Mood Disorders

Question 1

What is the onset of depressive symptoms?

Answer 1

Between 13 and 15.

Question 2

What is stress sensitization?

Answer 2

An initial change in the brain can be conditioned so that following the first depressive episodes, individuals are increasingly vulnerable to stress, and even non-severe stress events may result in depression.

Question 3

How long does the average MDD episode last?

Answer 3

Around 8 months.

Question 4

Is depression more common in males or females before puberty?

Answer 4

Neither, they are the same.

Question 5

Is depression more common in males or females after puberty?

Answer 5

Females.

Question 6

What is the onset of PDD?

Answer 6

11-12 years-old

Question 7

What is the central feature of disruptive mood dysregulation disorder?

Answer 7

Chronic, severe persistent irritability.

Question 8

The severe irritability associated with disruptive mood dysregulation disorder has what two main clinical features?

Answer 8

1. Frequent verbal or physical temper outbursts that usually occur in response to frustration ans are out of proportion to the situation. 2. Chronic, persistent irritable or angry mood that is present most of the day, nearly every day, between the severe temper outbursts.

Question 9

By what age must the mood associated with Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder appear in order to get a diagnosis?

Answer 9

By age 10.

Question 10

Can a diagnosis of DMDD coexists with a diagnosis of ODD? If no, which disorder would be given?

Answer 10

No. DMDD would be given.

Question 11

Can a diagnosis of DMDD coexists with a diagnosis of Bipolar disorder? If no, which disorder would be given?

Answer 11

No, Bipolar disorder would be given.

Question 12

Is DMDD a reliable diagnosis?

Answer 12

No. Often confused with ODD or bipolar.

Question 13

Why did DMDD become a diagnosis?

Answer 13

In response to increasing rates of bipolar disorder diagnoses in children. It intended to provide an alternative to diagnosing BP in young children.

Question 14

What does the cognitive triad consist of?

Answer 14

Views of oneself, the world, and the future.

Question 15

What is the heritability of depression?

Answer 15

38%.

Question 16

What neurobiological factors are associated with depression? (2)

Answer 16

1. Serotonin transporter gene. 2. Abnormal brain volume and activity in amygdala.

Question 17

Which allele for 5-HTTLPR results in more serotonin and is linked to depression?

Answer 17

The “short allele.”

Question 18

The short allele codes for what and is linked to what?

Answer 18

Codes for less transcription of the serotonin transporter, resulting in more serotonin. Linked to depression.

Question 19

People with more copies of the short allele for 5-HTTLPR gene are more vulnerable to what?

Answer 19

Stressful life events.

Question 20

Describe the volume of the amygdala in those with depression

Answer 20

They have a smaller volume amygdala.

Question 21

Describe the activity of the amygdala in those with depression.

Answer 21

Under-active in response to positive stimulus and over-reactive in response to negative stimulus.

Question 22

According to the Cognitive “Hopelessness theory,” what kind of attributions do people with depression use to explain the causes of events? (3)

Answer 22

Internal, stable, and global

Question 23

How do SSRIs work?

Answer 23

Increase 5-HT in the amygdala and hippocampus.

Question 24

According to the Treatment of Adolescents with Depression Study (TADS), what is the best treatment for adolescents with depression?

Answer 24

Combined therapy.

Question 25

Explain the results of the TADS study?

Answer 25

All treatments had the same effect by 36 weeks.

Question 26

Why was combined the best choice?

Answer 26

It worked the fastest.

Question 27

Why not just use fluoxetine only?

Answer 27

Because CBT decreased suicidal ideation.

Question 28

How prevalent is SSRI usage in adolescents over 12?

Answer 28

1 in 8 are on antidepressants.

Question 29

What do anti-depressants do to the adolescent brain? (2)

Answer 29

1. Disruption to hippocampal development. 2. Increase in pro-apoptotic factors.

Question 30

What do anti-depressants do to the adult brain?

Answer 30

1. Increase in neuro-protective factors in hippocampus.

Question 31

What is the goal of the ACTION program?

Answer 31

To nourish the idea that children can have an impact on their moods.

Question 32

What is the goal of Primary and secondary control enhancement training?

Answer 32

Helps child change conditions that are changeable and to change the subjective impact of those that are not.

Question 33

How does the Primary and secondary control enhancement training work?

Answer 33

Teaching children two types of coping skills. 1. Primary control skills (ACT skills). 2. Secondary control skills (THINK skills).

Question 34

What is the primary goal of Adolescent coping with depression program (CWD-A)?

Answer 34

To teach adolescents non-stigmatizing psycho-education and emphasize skills training to promote adolescents’ control over their moods and enhancement of their ability to cope with problematic situations.

Question 35

What is the primary goal of Interpersonal psychotherapy for depression?

Answer 35

Focuses on the adolescent’s depressive symptoms and the social context in which these symptoms arise. Emphasis is on increasing adolescents’ independence and negotiating their interdependence on others by addressing social situations.

Question 36

The attachment theory of depression focuses on what factors? (3)

Answer 36

1. Parental separation. 2. Disruption of an attachment bond. 3. Consistent failure to meet child’s needs.

Question 37

What is the psychodynamic theory of depression?

Answer 37

Actual or symbolic loss of love object. Anger toward love object turned inward. Loss of self-esteem.