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Child Psychopathology > Anxiety Disorders > Flashcards

Anxiety Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What is the lifetime prevalence rate for anxiety disorders?

A

Between 8% and 30%.

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2
Q

What percent of children with anxiety disorder get treatment?

A

Less than 20%.

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3
Q

What are the two key elements of anxiety?

A
  1. Strong negative emotions. 2. An element of fear.
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4
Q

Anxieties and worries are most common in which gender?

A

Females.

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5
Q

What are the two main categories of normal OCD-like symptoms?

A
  1. Repetitive behaviors. 2. Doing things “just right.”
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6
Q

Absence of separation anxiety before the end of the preschool years and after 7 months, may imply what?

A

They may have insecure attachment or other problems.

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7
Q

What do children with Separation Anxiety Disorder experience?

A

age-inappropriate, excessive, and disabling distress related to separation from their parents or other major attachment figures and fear of being alone.

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8
Q

How prevalent is Separation Anxiety Disorder?

A

4% to 10%.

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9
Q

In which gender is Separation anxiety more common?

A

Females.

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10
Q

What is the onset of separation anxiety disorder?

A

7-8 years old.

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11
Q

What percent of cases of Separation anxiety disorder continue on into adulthood?

A

Over 33%.

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12
Q

School refusal behaviors are more prevalent in which gender?

A

Neither, they are equal.

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13
Q

School refusal behaviors commonly occur between which ages?

A

5 and 11.

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14
Q

What is the prevalence of Specific phobia?

A

20%.

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15
Q

Blood phobia is more common for which gender?

A

Females.

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16
Q

When do specific phobias tend to peak?

A

Between 10 and 13 years of age.

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17
Q

When is the typical onset of phobias involving animals, darkness, insects, blood, and injury?

A

7 to 9 years of age.

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18
Q

What is the specifier for Social Anxiety Disorder?

A

“Performance only.” If the fear is restricted to speaking or performing in public.

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19
Q

What is the lifetime prevalence of Social anxiety disorder?

A

6%-12%.

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20
Q

Which gender experiences more social anxiety?

A

Females.

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21
Q

Why might females be more likely to have social anxiety disorder? (2)

A
  1. They are more concerned with social competence than are boys. 2. They attach greater importance to interpersonal relationships and evaluation by peers.
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22
Q

When is the typical onset of social anxiety disorder?

A

After puberty/early-to mid-adolescence.

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23
Q

What is the general course for social anxiety disoder?

A

Long-term.

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24
Q

Is social anxiety rare in children under 10 years of age?

A

Yes.

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25
Q

What is selective mutism?

A

Disorder wherein children fail to speak in specific social situations in which there is an expectation to speak, even though they may speak at home or in other settings.

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26
Q

How prevalent is selective mutism?

A

Less than 1%.

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27
Q

For which gender is selective mutism more common?

A

Neither, they are about the same.

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28
Q

What is the average age of onset for selective mutism?

A

Around 3-4 years of age.

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29
Q

What may account for the increase in panic symptoms as one gets older?

A

The development of puberty.

30
Q

Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia occur in what percent of teens?

A

2.5%.

31
Q

What is the average onset of Panic disorder?

A

15-19 years of age.

32
Q

What is the general course for panic disorder and agoraphobia?

A

Long-term.

33
Q

What is the life-time prevalence rate of Generalized Anxiety Disorder?

A

2.2%.

34
Q

In general, which gender is more likely to have generalized anxiety disorder?

A

Neither, they are about the same.

35
Q

What is the average age of onset for GAD?

A

Early adolescence.

36
Q

What is the lifetime prevalence of OCD in children and adolescence?

A

1-2.5%

37
Q

Is OCD more common in boys or girls?

A

Boys.

38
Q

When is the mean onset for OCD?

A

9-12 years of age.

39
Q

When are the two peaks for OCD?

A
  1. Early childhood. 2. Late adolescence/early adulthood.
40
Q

Do children with early-onset OCD have a greater genetic influence?

A

Yes.

41
Q

Are children with early-onset OCD more likely to be boys?

A

Yes.

42
Q

What is the general course of OCD?

A

Long-term.

43
Q

What is behavior lens principle?

A

Child psychopathology reflects a mix of actual child behavior and the lens through which it is viewed by others in a child’s culture.

44
Q

What is the two-factor theory?

A

The combination of classical and operant conditioning in the learning and maintenance of fears.

45
Q

How much do genetic factors contribute to the variance in childhood anxiety symptoms?

A

Around 33% or more.

46
Q

Do genetic influences decrease or increase with age? Does the influence of shared environments increase or decrease with age?

A

They tend to decrease in age, as shared environmental influences increase.

47
Q

What gene variants have been related to anxiety disorders? (3)

A
  1. Serotonin system. 2. Dopamine system. 3. Behavioral inhibition genes.
48
Q

What brain parts are related to anxiety? (2)

A
  1. The ventrolateral and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. 2. Other cortical and subcortical structures.
49
Q

How does the limbic system relate to anxiety?

A

It acts as a mediator between the brain stem and the cortex.

50
Q

Which axis is related to anxiety?

A

The HPA axis.

51
Q

What result can prolonged stress have? (2)

A
  1. Reduced cerebral volume 2. Changes in the volume of the hippocampus.
52
Q

Treatments for anxiety disorders focus on what main 4 primary problems? (DEPS)

A
  1. Distorted information processing. 2. Excessive escape and avoidance behaviors. 3. Physiological reactions to perceived threat. 4. Sense of lack of control.
53
Q

What percent of children are helped by the behavioral treatment, exposure?

A

75%.

54
Q

What are the 3 steps of systematic desensitization?

A
  1. Teaching the child to relax. 2. Constructing an anxiety hierarchy. 3. Presenting the anxiety-provoking stimuli sequentially while the child remains relaxed.
55
Q

What is the behavioralist treatment, “participant modeling and reinforced practice”?

A

The therapist models the desired behavior, encourages and guides the child in practicing this behavior, and reinforces the child’s efforts.

56
Q

Children who participate in CBT have reduced anxiety what percent of the time?

A

71%.

57
Q

What kind of approach do school psychologist use?

A

A dimensional approach.

58
Q

On average, what percent of children lose their diagnosis of anxiety after receiving an EBT?

A

2/3.

59
Q

When are EBTs for anxiety really effect?

A

When it is co-morbid with other disorders.

60
Q

In most cases of anxiety, are medications needed or beneficial?

A

No.

61
Q

What is the Mental Health Socio-Ecological Model?

A

Framework to address factors affecting the dissemination of EBTs.

62
Q

What are the main factors affecting the dissemination of EBTs? (3)

A
  1. Systems factors. 2. Therapist factors. 3. Child/Family factors.
63
Q

What are therapist factors affecting the dissemination of EBTs? (4)

A
  1. Beliefs about patients in trials being different. 2. Community clinicians have fewer resources. 3. Gaps in knowledge about EBTs and the science behind it. 4. Person-factors.
64
Q

What are child/family factors affecting the dissemination of EBTs?

A

Need to adapt EBTs by cultural groups.

65
Q

What is selective adaptation?

A

Adapt the treatment when differences are present among cultural groups related to risk or protective factors or outcomes.

66
Q

What are systems factors affecting the dissemination of EBTs?

A
  1. “Not enough time.” 2. Credentialing. 3. Finance and business development.
67
Q

How do finance and business development affect the dissemination of EBTs?

A
  1. No promotions. 2. Insurance. (Psychiatrists can make more money by doing 15 min. med checks.)
68
Q

What is the psychoanalytic theory of anxiety?

A

View anxiety as defenses against unconscious conflicts rooted in the child’s early upbringing.

69
Q

What types of attachments may lead to anxiety disorders (2)?

A
  1. Insecure. 2. Ambivalent attachments may be a risk factor an anxiety disorder.
70
Q

What does behavioral inhibition mean?

A

Unusually shy or withdrawn in novel or unfamiliar situations.

71
Q

What kind of family factors may be a risk factor for anxiety disorders? (4)

A
  1. Specific parenting styles (ex. over-protection), 2. Modeling anxiety. 3. Parent’s relationship. 4. Attachment.

Child Psychopathology (14 decks)

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