Test 2 Lecture oct 3 Flashcards

1
Q

explain the union and its implications of Isabel como Fernando

A

Two Kingdoms, Two Monarchs, One Marriage – Each one of them as valuable and as powerful as the other – Both Aragon and Castille are ruled as independent kingdoms – Political institutions are NOT merged

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2
Q

Isabel and Fernando both ruled what two kingdoms

A

Aragon and Castille

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3
Q

Isabel and Fernando also made alliances with who

A

Matrimonial alliances with the House of Burgundy and the House of Hapsburg, but also with Portugal and England (marriage of their daughter –Catherine of Aragon- to Henry VIII)

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4
Q

Isabel and Fernando consolidated (made stronger) what powers

A

Consolidation of the institution of the Monarchy over the high nobility in Castile - Consolidation of the power of the Crown of Aragon in the Mediterranean Sea

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5
Q

Economic and political goals of Isabel and Fernando

A

Financial and political stabilization of the Kingdom of Castile

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6
Q

how was the church and state under Isabel and Fernando

A

Strong alliance with the Catholic Church as a way to consolidate their political power – The Spanish Church is given ample civil and moral powers, but in return it must support and recognize the authority of the Monarch (who nominally recognizes the moral –but not political- authority of the Pope)

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7
Q

what Geographic Expansion did Isabel and Fernando initiate

A

Beginning of the exploration and colonization of America (1492)

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8
Q

what was the Religious/Cultural Uniformization of Isabel and Fernando

A

Fall of the Muslim kingdom of Granada (1492) - Segregation and Expulsion of the Iberian Jews (1492) - Creation of the Spanish Inquisition –A main tool in the cultural and religious homogenization of Spain -

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9
Q

what did Isabel and Fernando do for the arts

A

Renaissance patrons of the arts – Creation of new universities – Reception of Italian Humanism

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10
Q

Ferdinand of Aragon was who’s dream prince

A

Machiavelli’s Dream Prince

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11
Q

why was Ferdinand of Aragon Machiavelli’s Dream Prince

A

NOTHINGmakes a prince so much esteemed as great enterprises and setting a fine example. We have in our time Ferdinand of Aragon, the present King of Spain. He can almost be called a new prince, because he has risen, by fame and glory, from being an insignificant king to be the foremost king in Christendom; and if you will consider his deeds you will find them all great and some of them extraordinary. In the beginning of his reign he attacked Granada, and this enterprise was the foundation of his dominions. He did this quietly at first and without any fear of hindrance, for he held the minds of the barons of Castile occupied in thinking of the war and not anticipating any innovations; thus they did not perceive that by these means he was acquiring power and authority over them. He was able with the money of the Church and of the people to sustain his armies, and by that long war to lay the foundation for the military skill which has since distinguished him. Further, always using religion as a plea, so as to undertake greater schemes, he devoted himself with a pious cruelty to driving out and clearing his kingdom of the Moors; nor could there be a more admirable example, nor one more rare. Under this same cloak he assailed Africa, he came down on Italy, he has finally attacked France; and thus his achievements and designs have always been great, and have kept the minds of his people in suspense and admiration and occupied with the issue of them. And his actions have arisen in such a way, one out of the other, that men have never been given time to work steadily against him.

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12
Q

who was The First King of Spain

A

Charles I

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13
Q

when Isabel of Castille died, who was the heir

A

Queen Isabella died in 1504 - Joanna, the legitimate Queen of Castile

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14
Q

what was Joanna’s nickname

A

Joanna the Mad

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15
Q

why is Joanna nicknamed Joanna the Mad

A

Her father (King Ferdinand the Catholic) successfully argues that her daughter was mentally incapacitated to govern following the death of her husband - The Castilian Cortes agreed – Ferdinand appointed Joanna’s guardian and the kingdom’s administrator and governor

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16
Q

did joanna and her father have a good relationship

A

absolutely not, he wanted to be in power and sabotaged her

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17
Q

did the people of the kingdom want Joanna to rule or her father?

A

Against the wishes of part of the nobility who only recognized Juana, Ferdinand became the de facto Regent of Castile and confined Joanna in Tordesillas near Valladolid

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18
Q

how long did fernandad lock away his daughter Joanna

A

until the arrival of Joanna’s son, prince Charles, heir of both Castile and Aragon.

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19
Q

how was Charles I declared king and what were the conditions

A

King Ferdinand died in 1516 –Prince Charles is proclaimed King of Castile an Aragon jointly with his mother Joanna – He arrives to Spain in 1517 – becomes the de facto King of Spain (so he didnt aid by the conditions)

20
Q

what were the early challenges Charles I had as King of Spain

A

Widely considered as a foreign Monarch – Limited Spanish
Brought with him an entourage of Flemish nobles who displaced the Castilian and Aragonese nobility in court
Assumed full power while her mother was still alive, which was seen in Castile as being unlawful
Tried to rule without consulting the institutions of the different kingdoms
Used the resources of the crown of Castile and Aragon for the purpose of becoming the next Holy Roman Emperor, which he succeeded in 1519
As a result, he faced a full-rebellion in 1521 in Castille

21
Q

explain the brief history of The Comunero revolt (1521)

A

Began in 1521 - Led by part of the Castilian low nobility and part of the high nobility as well as by members some of the most important cities and local institutions (city councils) - Proclaimed Juana as the only legitimate Queen of Spain

22
Q

why did the aristocracy abandon The Comunero revolt (1521)

A

As the revolt took a more socially ”revolutionary” turn, the aristocracy abandoned the movement

23
Q

even through the revolt was crushed, what were the Consequences (outcomes) of the revolt (The Comunero revolt (1521))

A

The revolt was crushed, but it had important consequences for Charles I and the future of Spain

The King would learn Spanish and live in Castile
He would not use the Royal Treasury to send payments abroad
He would appoint only nobles of Castile and Aragon to positions of power in the territories of those Crowns
The leaders of the revolt were punished (commoners for their most part), but most nobles and others who participated in the revolt as well as the cities as a whole were pardoned
By winning the war and implementing these measures, Charles I assured his control over the Castilian nobility
KEY: Local institutions and the Cortes continued to exist in Castile after the revolt, but their power was severely curtailed –Path towards an absolute Monarchy

24
Q

what did Charles I succeed in doing to the holy roman empire

A

Holy Roman Emperor – Crowned in 1530 – Charles I becomes the most important Catholic Prince in Europe - The personal union under Charles of the Holy Roman Empire with the Spanish Empire was the closest Europe has come to a universal monarchy since the time of Charlemagne in the 9th century

25
Q

what was Charles I’s confrontation with france

A

Charles used the considerable resources of the Crown of Castile and Aragon and his possessions in the Low Countries against Francis I both in France and in Italy – where he recaptured Milan

26
Q

what was Charles I’s confrontation with england

A

After the marriage between Catalina de Aragon and Henry VIII ended in divorce and a religious schism, the alliance between England and Spain collapsed – England also worried about the growing power of Charles I in continental Europe and in the Atlantic

27
Q

how did Charles I control Italy

A

Charles I had inherited the territories of the Crown of Aragon in Italy – They were expanded under his reign – Its growing power made the Papacy nervous and conspired with France against him - Rome was sacked by Imperial forces in 1527 – Rome and Charles I were condemned to understand each other as a result of the spread of Protestantism and the Ottoman advance

28
Q

explain what the ottoman empire was doing at the time of Charles I

A

growing power of the Ottoman empire in the Mediterranean and its advance towards the territories of the House of Hapsburg – Siege of Vienna in 1529 by Suleiman The Magnificent – The control of the Eastern Mediterranean by the Ottomans reinforced Castile’s position in the Atlantic

29
Q

explain germany and the reformation during Charles I’s time

A

The Reformation was as much a religious as a political movement – Religiously, Reformist priests sought to limit or question the power of Rome and a return to a “primitive” interpretation of Christianism – Politically, the Reformation served to unite those who opposed the absolutist and centralist tendencies of the Hapsburgs and their increasing area of influence –

30
Q

what was the interaction between charles I and america

A

until the arrival of Charles I, America had played an important, but secondary role in Spanish imperial politics. The conquest of the Aztec empire by Cortes and the Inca empire by Pizarro and Almagro changed everything – The Crown began to take seriously the need to place its American territories under its control (and not those of the conquistadors) through institution building – Still, the bulk of the professional armies of Charles I were not in America, but in Europe

31
Q

After Isabel of Castile and the forced withdrawal of her daughter Joanna from the Throne of Castile, when would the next reigning queen of spain be

A

no other woman would become the reigning Queen of Spain until the 19th Century

32
Q

what was the role of women in the spanish imperial court despite th fact they did not rule as queen

A

played a fundamental role in the establishment of political alliances and the accumulation of power and territories through marriage - Their role as mediators and advisors is fundamental to understand the politics of 16th- and 17th- century Europe

33
Q

what is The case of Queen Catherine of Aragon

A

first wife of Henry VIII, is a case in point (Queen of England from June 1509 until May 1533) -She held the position of ambassador of the Aragonese Crown to England in 1507, the first female ambassador in European history - The controversial book The Education of a Christian Woman by Juan Luis Vives, which claimed women have the right to an education, was commissioned by and dedicated to her.

34
Q

what did Margaret of Austria do

A

(wife of Philip III) played a fundamental role in both the fall of the Duke of Lerma and in the expulsion of the “moriscos”

35
Q

what did Mariana de Austria do

A

(mother of the last Hapsburg King, Charles II “The Enchanted”) exercised the real power in Spain during his son’s infancy and during part of his reign

36
Q

why was there so much inbreeding in the case of the House of Hapsburg

A

Inbreeding (and dynastic collapse) was common among Europe’s noble houses, and it was extreme in the case of the House of Habsburg. This was due to
The idea that Habsburg women were more fertile than other noble women and therefore could guarantee the existence of an heir
The need to maintain the family possessions as united as possible
The limited number of women of a similar rank and religion in an Europe divided by religious lines

37
Q

From Diversity to Orthodoxy: How Spain Became the champion of Catholicism in the 16th Century? ( all slide info)

A

A Catholic Destiny? An essentialist historiography and National-Catholicism ideology

A turning point? Recared’s conversion from Arrianism to Catholicism in 589
711-1212: The Spain of the three cultures. A multi-confessional society of Jews, Christians, and Muslims (Islam as the dominant religion in Al-Andalus and Christianity as the dominant religion in the Christian Kingdoms)

Holy War and Religious Extremism after 1212: (1) Invasion of the Almoravids and the Almohads, (2) the preaching of the Crusade, (3) growing geographical and political hegemony of the Christian kingdoms, (4) political instability of the 14th and 15th centuries, and (5) the Black Death contributed - culminated in the pogroms of 1391 and the forced conversion of many Jewish communities in the Iberian Peninsula - Existing Muslim populations had for the most part taken refuge in Granada

The alliance between Church and Crown: Support of the Catholic Church to Isabella and Ferdinand– Demands from part of the Catholic Church for greater orthodoxy including: establishment of the Inquisition – tougher laws against the Jews and especially ”conversos” – Segregation of Jewish communities - Practicing Jews and Muslims expelled from Spain in 1492 – Jewish “conversos” and “moriscos” (converted Moors) allowed to remain, but carefully watched by the Inquisition – The archetypical figure of this period is Grand Inquisitor Tomás de Torquemada

The Reformist Movement The Catholic Kings also supported those who called for the internal reform of the Catholic Church (but not in favor of Muslims and Jews) – Importance of Eramus of Rotterdam and Erasmism in Spain – Creation of institutions such as the Universidad de Alcalá – Beginning of Spanish Humanist movement that would strongly influence the development of the Spanish Golden Age - Cardinal Cisneros is an archetypical figure in this regard

Towards Empire: Arrival of Charles I - ambition to become Holy Roman Emperor - rising power of the Ottoman empire, Confrontation with England - threat of the Reformation not only to the power of the Papacy but to Charles I possessions in central Europe and the Low Countries – Persecution of Proto-Reformist groups and those of Erasmist tendencies in Spain – Those accused of practicing non-Christian religions (Judaism/islam) were severely punished –

Censorship: In 1551 the first index of prohibited books was published in Spain (13 years before its publication by Rome) – Practice of philosophy and teology strictly controlled – Literature as a substitute

A Catholic destiny? The alliance with the Papacy and continental politics basically ensured that Spain would remain firmly in the Catholic side of the religious divide in the next centuries

38
Q

From Diversity to Orthodoxy: How Spain Became the champion of Catholicism in the 16th Century?: explain ‘a destiny?’

A

An essentialist historiography and National-Catholicism ideology

39
Q

From Diversity to Orthodoxy: How Spain Became the champion of Catholicism in the 16th Century?: explain ‘a turning point?’

A

Recared’s conversion from Arrianism to Catholicism in 589

40
Q

From Diversity to Orthodoxy: How Spain Became the champion of Catholicism in the 16th Century?: explain 711-1212: The Spain of the three cultures

A

A multi-confessional society of Jews, Christians, and Muslims (Islam as the dominant religion in Al-Andalus and Christianity as the dominant religion in the Christian Kingdoms)

41
Q

From Diversity to Orthodoxy: How Spain Became the champion of Catholicism in the 16th Century?: explain the Holy War and Religious Extremism after 1212

A

(1) Invasion of the Almoravids and the Almohads, (2) the preaching of the Crusade, (3) growing geographical and political hegemony of the Christian kingdoms, (4) political instability of the 14th and 15th centuries, and (5) the Black Death contributed - culminated in the pogroms of 1391 and the forced conversion of many Jewish communities in the Iberian Peninsula - Existing Muslim populations had for the most part taken refuge in Granada

42
Q

From Diversity to Orthodoxy: How Spain Became the champion of Catholicism in the 16th Century?: explain The alliance between Church and Crown

A

Support of the Catholic Church to Isabella and Ferdinand– Demands from part of the Catholic Church for greater orthodoxy including: establishment of the Inquisition – tougher laws against the Jews and especially ”conversos” – Segregation of Jewish communities - Practicing Jews and Muslims expelled from Spain in 1492 – Jewish “conversos” and “moriscos” (converted Moors) allowed to remain, but carefully watched by the Inquisition – The archetypical figure of this period is Grand Inquisitor Tomás de Torquemada

43
Q

From Diversity to Orthodoxy: How Spain Became the champion of Catholicism in the 16th Century?: explain The Reformist Movement

A

The Catholic Kings also supported those who called for the internal reform of the Catholic Church (but not in favor of Muslims and Jews) – Importance of Eramus of Rotterdam and Erasmism in Spain – Creation of institutions such as the Universidad de Alcalá – Beginning of Spanish Humanist movement that would strongly influence the development of the Spanish Golden Age - Cardinal Cisneros is an archetypical figure in this regard

44
Q

From Diversity to Orthodoxy: How Spain Became the champion of Catholicism in the 16th Century?: explain Towards Empire:

A

Arrival of Charles I - ambition to become Holy Roman Emperor - rising power of the Ottoman empire, Confrontation with England - threat of the Reformation not only to the power of the Papacy but to Charles I possessions in central Europe and the Low Countries – Persecution of Proto-Reformist groups and those of Erasmist tendencies in Spain – Those accused of practicing non-Christian religions (Judaism/islam) were severely punished –

45
Q

From Diversity to Orthodoxy: How Spain Became the champion of Catholicism in the 16th Century?: explain A Catholic destiny?

A

The alliance with the Papacy and continental politics basically ensured that Spain would remain firmly in the Catholic side of the religious divide in the next centuries

46
Q

From Diversity to Orthodoxy: How Spain Became the champion of Catholicism in the 16th Century?: explain Censorship:

A

In 1551 the first index of prohibited books was published in Spain (13 years before its publication by Rome) – Practice of philosophy and teology strictly controlled – Literature as a substitute