Final - October 31 - Christopher Columbus and the conquest fo the Caribbean Flashcards
Columbus, the Catholic Kings, and the Capitulations of Santa Fe (full slide)
Christopher Columbus: Origins, Career, and Project
Going West to Reach China: The cosmographic errors of Columbus – The influence of Marco Polo’s voyages -
Portugal, Columbus’ failed first option (Lack of contacts in the Royal Court, Geographic Mistakes, An unfortunate previous expedition, Columbus ambitions
Castile, Columbus’ second option: The Catholic Kings, Between Skepticism, War, and Exploration
The Capitulations de Santa Fe (1492, Granada, Spain):
Columbus’ demands: The Capitulaciones de Santa Fe – Columbus ambitions – The titles of Admiral of the Ocean Sea, the Viceroy, the Governor-General and honorific Don, and also the tenth part of all riches to be obtained from his intended voyage for him and his descendants
The Catholic Kings’ position: A low risk, high payout gamble – A fleet of three ships (La niña, La pinta, and La Santa María) – None of them originally intended for oceanic exploration– The three were privately owned - Columbus is assigned the heaviest and slowest of the three ships
Christopher Columbus: Origins, Career, and Project
An Italian explorer, Cristoforo Colombo is of course most famous for his ‘discovery’ of North America. But a recent historical theory suggests that Columbus was not born in Genoa, Italy, and rather was a Portuguese nobleman
He led the first European expeditions to the Caribbean, Central America, and South America, initiating the permanent European colonization of the Americas. Columbus discovered a viable sailing route to the Americas, a continent that was then unknown to the Old World.
why was columbus going west
The cosmographic errors of Columbus – The influence of Marco Polo’s voyages (did Polo even go to china? Lots of errors in his book/omissions… columbus tried to follow his path but didn’t end up in china)
explain Portugal, Columbus’ failed first option
Lack of contacts in the Royal Court, Geographic Mistakes, An unfortunate previous expedition, Columbus ambitions
explain Castile, Columbus’ second option
The Catholic Kings, Between Skepticism, War, and Exploration
There were several reasons why King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella supported the voyage of Columbus. There was a belief that a shorter route to Asia existed. Spain had a strong interest in trading with Asia. … The King and Queen of Spain sponsored Columbus because they believed Spain would benefit from his voyages
The Capitulations de Santa Fe (1492, Granada, Spain):
columbus’ demands
Columbus’ demands: The Capitulaciones de Santa Fe – Columbus ambitions – The titles of Admiral of the Ocean Sea, the Viceroy, the Governor-General and honorific Don, and also the tenth part of all riches to be obtained from his intended voyage for him and his descendants
The Capitulations de Santa Fe (1492, Granada, Spain):
The Catholic Kings’ position:
A low risk, high payout gamble – A fleet of three ships (La niña, La pinta, and La Santa María) – None of them originally intended for oceanic exploration– The three were privately owned - Columbus is assigned the heaviest and slowest of the three ships
The First Voyage (1492-1493) (full slide)
To trade, to settle, or to conquest?
Columbus’ Diary of the First Voyage: A document known through Dominican Priest Bartolomé de las Casas
Early problems and the risk of mutiny
Double accounting and miraculous signs
How to describe a land you have never seen: Between modern and medieval observation
How to describe people you have never seen: Nudity, Cannibalism, and the beginning of the myth of the “Good Savage”
Exploration, wreck of the Santa María, and the foundation of the first colony
The return trip: From the brink of disaster to the arrival in Lisbon
A triumphal entry: Colombus in Barcelone and the preparations for the second trip
The letter to Luis de Santángel (the Royal treasurer) announcing his discovery
Columbus’ Diary of the First Voyage:
A document known through Dominican Priest Bartolomé de las Casas
who did columns write a letter to during the second voyage and what was it about
letter to Luis de Santángel (the Royal treasurer) announcing his discovery
was there success of the first voyage
some;
Exploration, wreck of the Santa María, and the foundation of the first colony
The Beginnings of European Colonialism: Portugal and Castile’s partition of the world (full slide)
Columbus’ First voyage created a complex situation between Castile and Portugal. This in turn will lead to the first legal framework for European colonialism and to the division of the world between two European kingdoms
The Treaty of Alcaçovas (1479) and the Papal bull Aeterni regis (Eternal Kings 1481) confirmed Castile in its possessions of the Canary Islands and granted Portugal all further territorial acquisitions made by Christian powers to the South of the Canary Islands and eastward to the Indies.
The Portuguese claimed that the islands found by Columbus were to the South of the Canary Islands and that they belonged to Portugal
The Castilian claimed that those islands were West of the Canary Islands and that therefore were not covered by the Treaty of Alcaçovas
Since both kingdoms were willing to avoid open warfare, they sought an agreement with the Pope as intermediary
Pope Alexander VI issued the Papal bull Inter Caetera (1493) (Among other [works])establishing a demarcation line between Spanish and Portuguese possessions in the Atlantic –Unbeknownst to him, this line covers a small proportion of what is today Brazil
The Portuguese King rejects the proposed line -Through the Treaty of Tordesillas (1493), Spain and Portugal formalized an agreement that extends the line agreed with the pope further west – Unbeknownst to them, A far bigger proportion of what is today Brazil falls within the Portuguese area of influence
Through the Treaty of Zaragoza (1529), Spain and Portugal agree to extend the demarcation line of Tordesillas to the other part of the world and separate their areas of influence in the Pacific
The Treatises of Tordesillas and Zaragoza will be challenged by England, France and the Dutch on legal, religious, and “humanitarian” grounds as they start their own expansion in the Atlantic and the Pacific
Columbus’ First voyage created a complex situation between who and what did this lead to
Castile and Portugal. This in turn will lead to the first legal framework for European colonialism and to the division of the world between two European kingdoms
The Treaty of Alcaçovas (1479) and the Papal bull Aeterni regis (Eternal Kings 1481) did what
confirmed Castile in its possessions of the Canary Islands and granted Portugal all further territorial acquisitions made by Christian powers to the South of the Canary Islands and eastward to the Indies.
what was the issue of the canary islands
The Portuguese claimed that the islands found by Columbus were to the South of the Canary Islands and that they belonged to Portugal
The Castilian claimed that those islands were West of the Canary Islands and that therefore were not covered by the Treaty of Alcaçovas
