Test 2 Lecture October 10 Flashcards

1
Q

Philip II: Brief Review: what did he inherit

A

Inherits all of his father’s (Charles I) possessions except those linked to the Holy Roman Empire

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2
Q

who was the main threat for Phillip II

A

France continues to be seen as the main threat – The alliance with England collapses after the death of his wife, Queen Mary I of England

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3
Q

what were the main strategic areas for fighting under Phillip II

A

The Low Countries and Northern Italy become the main strategic areas in the fight for political and religious supremacy in Europe – A huge part of the Royal Treasury resources are used to this end

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4
Q

Philip II becomes King of Portugal in 1578 after the death of Sebastian I - The dynastic union between Spain and Portugal places the Iberian Peninsula where

A

again under one king and creates one of the world’s biggest empires

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5
Q

The need to administer such a vast empire and to affirm the supremacy of the Spanish Crown over both the Church and the high Nobility led to the creation of what (Under Phillip II)

A

Madrid as the empire capital

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6
Q

The Monastery of San Lorenzo de El Escorial is built where and why is it important (Phillip II)

A

north of Madrid as the most important religious and political symbol of the Spanish Monarchy

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7
Q

Phillip II’s reign is marked by what

A

huge military victories (St Quentin, Lepanto) and defeats (the invasion of England)

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8
Q

what happened with the spanish inquisition under Phillip II

A

institutionalized – Through it, the Spanish Monarchy is able to control political and ideological dissent

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9
Q

what was Philip III (1578-1621) nickname

A

the Pious

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10
Q

what did Philip III inherit

A

Inherits all of his father’s possessions including Portugal - Becomes King in 1598

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11
Q

define valido

A

favourite

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12
Q

who becomes Phillip III’s valido

A

The Duke of Lerma

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13
Q

who did Phillip III expel

A

Expulsion of the moriscos (former Muslim’s who had converted to Christianity, but who lived separately in their own towns, especially in Southern Spain)

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14
Q

why were the moriscos expelled

A

Rebellion
Fear
profit and Dogmatism

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15
Q

what was the rebellion that contributed o the expulsion of the moriscos

A

A rebellion of this segment of the population took place in 1568-1571 (Rebellion of the Alpujarras) - [against the attempt at limiting Morisco practices: language, clothing, public baths, religious ceremonies, etc.]

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16
Q

what was the fear that contributed o the expulsion of the moriscos

A

Fear of the expansion of the Ottoman empire and a possible collaboration with Muslim forces – Remember: the Battle of Lepanto took place in 1571

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17
Q

what was the profit and Dogmatism that contributed o the expulsion of the moriscos

A

The Duke of Lerma, Phillip III’s favorite, and the Queen were the main architects of the expulsion – Lerma had to gain financially – The Queen did so based on the religious ideals of a purely Catholic Spain

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18
Q

what were the consequences of the expulsion of moriscos

A

In 1609, about 270,000 ”moriscos” were expelled – around 3-4% of the Spanish total population – Disastrous economic consequences – It is estimated that around 30,000to 90,000 were able to return

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19
Q

what was the conflict with england and the dutch under Phillip III

A

Conflict with England and the Dutch (followed by a truce in 1604 and 1609 that lasted until 1618) – Spain enters the 30-years War (1618-1648)

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20
Q

what was Phillip III Initial attempts at reforming the tax structure and the economy

A

Castile carried 65% of total imperial costs by 1616 and provides most of the men

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21
Q

how did Phillip III

Transform the country and his court

A

Transformation of the Royal Court in Madrid into a European cultural hub – Start of the Royal Collection that would eventually lead to the Creation of the Prado Museum

22
Q

what was Phillip IV (1605-1665), nickname

A

the planet king

23
Q

who came after Phillip III

A

Phillip IV (fourth)

24
Q

who was Phillip IV’s valido

A

The Count Duke of Olivares (of a family opposed to that of Lerma) becomes the King’s valido (favorite)

25
Q

did Phillip IV have his country participate in the 30-years war? did they do well

A

Full Spanish involvement in the 30-years War – Early victories— France declares open war in 1635 -Spain’s early successes were offset

26
Q

what were Phillip IV’s Attempts at reform

A

Need to identify the problems of the kingdom” (loss of population, decadence of agriculture, inflation, epidemies, lack of industry, etc)

27
Q

explain Phillip IV and The “Arms Union”

A

Attempt at raising revenue and increase the participation of other territories in the Royal Armies led to rebellion in both Catalonia and Portugal - Independence of Portugal in 1640 under John IV of the House of Bragança – The relationship between both kingdoms fell apart

28
Q

who had a scandalous sex life

A

Phillip IV

29
Q

explain the Peace of Westfalia and how it impacted Phillip IV’s rule

A

1648 – Peace of Westfalia – Calvinism is recognized – Switzerland and the United Dutch provinces become independent – Spain and the Hapsburg lost influence in Northern Europe – France emerges as the dominant continental power

30
Q

how big was Spain at the end of Phillip IV’s rule? Was it the hegemonic power?

A

On the eve of his death in 1665, the Spanish Empire had reached approximately 12.2 million square kilometers - However, Spain was no longer the hegemonic power in Central Europe

31
Q

What was Charles II’s nickname

A

the bewitched

32
Q

who took over after Phillip IV

A

Charles II, the Bewitched (1660-1700)

33
Q

why did Charles II become king after Phillip IV

A

Death of Prince Baltasar Carlos, heir of the Throne, made him King of Spain when he was a child

34
Q

why was Charles II’s mother important

A

His mother, Mariana de Austria, was named Regent – She becomes one of the most powerful women in the history of Spain

35
Q

Charles II and the Results of inbreeding:

A

Epilepsy, Sterility, and Klinefelter syndrome (25% consanguinity in his genome)

36
Q

Two main “validos” or favorites of Charles II

A

Duque of Medinacelli/Count of Oropesa

37
Q

was there conflict in the court of Charles II

A

Multiple internal conflicts at court between the Queen and various advisors/nobiliary families

38
Q

what were the results of Charles II as ruler

A

Decline of Spanish influence in Europe
Continued Spanish patronage of the Arts
A Commerce Council was created to promote Spanish industry
Rationalization of the State’s expenditures
Monetary stability
Basis for the Enlightenment
Failed marriages – lack of an heir to the throne – War of the Spanish Succession

39
Q

Reasons for the Rise of the “Validos” and their entourage:

A

Administrative growth
specialization
work ethic/personal limitations
political reasons

40
Q

Reasons for the Rise of the “Validos” and their entourage: explain Administrative growth:

A

Growth of the Imperial administration makes difficult for the King to understand all the ramifications of the decision process

41
Q

Reasons for the Rise of the “Validos” and their entourage: explain Specialization:

A

Many of the issues at hand become so complex that specialized knowledge is required

42
Q

Reasons for the Rise of the “Validos” and their entourage: explain Work Ethic/Personal limitations:

A

King Philip II is the last of the Hapsburg Kings who is able to supervise personally the daily functioning of the State – Idea of the King as God’s servant – The following Kings would be much less inclined to do so

43
Q

Reasons for the Rise of the “Validos” and their entourage: explain Political reasons:

A

The “validos” shielded the King from the political fallout of adverse events – While they accumulated vast amounts of power, they were also the ones who eventually took the fall

44
Q

explain American Silver, a global Trade Network, and the Imperial Financial Crisis

A

Limited sources of income? American treasure and taxes from Castile are the main sources of revenue – Other kingdoms are largely exempt from contributing to the Monarchy or do so in a limited manner

Precious metals and global trade routes:
The “Manila Galleon”: Manila-Acapulco-Veracruz-Seville-(Northern Europe)
The ”Potosi” route: Potosí-Lima-Panamá/Cartagena-Seville-(Northern Europe)

Huge expenditures: French civil wars, anti-Habsburgh rebellion in the Netherlands, conflict with England, Italian presence

Too big to fail? Debt defaults in 1557, 1575, and 1596 -The king was forced to suspend payments to his creditors and renegotiate terms of repayment

The destruction of Castile’s economy: War, demographic stagnation, high taxes, and inflation

45
Q

explain The Spanish Golden Age (Spanish: Siglo de Oro, “Golden Century”)

A

is a period of flourishing in arts and literature in Spain, coinciding with the political rise of the Spanish Habsburg dynasty and lasting until the second half of the 17th century

46
Q

Renaissance and Humanism: The Spanish Golden Age was cemented on the work of what

A

the previous generation of intellectuals that were strongly influenced by Renaissance humanism a– Spanish posessions in Italy helped with the cultural transfer of the Italian Renaissance to Spain

47
Q

Empire and Men of Letters: The Spanish empire created what

A

one of the earliest modern bureaucracies – High demand of people who knew how to read and write – Multiplication of institutions of higher learning – Introduction of the printing press

48
Q

Empire and multiculturalism: Although Spain became the defender of Catholic orthodoxy, the Spanish empire was what

A

extremely multicultural and multiracial – The encounter among peoples from different parts of the world favored thought and literary creation – Madrid, a highly cosmopolitan city – New forms of entertainment: theater

49
Q

explain Censorship and Literature and the golden age of spanish lit

A

Censorship had an important impact on the practice of philosophy and theology in Spain - It lead many writers and intellectuals to devote themselves to literature as a ”safer” space

50
Q

Don Quixote and the Rise of the Modern Novel facts

A

IT WAS PUBLISHED IN 1605 (FIRST PART) AND 1615 (SECOND PART)
IT WAS CONCEIVED AS A SATIRE OF THE BOOKS OF CHIVALRY, WHICH WERE VERY POPULAR AT THE TIME
DON QUIXOTEIS CONSIDERED THE FIRST MODERN NOVEL AND ONE OF THE MOST INFLUENTIAL BOOKS EVER WRITTEN
CERVANTES CAME UP WITH THE STORY WHILE HE WAS IN JAIL.
A PHONYPART IIWAS PUBLISHED AS A HOAX BY AN AUTHOR WHO USED THE PSEUDONYM ALOSNO FERNÁNDEZ DE AVELLANEDA
THIS FAKE SEQUEL IS THOUGHT TO HAVE CONVINCED CERVANTES TO FINISH HIS OWN AND “KILL” DON QUIXOTE
DON QUIXOTEHELPED ESTABLISH THE MODERN SPANISH LANGUAGE
CERVANTES DREW FROM HIS EXPERIENCES AS A SLAVE TO WRITE THE NOVE.
DON QUIXOTEMIGHT BE THE BEST-SELLING NOVEL OF ALL TIME.
CERVANTES DID NOT CONSIDER IT HIS BEST WORK – HE ALSO WROTE OTHER NOVELS AND DRAMAS