Final - November 14 - Transforming the Americas: Religious Conversion and Social Conformity

Question 1

Last Class (Brief Review)

Answer 1

Urbanism and the creation of the colonial State
The creation of political and cultural legitimacy
The Division in “two republics”: The Republic of Spaniards and the Republic of Indians
The introduction (and control) of writing
The political and administrative division of Spanish America
The Introduction of Slavery

Question 2

The Spiritual Conquest of the New World (full slide)

Answer 2

The Three “Gs”: Gold (or Silver), God, and Glory (Fame)
Christianity as a ”universal” religion
Mass Baptisms: Practice and controversies
Franciscans, Dominicans, Augustinians, Jesuits…: Power and competition among the Religious Orders
God, the Devil, and Indigenous Religion
The Second Coming of Christ

Question 3

what are The Three “Gs”:

Answer 3

Gold (or Silver), God, and Glory (Fame)

Question 4

what was the universal religion

Answer 4

christianity

Question 5

was mass baptisms okay

Answer 5

Practice and controversies

Question 6

what was the power and competition between (religious)

Answer 6

Franciscans, Dominicans, Augustinians, Jesuits…: Power and competition among the Religious Orders

Question 7

what was the view on Jesus

Answer 7

The Second Coming of Christ

Question 8

Syncretism, Orthodoxy, and Catholicism (full slide)

Answer 8

Preaching in the Natives’ Tongues or How to explain the Mysteries of Christianity (One God, the Trinity, the nature of Christ)

Syncretism and the local interpretation of Christianity.
Building Churches… on top of indigenous religious structures)
Old Gods, and New Saints: Repurposing religious beliefs
Creating new cults: The case of the Virgin of Guadalupe in Mexico

Question 9

explain Syncretism and the local interpretation of Christianity

Answer 9

Building Churches… on top of indigenous religious structures)
Old Gods, and New Saints: Repurposing religious beliefs
Creating new cults: The case of the Virgin of Guadalupe in Mexico

Question 10

Between Orthodoxy and Popular Religion: Promoting and Controlling Faith in the Americas (full slide)

Answer 10

A “success” under suspicion: The “Extirpation of Idolatries” campaigns
Policing Popular Customs and Religion: The Colonial Inquisition
Saints, the City of Lima and the Colonial Triumph of Counterreformation Spain. Examples:
Santa Rosa de Lima (the first person in the Americas to be canonized)
San Martín de Porres (the first Afro-American to be canonized)

Question 11

explain A “success” under suspicion: The “Extirpation of Idolatries” campaigns

Answer 11

The Extirpation of Idolatry is the name given by scholars to the series of campaigns that tried these indigenous “deviants” for their alleged heresy and acts subversive to the faith, and the attempts of ecclesiastical officials to extirpate, or eliminate such instances.

Question 12

explain Policing Popular Customs and Religion: The Colonial Inquisition

Answer 12

they had the inquisition and tried to convert people

Question 13

Saints, the City of Lima and the Colonial Triumph of Counterreformation Spain. give two examples

Answer 13

Santa Rosa de Lima

San Martín de Porres

Question 14

who was Santa Rosa de Lima

Answer 14

the first person in the Americas to be canonized

Question 15

who was San Martín de Porres

Answer 15

the first Afro-American to be canonized

Question 16

Women in Colonial Spanish America (full slide)

Answer 16

Indigenous Women
Indigenous women and the Conquest: The Case of “La Malinche” (see video)
The loss of sacramental/religious significance
A new invisibility (doubly removed from political/social positions of power)

Black Women
Black women and slavery
Black women and marriage
Black women and freedom
Black Women and property

Iberian Women
A rare ”commodity”?
Honor and value
Marriage vs Religion
Women and property

Challenging Gender in the Spanish Empire
Catalina de Arauso, the Lituenant Nun (See video)

Question 17

To Love and To Marry in Colonial Spanish America (full slide)

Answer 17

Sex, Violence, and the Conquest
Who married the Conquistadors? The Issue of Gender Imbalance
Legitimate Marriages: Catholic Doctrine and the Freedom to Choose
A Form of Protection? Slavery and the Sanctity of Marriage
Discouraging Mixed Marriages… But reality says otherwise.
The question of illegitimacy
Bringing order to a racially diverse society: The Casta Paintings

Question 18

The Emergence of a Multiracial Society: The Casta paintings (full slide)

Answer 18

Colonial Latin America: A multiracial society
Three main social/legal categories: Spaniards, ”Indians”, and “Blacks”
Secondary combinations: “Mestizo” (“Indian”-Spaniard), “Mulato” (Black-Spaniard), “Zambo” (“Indian”-Black)
Multiple tertiary combinations: The nomenclature changes from region to region (lobo, castizo, torna atrás, albino, etc)
The casta paintings are a pictorial attempt at understanding the social diversity created as a result of the mixing of the different sectors of the population
Race and difference: While they are clearly prejudiced in favor of the Spaniards and against other social groups, they are not based on a “scientific” understanding of race (“scientific racism”)

Question 19

what were the Three main social/legal categories of Casta paintings

Answer 19

Spaniards, ”Indians”, and “Blacks”

Question 20

what re Secondary combinations of casta paintings

Answer 20

“Mestizo” (“Indian”-Spaniard), “Mulato” (Black-Spaniard), “Zambo” (“Indian”-Black)

Question 21

explain Multiple tertiary combinations of casta paintings

Answer 21

The nomenclature changes from region to region (lobo, castizo, torna atrás, albino, etc)

Question 22

explain The casta paintings

Answer 22

are a pictorial attempt at understanding the social diversity created as a result of the mixing of the different sectors of the population

Question 23

explain Race and difference: casta paintings

Answer 23

While they are clearly prejudiced in favor of the Spaniards and against other social groups, they are not based on a “scientific” understanding of race (“scientific racism”)