children who commit extreme patterns of antisocial behaviors account to what percent of all crime in the U.S.

A

50%.

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5
Q

What are the four perspectives of conduct problems?

A
  1. Legal. 2. Psychological. 3. Psychiatric. 4. Public Health.
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6
Q

How are conduct problems defined using the legal perspective?

A

As delinquent or criminal acts.

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7
Q

From a Psychological perspective, what dimension is used to describe conduct problems?

A

The continuous dimension of externalizing behavior.

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8
Q

What are the two independent dimensions of antisocial behavior?

A
  1. Overt-Covert Dimension. 2. Destructive-Nondestructive Dimension.
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9
Q

Children who display overt antisocial behavior tend to behave in what ways and experience what situation? (4)

A
  1. Negative. 2. Irritable. 3. Resentful in their reactions to hostile situations. 4. Experience higher levels of family conflict.
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10
Q

Children who display covert antisocial behavior tend to behave in what ways and experience what situation? (4)

A
  1. Less social. 2. More anxious. 3. More suspicious of others. 4. Come from homes that provide little family support.
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11
Q

Children who show both covert and overt antisocial behaviors have what traits? (3)

A
  1. Frequent conflict with authorities. 2. Show the most severe family dysfunction. 3. Have the poorest long-term outcomes.
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12
Q

Children who displaying over-destructive behaviors are at high risk for what?

A

Later psychiatric problems and impairment in functioning.

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13
Q

What are ODD and CD referred to together, according to the psychiatric perspective?

A

Conduct Problems or Disruptive Behavior Disorders.

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14
Q

What other disorders are in the DSM like ODD and CD? (3)

A
  1. Intermittent explosive disorder. 2. Kleptomania. 3. Pyromania.
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15
Q

What is the goal of the public health perspective?

A

To reduce the number of injuries and deaths, personal suffering, and economic costs associated with youth violence, in the same way other health concerns such as car accidents or tobacco use are addressed.

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16
Q

When does ODD usually appear?

A

By age 8.

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17
Q

What is Oppositional Defiant Disorder?

A

An age-inappropriate recurrent patterns of stubborn, hostile, disobedient, and defiant behaviors.

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18
Q

[ODD] What are the three DSM symptom clusters?

A
  1. Angry/Irritable. 2. Argumentative/Defiant Behavior. 3. Vindictiveness.
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19
Q

What are the DSM specifiers used for for ODD?

A

Severity ratings depending on whether symptoms are present in 1, 2, or 3 or more settings.

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20
Q

What is Conduct Disorder?

A

A repetitive and persistent pattern of severely aggressive and antisocial acts that involve inflicting pain on others through physical and verbal aggression, stealing, or vandalism.

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21
Q

What are the 4 symptom dimensions of Conduct Disorder?

A
  1. Aggression to People and Animals. 2. Destruction of Property. 3. Deceitfulness or Theft. 4. Serious Violations of Rules.
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22
Q

[CD] What are examples of the symptoms dimension, Aggression to People and Animals? (2)

A
  1. Bullying. 2. Physical cruelty.
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23
Q

[CD] What are examples of the symptoms dimension, destruction of property? (2)

A
  1. Fire setting. 2. Vandalism.
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24
Q

[CD] What are examples of the symptoms dimension, Deceitfulness or theft? (2)

A
  1. Conning. 2. Shoplifting.
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25
Q

[CD] What are examples of the symptoms dimension, Serious violations of rules? (2)

A
  1. Truancy. 2. Running away from home.
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26
Q

What kind of punishments do families often used on children with CD?

A

Harsh punishments.

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27
Q

Describe Child-Onset Conduct Disorder.

A

They display at least one symptom of the disorder before age 10.

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28
Q

Describe Adolescent-Onset Conduct Disorder.

A

They do not display at least one symptom of the disorder before age 10.

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29
Q

Which onset accounts for a disproportionate amount of illegal activity, and persist in their antisocial behavior over time?

A

Child-Onset Conduct Disorder.

30
Q

Which onset displays more aggressive symptoms?

A

Child-Onset Conduct Disorder.

31
Q

Which onset is more likely to be diagnosed similarly in both boys and girls?

A

Adolescent-Onset Conduct Disorder.

32
Q

Does ODD predict CD?

A

No.

33
Q

What percent of children with CD go on to develop APD?

A

About 40%.

34
Q

Children with CD who display psychopathic features have what type of interpersonal style?

A

Callous and unemotional (CU) interpersonal style.

35
Q

What DSM specifier is used to indicate CU traits in the diagnosis of CD?

A

With Limited Prosocial Emotions.

36
Q

[CD] How does one get the specifier, “With Limited Prosocial Emotions”?

A

By having 2 of 3 traits: 1. Lack of remorse or guilt. 2. Callous-lack of empathy. 3. Unconcerned about performance.

37
Q

What part of IQ is associated with CD?

A

Verbal IQ.

38
Q

What two factors increase the likelihood by four times that a child will display aggressive behaviors?

A
  1. Verbal Deficits. 2. Family adversity.
39
Q

What is the strongest and most consistent correlates of conduct disorder?

A

Family problems.

40
Q

What two types of family disturbances are related to conduct problems in children?

A
  1. General family disturbances. 2. Specific disturbances in parenting practices and family functioning.
41
Q

What percent of children with CD also have depression or anxiety?

A

Around 50%.

42
Q

Which disorder is more prevalent in childhood?

A

ODD.

43
Q

Which disorder is more prevalent by adolescence?

A

Neither, they are the same.

44
Q

What is the lifetime prevalence estimate for ODD?

A

12%.

45
Q

What is the lifetime prevalence estimate for CD?

A

8%.

46
Q

What does the life-course-persistent (LCP) path describe?

A

Children who engage in aggression and antisocial behavior at an early age and continue to do so into adulthood.

47
Q

What does the adolescent-limited (AL) path describe?

A

Youths whose antisocial behavior begins around puberty and continues into adolescence, but who later cease these behaviors during young adulthood.

48
Q

What percent of the variance in antisocial behavior is attributed to heredity?

A

About 50%.

49
Q

Is the genetic influence stronger in youths displaying the AL path or the LCP path?

A

The LCP Path.

50
Q

How does activation of the MAOA enzyme helps us?

A

Inhibit rage and reacting aggressively when threatened or provoked.

51
Q

Referring to behavioral systems, what do children with conduct problems exhibit?

A

Overactive BAS and an under-active BIS.

52
Q

What does the behavioral activation system (BAS) do?

A

Stimulates behavior in response to signals of reward or non-punishment.

53
Q

What does the behavioral inhibition system (BIS) do?

A

Produces anxiety and inhibits ongoing behavior in the presence of novel events, innate fear stimuli, and signals of non-reward or punishment.

54
Q

Children with CD show reduced activation in what part of the brain?

A

The amygdala.

55
Q

What brain parts are implicated in children with conduct problems? (5)

A
  1. Amygdala. 2. Prefrontal cortex. 3. Posterior and anterior cingulate. 4. Insula. 5. Inter-connected regions.
56
Q

Children with CD show what kind of psychophysiological responses and cortical arousal?

A

They show low activity of both.

57
Q

Children with CD show what kind of reactivity in the autonomic nervous system?

A

Low activation.

58
Q

What is implicated in the individual differences in antisocial behavior? (4)

A
  1. HPA Axis. 2. Autonomic Nervous System (ANS). 3. Sertonergic functioning. 4. Structural and functional deficits in the PFC.
59
Q

What neural circuits have been implicated in the underlying cognitive, social, and emotional differences across different types of conduct problems?

A
  1. Sub-cortical neural systems. 2. Prefrontal cortex decision making circuits and sociomotional information-processing circuits. 3. Frontoparietal regions.
60
Q

What does the subcortical neural system do?

A

Leads to aggressive behavior.

61
Q

What do the Prefrontal cortex decision making circuits and sociomotional information-processing circuits do?

A

Assess social cues and evaluate consequences of aggressing or not aggressing.

62
Q

What do the Frontoparietal regions do?

A

Regulates emotions and impulsive motivational urges.

63
Q

What do Social-cognitive abilities refer to?

A

The skills involved in attending to, interpreting, and responding to social cues.

64
Q

Children with conduct problems have what kind of relationship with social-cognitive abilities?

A

They have deficits in social-cognitive abilities.

65
Q

What type of parenting may reduce the influence of the child’s genotype on later antisocial behavior?

A

Positive parenting.

66
Q

What is Coercion Theory?

A

Parent-child interactions provide a training ground for the development of antisocial behavior.

67
Q

What is the amplifier hypothesis?

A

Hypothesis that states that stress amplifies the maladaptive predisposition of parents, thereby disrupting family management practices and compromising parents’ ability to be supportive of their children.

68
Q

What age has PMT been shown to be the most effective for?

A

Parents of children younger than 12 years of age.

69
Q

What percent of average children whose parents participated in PMT had better adjustments?

A

80%.

70
Q

Has PMT demonstrated much long-term effectiveness?

A

No, only short-term effectiveness has been shown.

71
Q

What is the Multisystemic Therapy (MST)?

A

An intensive empirically supported family and community-based treatment for adolescents with severe conduct problems that make out-of-home placement highly likely.

Child Psychopathology (14 decks)

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