Test 2 Part 5 Flashcards
T/F: There are approximately 40,000 deaths/year from breast cancer, most of which are in stage IV.
True
What is believed to be the #1 reason breast cancer survival rates are higher than they once were?
early detection
T/F: Delayed childbearing, being overweight, and being an Ashkenazi Jew are all risk factors for breast cancer.
True
T/F: alcohol consumption, hormone replacement therapy, long-term oral contraceptive use (>5 years), and nicotine replacement therapy (gum, patch, etc.) are all preventable risk factors for breast cancer.
False; nicotine replacement therapy is not a risk factor for breast cancer (at least not mentioned in class)
What are some visible warning signs for breast cancer?
discharge/bleeding from nips, change in shape or location of nips, change in shape/contour of breast, lumps/flattened/indentations, puckered skin, moles/sores that grow, darken, or change shape
What rare type of breast cancer has a poor prognosis (3 year average survival), is more common in younger women, and is especially common in African American women?
Interstitial Breast Cancer (IBC)
poor prognosis, younger women, swelling of breast, rapid spreading, orange-peel appearance, itching, nipple retraction
keywords/phrases for Interstitial Breast Cancer
T/F: If you or someone you know finds a lump during a BSE, you should get it checked urgently, because it is likely cancerous.
False; should get it checked but it’s most likely benign
What is the average age of menopause?
50-51 years old
T/F: More women use OTC alternative remedies and/or stress management for the management of menopause symptoms than chiropractic care.
True
According to the research from Sydney in 2007, what alternative medicine treatments were rated as the most effective for the management of menopause symptoms?
What products were most effective?
massage, chiropractic, and nutrition (in that order);
phytoestrogen tablets, evening primrose oil, and black cohosh
What is the term for the phase of the aging process during which a woman passes from the reproductive to nonreproductive phase?
Climacteric
What is the term for the part of the climacteric before menopause occurs where the menstrual cycle is likely to be irregular?
Perimenopause/menopausal transition
The final menstruation which occurs during the climacteric
menopause
What is the term for the permanent cessation of ovarian function due to surgical removal of the ovaries or due to radiation therapy?
Artificial menopause
What is the term for cessation of menses before the age of 40?
Premature menopause/premature ovarian failure
What were the 3 goals of the Stages of Reproductive Aging Workshop (STRAW), 2001?
Develop a useful staging system,
Revise nomenclature,
Identify knowledge gaps
What is a -2 on the STRAW stages? -5? +2?
Early menopausal transition,
menarche,
late menopause
Physical changes associated with menopause such as, atrophy of the vaginal epithelium, cervix, uterus, oviducts and ovaries are all due to a decrease in what?
estrogen
Following estrogen decrease, a postmenopausal woman may exhibit urinary urgency, incontinence or dysuria. What is this condition called?
atrophic cystitis
T/F: Mammary glands typically increase in size after menopause.
False; decrease
Coronary heart disease, mood disorders, cognitive decline and skin/hair changes are all clinical conditions associated with…?
aged, postmenopausal women (perhaps due to lack of estrogen)
Increased vaginal pH, disappearance of lactobacilli, scattered petechiae, brownish discharge, thinning epithelium and the hyperemic appearance giving way to a smooth, shiny, pale epithelial surface all describe what female condition?
Atrophic Vaginitis
T/F: 75% of women experience hot flashes related to menopause, with 82% of those experiencing them for more than 1 year.
True
What is the average length of hot flashes?
4 minutes
Systemic bone loss (osteoporosis) is accelerated in women after cessation of ovarian function. What type of bone does osteoporosis primarily occur in?
trabecular bone (vertebra, distal radius)
Of the 10 million or so Americans over the age of 50 with osteoporosis, how many are women?
80%
T/F: Approximately 1 in 2 women over 50 will have an osteoporosis related fracture in her lifetime with hip fractures being 2-3x more common in women than men.
True
What is the order of osteoporosis risk in women based on ethnicity?
White, Asian, Hispanics, African Americans (descending order)
Think less skin pigment, higher risk.
How is osteoporosis diagnosed?
Bone densiometry
What study was launched in 1991, involved more 167,000 women aged 50-79, and was used to study cardiovascular disease, cancer, and osteoporosis?
The Women’s Health Initiative (WHI) Study
T/F: Findings from the WHI Study indicated that Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) increased the risk of CVD, hip fractures, and colorectal cancer.
False; showed increase in CVD (cardiovascular disease) rates but a decrease in hip fx and colorectal cancer.
T/F: Results from the WHI Study supported the use of HRT for prevention of osteoporosis and colorectal cancer.
False; risks (CVD) outweigh the benefits
