Test 2 Lecture oct 3

Question 1

explain the union and its implications of Isabel como Fernando

Answer 1

Two Kingdoms, Two Monarchs, One Marriage – Each one of them as valuable and as powerful as the other – Both Aragon and Castille are ruled as independent kingdoms – Political institutions are NOT merged

Question 2

Isabel and Fernando both ruled what two kingdoms

Answer 2

Aragon and Castille

Question 3

Isabel and Fernando also made alliances with who

Answer 3

Matrimonial alliances with the House of Burgundy and the House of Hapsburg, but also with Portugal and England (marriage of their daughter –Catherine of Aragon- to Henry VIII)

Question 4

Isabel and Fernando consolidated (made stronger) what powers

Answer 4

Consolidation of the institution of the Monarchy over the high nobility in Castile - Consolidation of the power of the Crown of Aragon in the Mediterranean Sea

Question 5

Economic and political goals of Isabel and Fernando

Answer 5

Financial and political stabilization of the Kingdom of Castile

Question 6

how was the church and state under Isabel and Fernando

Answer 6

Strong alliance with the Catholic Church as a way to consolidate their political power – The Spanish Church is given ample civil and moral powers, but in return it must support and recognize the authority of the Monarch (who nominally recognizes the moral –but not political- authority of the Pope)

Question 7

what Geographic Expansion did Isabel and Fernando initiate

Answer 7

Beginning of the exploration and colonization of America (1492)

Question 8

what was the Religious/Cultural Uniformization of Isabel and Fernando

Answer 8

Fall of the Muslim kingdom of Granada (1492) - Segregation and Expulsion of the Iberian Jews (1492) - Creation of the Spanish Inquisition –A main tool in the cultural and religious homogenization of Spain -

Question 9

what did Isabel and Fernando do for the arts

Answer 9

Renaissance patrons of the arts – Creation of new universities – Reception of Italian Humanism

Question 10

Ferdinand of Aragon was who’s dream prince

Answer 10

Machiavelli’s Dream Prince

Question 11

why was Ferdinand of Aragon Machiavelli’s Dream Prince

Answer 11

NOTHINGmakes a prince so much esteemed as great enterprises and setting a fine example. We have in our time Ferdinand of Aragon, the present King of Spain. He can almost be called a new prince, because he has risen, by fame and glory, from being an insignificant king to be the foremost king in Christendom; and if you will consider his deeds you will find them all great and some of them extraordinary. In the beginning of his reign he attacked Granada, and this enterprise was the foundation of his dominions. He did this quietly at first and without any fear of hindrance, for he held the minds of the barons of Castile occupied in thinking of the war and not anticipating any innovations; thus they did not perceive that by these means he was acquiring power and authority over them. He was able with the money of the Church and of the people to sustain his armies, and by that long war to lay the foundation for the military skill which has since distinguished him. Further, always using religion as a plea, so as to undertake greater schemes, he devoted himself with a pious cruelty to driving out and clearing his kingdom of the Moors; nor could there be a more admirable example, nor one more rare. Under this same cloak he assailed Africa, he came down on Italy, he has finally attacked France; and thus his achievements and designs have always been great, and have kept the minds of his people in suspense and admiration and occupied with the issue of them. And his actions have arisen in such a way, one out of the other, that men have never been given time to work steadily against him.

Question 12

who was The First King of Spain

Answer 12

Charles I

Question 13

when Isabel of Castille died, who was the heir

Answer 13

Queen Isabella died in 1504 - Joanna, the legitimate Queen of Castile

Question 14

what was Joanna’s nickname

Answer 14

Joanna the Mad

Question 15

why is Joanna nicknamed Joanna the Mad

Answer 15

Her father (King Ferdinand the Catholic) successfully argues that her daughter was mentally incapacitated to govern following the death of her husband - The Castilian Cortes agreed – Ferdinand appointed Joanna’s guardian and the kingdom’s administrator and governor

Question 16

did joanna and her father have a good relationship

Answer 16

absolutely not, he wanted to be in power and sabotaged her

Question 17

did the people of the kingdom want Joanna to rule or her father?

Answer 17

Against the wishes of part of the nobility who only recognized Juana, Ferdinand became the de facto Regent of Castile and confined Joanna in Tordesillas near Valladolid

Question 18

how long did fernandad lock away his daughter Joanna

Answer 18

until the arrival of Joanna’s son, prince Charles, heir of both Castile and Aragon.

Question 19

how was Charles I declared king and what were the conditions

Answer 19

King Ferdinand died in 1516 –Prince Charles is proclaimed King of Castile an Aragon jointly with his mother Joanna – He arrives to Spain in 1517 – becomes the de facto King of Spain (so he didnt aid by the conditions)

Question 20

what were the early challenges Charles I had as King of Spain

Answer 20

Widely considered as a foreign Monarch – Limited Spanish
Brought with him an entourage of Flemish nobles who displaced the Castilian and Aragonese nobility in court
Assumed full power while her mother was still alive, which was seen in Castile as being unlawful
Tried to rule without consulting the institutions of the different kingdoms
Used the resources of the crown of Castile and Aragon for the purpose of becoming the next Holy Roman Emperor, which he succeeded in 1519
As a result, he faced a full-rebellion in 1521 in Castille

Question 21

explain the brief history of The Comunero revolt (1521)

Answer 21

Began in 1521 - Led by part of the Castilian low nobility and part of the high nobility as well as by members some of the most important cities and local institutions (city councils) - Proclaimed Juana as the only legitimate Queen of Spain

Question 22

why did the aristocracy abandon The Comunero revolt (1521)

Answer 22

As the revolt took a more socially ”revolutionary” turn, the aristocracy abandoned the movement

Question 23

even through the revolt was crushed, what were the Consequences (outcomes) of the revolt (The Comunero revolt (1521))

Answer 23

The revolt was crushed, but it had important consequences for Charles I and the future of Spain

The King would learn Spanish and live in Castile
He would not use the Royal Treasury to send payments abroad
He would appoint only nobles of Castile and Aragon to positions of power in the territories of those Crowns
The leaders of the revolt were punished (commoners for their most part), but most nobles and others who participated in the revolt as well as the cities as a whole were pardoned
By winning the war and implementing these measures, Charles I assured his control over the Castilian nobility
KEY: Local institutions and the Cortes continued to exist in Castile after the revolt, but their power was severely curtailed –Path towards an absolute Monarchy

Question 24

what did Charles I succeed in doing to the holy roman empire

Answer 24

Holy Roman Emperor – Crowned in 1530 – Charles I becomes the most important Catholic Prince in Europe - The personal union under Charles of the Holy Roman Empire with the Spanish Empire was the closest Europe has come to a universal monarchy since the time of Charlemagne in the 9th century

Question 25

what was Charles I’s confrontation with france

Answer 25

Charles used the considerable resources of the Crown of Castile and Aragon and his possessions in the Low Countries against Francis I both in France and in Italy – where he recaptured Milan

Question 26

what was Charles I’s confrontation with england

Answer 26

After the marriage between Catalina de Aragon and Henry VIII ended in divorce and a religious schism, the alliance between England and Spain collapsed – England also worried about the growing power of Charles I in continental Europe and in the Atlantic

Question 27

how did Charles I control Italy

Answer 27

Charles I had inherited the territories of the Crown of Aragon in Italy – They were expanded under his reign – Its growing power made the Papacy nervous and conspired with France against him - Rome was sacked by Imperial forces in 1527 – Rome and Charles I were condemned to understand each other as a result of the spread of Protestantism and the Ottoman advance

Question 28

explain what the ottoman empire was doing at the time of Charles I

Answer 28

growing power of the Ottoman empire in the Mediterranean and its advance towards the territories of the House of Hapsburg – Siege of Vienna in 1529 by Suleiman The Magnificent – The control of the Eastern Mediterranean by the Ottomans reinforced Castile’s position in the Atlantic

Question 29

explain germany and the reformation during Charles I’s time

Answer 29

The Reformation was as much a religious as a political movement – Religiously, Reformist priests sought to limit or question the power of Rome and a return to a “primitive” interpretation of Christianism – Politically, the Reformation served to unite those who opposed the absolutist and centralist tendencies of the Hapsburgs and their increasing area of influence –

Question 30

what was the interaction between charles I and america

Answer 30

until the arrival of Charles I, America had played an important, but secondary role in Spanish imperial politics. The conquest of the Aztec empire by Cortes and the Inca empire by Pizarro and Almagro changed everything – The Crown began to take seriously the need to place its American territories under its control (and not those of the conquistadors) through institution building – Still, the bulk of the professional armies of Charles I were not in America, but in Europe

Question 31

After Isabel of Castile and the forced withdrawal of her daughter Joanna from the Throne of Castile, when would the next reigning queen of spain be

Answer 31

no other woman would become the reigning Queen of Spain until the 19th Century

Question 32

what was the role of women in the spanish imperial court despite th fact they did not rule as queen

Answer 32

played a fundamental role in the establishment of political alliances and the accumulation of power and territories through marriage - Their role as mediators and advisors is fundamental to understand the politics of 16th- and 17th- century Europe

Question 33

what is The case of Queen Catherine of Aragon

Answer 33

first wife of Henry VIII, is a case in point (Queen of England from June 1509 until May 1533) -She held the position of ambassador of the Aragonese Crown to England in 1507, the first female ambassador in European history - The controversial book The Education of a Christian Woman by Juan Luis Vives, which claimed women have the right to an education, was commissioned by and dedicated to her.

Question 34

what did Margaret of Austria do

Answer 34

(wife of Philip III) played a fundamental role in both the fall of the Duke of Lerma and in the expulsion of the “moriscos”

Question 35

what did Mariana de Austria do

Answer 35

(mother of the last Hapsburg King, Charles II “The Enchanted”) exercised the real power in Spain during his son’s infancy and during part of his reign

Question 36

why was there so much inbreeding in the case of the House of Hapsburg

Answer 36

Inbreeding (and dynastic collapse) was common among Europe’s noble houses, and it was extreme in the case of the House of Habsburg. This was due to
The idea that Habsburg women were more fertile than other noble women and therefore could guarantee the existence of an heir
The need to maintain the family possessions as united as possible
The limited number of women of a similar rank and religion in an Europe divided by religious lines

Question 37

From Diversity to Orthodoxy: How Spain Became the champion of Catholicism in the 16th Century? ( all slide info)

Answer 37

A Catholic Destiny? An essentialist historiography and National-Catholicism ideology

A turning point? Recared’s conversion from Arrianism to Catholicism in 589
711-1212: The Spain of the three cultures. A multi-confessional society of Jews, Christians, and Muslims (Islam as the dominant religion in Al-Andalus and Christianity as the dominant religion in the Christian Kingdoms)

Holy War and Religious Extremism after 1212: (1) Invasion of the Almoravids and the Almohads, (2) the preaching of the Crusade, (3) growing geographical and political hegemony of the Christian kingdoms, (4) political instability of the 14th and 15th centuries, and (5) the Black Death contributed - culminated in the pogroms of 1391 and the forced conversion of many Jewish communities in the Iberian Peninsula - Existing Muslim populations had for the most part taken refuge in Granada

The alliance between Church and Crown: Support of the Catholic Church to Isabella and Ferdinand– Demands from part of the Catholic Church for greater orthodoxy including: establishment of the Inquisition – tougher laws against the Jews and especially ”conversos” – Segregation of Jewish communities - Practicing Jews and Muslims expelled from Spain in 1492 – Jewish “conversos” and “moriscos” (converted Moors) allowed to remain, but carefully watched by the Inquisition – The archetypical figure of this period is Grand Inquisitor Tomás de Torquemada

The Reformist Movement The Catholic Kings also supported those who called for the internal reform of the Catholic Church (but not in favor of Muslims and Jews) – Importance of Eramus of Rotterdam and Erasmism in Spain – Creation of institutions such as the Universidad de Alcalá – Beginning of Spanish Humanist movement that would strongly influence the development of the Spanish Golden Age - Cardinal Cisneros is an archetypical figure in this regard

Towards Empire: Arrival of Charles I - ambition to become Holy Roman Emperor - rising power of the Ottoman empire, Confrontation with England - threat of the Reformation not only to the power of the Papacy but to Charles I possessions in central Europe and the Low Countries – Persecution of Proto-Reformist groups and those of Erasmist tendencies in Spain – Those accused of practicing non-Christian religions (Judaism/islam) were severely punished –

Censorship: In 1551 the first index of prohibited books was published in Spain (13 years before its publication by Rome) – Practice of philosophy and teology strictly controlled – Literature as a substitute

A Catholic destiny? The alliance with the Papacy and continental politics basically ensured that Spain would remain firmly in the Catholic side of the religious divide in the next centuries

Question 38

From Diversity to Orthodoxy: How Spain Became the champion of Catholicism in the 16th Century?: explain ‘a destiny?’

Answer 38

An essentialist historiography and National-Catholicism ideology

Question 39

From Diversity to Orthodoxy: How Spain Became the champion of Catholicism in the 16th Century?: explain ‘a turning point?’

Answer 39

Recared’s conversion from Arrianism to Catholicism in 589

Question 40

From Diversity to Orthodoxy: How Spain Became the champion of Catholicism in the 16th Century?: explain 711-1212: The Spain of the three cultures

Answer 40

A multi-confessional society of Jews, Christians, and Muslims (Islam as the dominant religion in Al-Andalus and Christianity as the dominant religion in the Christian Kingdoms)

Question 41

From Diversity to Orthodoxy: How Spain Became the champion of Catholicism in the 16th Century?: explain the Holy War and Religious Extremism after 1212

Answer 41

(1) Invasion of the Almoravids and the Almohads, (2) the preaching of the Crusade, (3) growing geographical and political hegemony of the Christian kingdoms, (4) political instability of the 14th and 15th centuries, and (5) the Black Death contributed - culminated in the pogroms of 1391 and the forced conversion of many Jewish communities in the Iberian Peninsula - Existing Muslim populations had for the most part taken refuge in Granada

Question 42

From Diversity to Orthodoxy: How Spain Became the champion of Catholicism in the 16th Century?: explain The alliance between Church and Crown

Answer 42

Support of the Catholic Church to Isabella and Ferdinand– Demands from part of the Catholic Church for greater orthodoxy including: establishment of the Inquisition – tougher laws against the Jews and especially ”conversos” – Segregation of Jewish communities - Practicing Jews and Muslims expelled from Spain in 1492 – Jewish “conversos” and “moriscos” (converted Moors) allowed to remain, but carefully watched by the Inquisition – The archetypical figure of this period is Grand Inquisitor Tomás de Torquemada

Question 43

From Diversity to Orthodoxy: How Spain Became the champion of Catholicism in the 16th Century?: explain The Reformist Movement

Answer 43

The Catholic Kings also supported those who called for the internal reform of the Catholic Church (but not in favor of Muslims and Jews) – Importance of Eramus of Rotterdam and Erasmism in Spain – Creation of institutions such as the Universidad de Alcalá – Beginning of Spanish Humanist movement that would strongly influence the development of the Spanish Golden Age - Cardinal Cisneros is an archetypical figure in this regard

Question 44

From Diversity to Orthodoxy: How Spain Became the champion of Catholicism in the 16th Century?: explain Towards Empire:

Answer 44

Arrival of Charles I - ambition to become Holy Roman Emperor - rising power of the Ottoman empire, Confrontation with England - threat of the Reformation not only to the power of the Papacy but to Charles I possessions in central Europe and the Low Countries – Persecution of Proto-Reformist groups and those of Erasmist tendencies in Spain – Those accused of practicing non-Christian religions (Judaism/islam) were severely punished –

Question 45

From Diversity to Orthodoxy: How Spain Became the champion of Catholicism in the 16th Century?: explain A Catholic destiny?

Answer 45

The alliance with the Papacy and continental politics basically ensured that Spain would remain firmly in the Catholic side of the religious divide in the next centuries

Question 46

From Diversity to Orthodoxy: How Spain Became the champion of Catholicism in the 16th Century?: explain Censorship:

Answer 46

In 1551 the first index of prohibited books was published in Spain (13 years before its publication by Rome) – Practice of philosophy and teology strictly controlled – Literature as a substitute