Test 2 Part 5

Question 1

T/F: There are approximately 40,000 deaths/year from breast cancer, most of which are in stage IV.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

What is believed to be the #1 reason breast cancer survival rates are higher than they once were?

Answer 2

early detection

Question 3

T/F: Delayed childbearing, being overweight, and being an Ashkenazi Jew are all risk factors for breast cancer.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

T/F: alcohol consumption, hormone replacement therapy, long-term oral contraceptive use (>5 years), and nicotine replacement therapy (gum, patch, etc.) are all preventable risk factors for breast cancer.

Answer 4

False; nicotine replacement therapy is not a risk factor for breast cancer (at least not mentioned in class)

Question 5

What are some visible warning signs for breast cancer?

Answer 5

discharge/bleeding from nips,
change in shape or location of nips, 
change in shape/contour of breast,
lumps/flattened/indentations,
puckered skin,
moles/sores that grow, darken, or change shape

Question 6

What rare type of breast cancer has a poor prognosis (3 year average survival), is more common in younger women, and is especially common in African American women?

Answer 6

Interstitial Breast Cancer (IBC)

Question 7

poor prognosis,
younger women,
swelling of breast,
rapid spreading,
orange-peel appearance,
itching,
nipple retraction

Answer 7

keywords/phrases for Interstitial Breast Cancer

Question 8

T/F: If you or someone you know finds a lump during a BSE, you should get it checked urgently, because it is likely cancerous.

Answer 8

False; should get it checked but it’s most likely benign

Question 9

What is the average age of menopause?

Answer 9

50-51 years old

Question 10

T/F: More women use OTC alternative remedies and/or stress management for the management of menopause symptoms than chiropractic care.

Answer 10

True

Question 11

According to the research from Sydney in 2007, what alternative medicine treatments were rated as the most effective for the management of menopause symptoms?
What products were most effective?

Answer 11

massage, chiropractic, and nutrition (in that order);

phytoestrogen tablets, evening primrose oil, and black cohosh

Question 12

What is the term for the phase of the aging process during which a woman passes from the reproductive to nonreproductive phase?

Answer 12

Climacteric

Question 13

What is the term for the part of the climacteric before menopause occurs where the menstrual cycle is likely to be irregular?

Answer 13

Perimenopause/menopausal transition

Question 14

The final menstruation which occurs during the climacteric

Answer 14

menopause

Question 15

What is the term for the permanent cessation of ovarian function due to surgical removal of the ovaries or due to radiation therapy?

Answer 15

Artificial menopause

Question 16

What is the term for cessation of menses before the age of 40?

Answer 16

Premature menopause/premature ovarian failure

Question 17

What were the 3 goals of the Stages of Reproductive Aging Workshop (STRAW), 2001?

Answer 17

Develop a useful staging system,
Revise nomenclature,
Identify knowledge gaps

Question 18

What is a -2 on the STRAW stages? -5? +2?

Answer 18

Early menopausal transition,
menarche,
late menopause

Question 19

Physical changes associated with menopause such as, atrophy of the vaginal epithelium, cervix, uterus, oviducts and ovaries are all due to a decrease in what?

Answer 19

estrogen

Question 20

Following estrogen decrease, a postmenopausal woman may exhibit urinary urgency, incontinence or dysuria. What is this condition called?

Answer 20

atrophic cystitis

Question 21

T/F: Mammary glands typically increase in size after menopause.

Answer 21

False; decrease

Question 22

Coronary heart disease, mood disorders, cognitive decline and skin/hair changes are all clinical conditions associated with…?

Answer 22

aged, postmenopausal women (perhaps due to lack of estrogen)

Question 23

Increased vaginal pH, disappearance of lactobacilli, scattered petechiae, brownish discharge, thinning epithelium and the hyperemic appearance giving way to a smooth, shiny, pale epithelial surface all describe what female condition?

Answer 23

Atrophic Vaginitis

Question 24

T/F: 75% of women experience hot flashes related to menopause, with 82% of those experiencing them for more than 1 year.

Answer 24

True

Question 25

What is the average length of hot flashes?

Answer 25

4 minutes

Question 26

Systemic bone loss (osteoporosis) is accelerated in women after cessation of ovarian function. What type of bone does osteoporosis primarily occur in?

Answer 26

trabecular bone (vertebra, distal radius)

Question 27

Of the 10 million or so Americans over the age of 50 with osteoporosis, how many are women?

Answer 27

80%

Question 28

T/F: Approximately 1 in 2 women over 50 will have an osteoporosis related fracture in her lifetime with hip fractures being 2-3x more common in women than men.

Answer 28

True

Question 29

What is the order of osteoporosis risk in women based on ethnicity?

Answer 29

White, Asian, Hispanics, African Americans (descending order)

Think less skin pigment, higher risk.

Question 30

How is osteoporosis diagnosed?

Answer 30

Bone densiometry

Question 31

What study was launched in 1991, involved more 167,000 women aged 50-79, and was used to study cardiovascular disease, cancer, and osteoporosis?

Answer 31

The Women’s Health Initiative (WHI) Study

Question 32

T/F: Findings from the WHI Study indicated that Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) increased the risk of CVD, hip fractures, and colorectal cancer.

Answer 32

False; showed increase in CVD (cardiovascular disease) rates but a decrease in hip fx and colorectal cancer.

Question 33

T/F: Results from the WHI Study supported the use of HRT for prevention of osteoporosis and colorectal cancer.

Answer 33

False; risks (CVD) outweigh the benefits