Test 2 October 22 - Spain after the french revolution Flashcards
From Philip V to Charles III: The Bourbon Reforms (Brief Review
-Birth of a new dynasty: After the death without children of Charles II of Habsburg, Philip of Anjou (House of Bourbon - Grandson of King Louis XIV) inherits the Crown of Spain and becomes Philip V)
-The War of Spanish Succession starts as England, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Austria defend the right of Archduke Charles (House of Habsburg)
-The Peace of Utrecht settles the War of Spanish Succession, and Philip V is recognized as King of Spain, but forced to renounce to former Spanish territories in Europe and to his dynastic rights to the throne of France
-Bourbon Reforms:
Political reforms
Administrative reforms
Economic reforms
Education and religious reforms
Military reforms
-Key: The main objective is to recover the Spanish hegemony vis-à-vis France and England through a modernization of the Spanish State and its economy, a centralization of the administration, an increase of the population, and a broadening of the tax base
explain A Success Story: The Spanish Royal Philanthropic Expedition of the Vaccine
A landmark in the history of public health
Objective: The aim of this expedition was to take the smallpox vaccine, discovered by Jenner in 1798, to Spain’s territories in the Americas and in the Far East.
Commissioned by Charles IV of Spain to physicians Francisco Xavier Balmis y Berenguer and Jose Salvany in 1803.
After several years of vaccination in modern day Puerto Rico, Cuba, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile, Mexico and the Philippines, the expedition returned to Europe.
what were The limitations of the Bourbon Reforms
The Bourbon Reforms were relatively successful, but not as much as required to allow Spain to compete with France and England and regain its past hegemony
-Geographic limitations (Mountains, Aridity, lack of navigable rivers, remember?)
Structural limitations (population density, Seigneurial regime, Church properties)
-Uneven regional development (Mediterranean Network, North Atlantic Regional Network, Regional Networks of the Center)
-Discontent in the Americas among the “Criollos” (American born “Spaniards”) in spite of strong economic growth (especially in Mexico)
-The rise of England and France as Imperial powers
-The political crisis of the beginning of the 19th century
explain Charles IV and the political crisis of the Spanish Monarchy
From Boom…: The first three kings of the Bourbon dynasty (Philip V, Ferdinand VI, and Charles III) were able to consolidate the monarchy according to the principles of Enlightened despotism and implement the program of reforms
… to Bust: A full political crisis blew up during the reign of Charles IV who was crowned King of Spain in 1788. Causes:
explain Charles IV and the political crisis of the Spanish Monarchy: european context
French Revolution (1789) – Execution of Louis XVI – Brief war with France – Concern about the power of England – but also fear of the power of the Napoleonic armies
explain Charles IV and the political crisis of the Spanish Monarchy: american conext
American context: Economic growth in 18thCentury Latin America, but the ”criollo” elite resented the growing control of the Crown – Expulsion of the Jesuits – The War with England as an interruption of the trade with the colonies -
explain Charles IV and the political crisis of the Spanish Monarchy: national context
Delegation of vast amount of power to the King’s favorite (valido): Manuel Godoy –Godoy as a highly unpopular figure - Alliance with Republican France and Napoleon (1796) - Continental blockade and War with England – A series of unpopular measures to fund the war: raising taxes, expropriating Church properties – A military disaster: The Battle of Trafalgar
what was the The Battle of Trafalgar
The Battle of Trafalgar (1805) and the End of the Spanish Resurgence: How the battle unfolded
It took place in the Atlantic Ocean off the southwest coast of Spain, just west of Cape Trafalgar
Twenty-seven British ships of the line led by Admiral Lord Nelson aboard HMS Victory defeated thirty-three French and Spanish ships of the line under French Admiral Villeneuve.
The Franco-Spanish fleet lost twenty-two ships and the British lost none.
This extraordinary result was due to the stragegy used by Admiral Nelson – See video
The victory confirmed the naval supremacy Britain had established during the course of the eighteenth century
The scale of the disaster left the Spanish possessions in America exposed, and it led to a profound political crisis in Madrid
Why did Napoleon invade Spain?
A weakened military power
an Empire for grabs
the control of the Western Mediterranean
A new market for French manufactures
Napoleon’s dislike for the Ancien Regime monarchies
Hope for popular support for a French intervention in the face of the unpopular Charles IV
how did Popular uprising and Total War influence the battle of trafalgar
The start of a popular uprising : the events of May 2 and May 3, 1808, in Madrid
The creation of the Spanish “Juntas” (Councils): Self-Governing bodies that oppose the French
Irregular warfare (guerrillas) and the British intervention
Total War in Spain: a new concept
after napoleon; explain The start of Spain’s constitutional history
A New Beginning: The Cortes de Cádiz and the Constitution of 1812 [KEY]
A political model for 19th-Century Spain: Liberalism, Constitutional Monarchy, and Catholicism
Dashed Hopes: The return of Ferdinand VII (1814)
Spain after 1814: The Absolutist Restoration and the beginning of Spain’s modern politics
what was The costs of the war (trafalgar) for Spain
The loss of most of its overseas Empire
The definitive end of its ”superpower” status in Europe
A significative loss of its industrial capacity and main markets
From 215,000 to 375,000 military casualties
A demographic loss of between 560,000 to 885,000 (Estimated population of Spain circa 1808, 10 million)
An unparalleled level of violence
what was The Age of Goya (1746-1848)
In spite of the political Crisis, the Spanish Court continued to be a magnet for artists
One of the most important will be Francisco de Goya (1746-1828)
Goya represents the transition from neoclassicism to romanticism, and even beyond – Some of his most notorious work has to do with:
The irruption of popular culture
Erotic painting
The art of portraiture and court painting
War paintings
The Black paintings and the road to expressionism
Goya and the Peninsular War: explain how he went From Court Painter to Witness
Painting the violence and the brutality of war: The series “Los desastres de la Guerra” (1810-1820) [2, 3, and 4]
Goya’s engravings and the distribution of art
Total War, the rupture with the neoclassical paradigm, and the beginnings of modern art
