Test 2 Lecture October 8

Question 1

what was charles I known as

Answer 1

Charles I of Spain (aka, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor)

Question 2

charles I was heir to what dynamic lines

Answer 2

House of Burgundy
House of Habsburg
House of Trastamara

Question 3

charles I early challenges

Answer 3

A “Foreign” Monarch
A “Foreign” Entourage
Comunero Revolt

Question 4

explain Charles I, Spain and global politics

Answer 4

Central Europe and the Holy Roman Empire
Confrontation with France
Confrontation with England
Confrontation with the Ottoman Empire
The Conquest and Colonization of America
The Religious Schism: The Reformation and the Counterreformation

Question 5

Charles I abdicated the Crown in 1556 and did what

Answer 5

retired to the Monastery of Yuste in Extremadura (Spain). He died in 1558

Question 6

why did Charles I abdicated the Crown

Answer 6

Reasons for the abdication:
Poor health
Religious Schism
Ars Moriendi (Art of Dying): religion and the rejection of power

Question 7

who inherited the crown from Charles I

Answer 7

Phillip II inherited all the lands of the Crowns of Castile and Aragon, the territories in Italy and the Low Countries and the Spanish possessions around the globe

Question 8

who inherited the austrian possessions and the title of the holy roman emperor from Charles I (because Phillip II did not)

Answer 8

The Austrian posesions and the title of Holy Roman Emperor passes to his uncle Ferdinand I

Question 9

At the time of his arrival to the throne, Philip II of Spain was married to who

Answer 9

Queen Mary I of England (daughter of Catherine of Aragon and Henry VIII)
they were cousins

Question 10

explain the failed alliance with england (Phillip II)

Answer 10

At the time of his arrival to the throne, Philip II of Spain was married to Queen Mary I of England (daughter of Catherine of Aragon and Henry VIII) – They were cousins– The death of Mary and the ascension of Queen Elizabeth led to a new confrontation with England

Question 11

what was a main war while Philllip II ruled

Answer 11

The War in the Low Countries

Question 12

how much did Phillip II extend the spanish empire

Answer 12

Maximum extension of the Spanish empire: During his reign, the Spanish possessions in the Americas were expanded and consolidated and Spain conquered the Philippines
The death without a Heir of King Sebastian I of Portugal, his cousin, in 1578 made him King of Portugal: The entire Iberian Peninsula was now unified again for the first time since Roman times

By becoming King of Portugal, he also inherited the Portuguese possessions in Africa and Asia

Question 13

who was considered to have the first global empire

Answer 13

Phillip II

Question 14

The Spanish and Portuguese empires where handled how

Answer 14

separately, but collaboration was emphasized

Question 15

The defense of such a vast empire presented what issued

Answer 15

grave logistical and military problems and challenged by the Dutch and English

Question 16

Most of the Royal Treasury was spent where

Answer 16

in European wars

Question 17

explain The Battle of St Quentin (1557

Answer 17

War against France and the Protestant Low Countries: This was the priority for Phillip II, who intervened frequently in the French wars of the 16th Century (and opposed its expansion both in Italy and the Low Countries – The most famous battle was that of St Quentin in 1557)– In the Spanish Low Countries, Philip II followed a policy of no compromise with Calvinists and Protestants

Question 18

explain The Battle of Lepanto (1571):

Answer 18

a fleet of the Holy League, led by the Venetian Republic and the Spanish Empire, inflicted a major defeat on the fleet of the Ottoman Empire in the Gulf of Patras - Marked the turning-point of Ottoman military expansion into the Mediterranean – Famous participants in the battle: Don Juan de Austria (half-brother of Philip II) and Miguel de Cervantes

Question 19

explain The Spanish “Invincible” Armada (1588):

Answer 19

a Spanish fleet of 130 ships – Purpose of escorting an army from Flanders to invade England to overthrow Queen Elizabeth I and her establishment of Protestantism in England, with the expectation that this would put a stop to English interference in the Spanish Netherlands and to the harm caused to Spanish interests by English and Dutch privateering – Famous quote by Phillip II “I sent the Armada against men, not God’s winds and waves”

Question 20

how was Madrid before becoming the capital

Answer 20

Prehistoric times, Roman Villas, and a Visigoth Basilica
Magerit: The Arab town and fortress
Christian Madrid: a good place to hunt bears and wild pigs
The Royal fortress/palace the Christian town

Question 21

Reasons for making Madrid the permanent capital of Spain (1561):

Answer 21

Geographic: Position in the center of the Iberian Peninsula
Urbanistic/ architectonical: No obstacles for the creation of new administrative buildings
Political: Previous “capitals” were controlled by specific nobiliary families
Religious: The King as the highest political (and religious) authority in the realm
Tradition: It had already housed the Royal Court and the Castillian Cortes in the past
Administrative: The Administration could no longer move to different cities due to its size

Question 22

explain madrid From Villa to Corte:

Answer 22

Madrid as an administrative center
The social transformation of Madrid
The religious transformation of Madrid
The cultural transformation of Madrid

Question 23

King Philip II of Spain: Cultural Uniformization and Catholicism in the 16th Century: all Slide information

Answer 23

Spain: A Catholic Spirit? An essentialist historiography and National-Catholicism ideology

A turning point? King Recared’s conversion from Arrianism to Catholicism in 589

711-1212: The Spain of the three cultures. A multi-confessional society of Jews, Christians, and Muslims (Islam as the dominant religion in Al-Andalus and Christianity as the dominant religion in the Christian Kingdoms)

Holy War and Religious Extremism after 1212: (1) Invasion of the Almoravids and the Almohads, (2) the preaching of the Crusade, (3) growing geographical and political hegemony of the Christian kingdoms, (4) political instability of the 14th and 15th centuries, and (5) the Black Death contributed - culminated in the pogroms of 1391 and the forced conversion of many Jewish communities in the Iberian Peninsula - Existing Muslim populations had for the most part taken refuge in Granada

The alliance between Church and Crown: Support of the Catholic Church to Isabella and Ferdinand– Demands from part of the Catholic Church for greater orthodoxy including: establishment of the Inquisition – tougher laws against the Jews and especially ”conversos” – Segregation of Jewish communities - Practicing Jews and Muslims expelled from Spain in 1492 – Jewish “conversos” and “moriscos” (converted Moors) allowed to remain, but carefully watched by the Inquisition – The archetypical figure of this period is Grand Inquisitor Tomás de Torquemada

Humanism and Attempts at ReformThe Catholic Kings also supported those who called for the internal reform of the Catholic Church (but not in favor of Muslims and Jews) – Importance of Eramus of Rotterdam and Erasmism in Spain – Creation of institutions such as the Universidad de Alcalá – Beginning of Spanish Humanist movement that would strongly influence the development of the Spanish Golden Age - Cardinal Cisneros is an archetypical figure in this regard

Towards Empire: Arrival of Charles I - ambition to become Holy Roman Emperor - rising power of the Ottoman empire, Confrontation with England - The Reformation threatened not only the power of the Papacy but also Charles I’s possessions in central Europe and the Low Countries –
Spain and the Wars of Religion: Spain’s strategic interests and the alliance with the Papacy and continental politics basically ensured that
Spain would remain firmly in the Catholic side of the religious divide in the next centuries

Censorship and the Inquisition: In 1551 the first index of prohibited books was published in Spain (13 years before its publication by Rome) – Practice of philosophy and teology strictly controlled – Literature as a substitute - Persecution of Proto-Reformist groups and those of Erasmist tendencies in Spain – Those accused of practicing non-Christian religions (Judaism/islam) were severely punished –

Question 24

Philip II of Spain: Cultural Uniformization and Catholicism in the 16th Century– explain Spain: A Catholic Spirit?

Answer 24

An essentialist historiography and National-Catholicism ideology

Question 25

Philip II of Spain: Cultural Uniformization and Catholicism in the 16th Century– explain A turning point?

Answer 25

King Recared’s conversion from Arrianism to Catholicism in 589

Question 26

Philip II of Spain: Cultural Uniformization and Catholicism in the 16th Century– explain 711-1212: The Spain of the three cultures.

Answer 26

A multi-confessional society of Jews, Christians, and Muslims (Islam as the dominant religion in Al-Andalus and Christianity as the dominant religion in the Christian Kingdoms)

Question 27

Philip II of Spain: Cultural Uniformization and Catholicism in the 16th Century– explain Holy War and Religious Extremism after 1212:

Answer 27

(1) Invasion of the Almoravids and the Almohads, (2) the preaching of the Crusade, (3) growing geographical and political hegemony of the Christian kingdoms, (4) political instability of the 14th and 15th centuries, and (5) the Black Death contributed - culminated in the pogroms of 1391 and the forced conversion of many Jewish communities in the Iberian Peninsula - Existing Muslim populations had for the most part taken refuge in Granada

Question 28

Philip II of Spain: Cultural Uniformization and Catholicism in the 16th Century– explain The alliance between Church and Crown:

Answer 28

Support of the Catholic Church to Isabella and Ferdinand– Demands from part of the Catholic Church for greater orthodoxy including: establishment of the Inquisition – tougher laws against the Jews and especially ”conversos” – Segregation of Jewish communities - Practicing Jews and Muslims expelled from Spain in 1492 – Jewish “conversos” and “moriscos” (converted Moors) allowed to remain, but carefully watched by the Inquisition – The archetypical figure of this period is Grand Inquisitor Tomás de Torquemada

Question 29

Philip II of Spain: Cultural Uniformization and Catholicism in the 16th Century– explain Humanism and Attempts at Reform

Answer 29

The Catholic Kings also supported those who called for the internal reform of the Catholic Church (but not in favor of Muslims and Jews) – Importance of Eramus of Rotterdam and Erasmism in Spain – Creation of institutions such as the Universidad de Alcalá – Beginning of Spanish Humanist movement that would strongly influence the development of the Spanish Golden Age - Cardinal Cisneros is an archetypical figure in this regard

Question 30

Philip II of Spain: Cultural Uniformization and Catholicism in the 16th Century– explain Towards Empire:

Answer 30

Arrival of Charles I - ambition to become Holy Roman Emperor - rising power of the Ottoman empire, Confrontation with England - The Reformation threatened not only the power of the Papacy but also Charles I’s possessions in central Europe and the Low Countries –

Question 31

Philip II of Spain: Cultural Uniformization and Catholicism in the 16th Century– explain Spain and the Wars of Religion:

Answer 31

Spain’s strategic interests and the alliance with the Papacy and continental politics basically ensured that Spain would remain firmly in the Catholic side of the religious divide in the next centuries

Question 32

Philip II of Spain: Cultural Uniformization and Catholicism in the 16th Century– explain Censorship and the Inquisition:

Answer 32

In 1551 the first index of prohibited books was published in Spain (13 years before its publication by Rome) – Practice of philosophy and teology strictly controlled – Literature as a substitute - Persecution of Proto-Reformist groups and those of Erasmist tendencies in Spain – Those accused of practicing non-Christian religions (Judaism/islam) were severely punished –

Question 33

A New Temple of Salomon: The San Lorenzo de El Escorial

how was it a powerful symbol

Answer 33

Architectural embodiment of the power of the Catholic Monarchy – Multipurpose building: A Monastery, A Royal Residence, and a Royal Necropolis

Question 34

explain the origins of A New Temple of Salomon: The San Lorenzo de El Escorial

Answer 34

Built by Juan Bautista de Toledo and Juan de Herrera between 1563 and 1584 to commemorate the 1557 Spanish victory at the Battle of St. Quentin against Henry II, king of France - Dedicated to San Lorenzo (Saint Lawrence) who, in the third century AD, was martyred by being roasted to death on a grill. St. Lawrence’s feast day is 10 August, the same date as the 1557 Battle of St. Quentin

Question 35

explain The Temple of Salomon:

Answer 35

Based on descriptions of the Temple of Solomon by the Judeo-Roman historian, Flavius Josephus: a portico followed by a courtyard open to the sky, followed by a second portico and a second courtyard, all flanked by arcades and enclosed passageways, leading to the “holy of holies” - Statues of David (Charles V) and Solomon (Phillip II) on either side of the entrance to the basilica of El Escorial

Question 36

A New Temple of Salomon: The San Lorenzo de El Escorial: explain An administrative and spiritual center of the Spanish Monarchy

Answer 36

The building was designed to serve at the same time as the spiritual and administrative center of the Spanish Monarchy - Philip II work/religious ethic - From a religious perspective, the building was occupied by the Order of Saint Jerome - It also allowed the King to pursue his religious inclinations

Question 37

A New Temple of Salomon: The San Lorenzo de El Escorial: explain how it is a Royal necropolis:

Answer 37

El Escorial has been the burial site for most of the Spanish kings of the last five centuries, Bourbons as well as Habsburgs

Question 38

what is The Spanish Golden Age (Spanish: Siglo de Oro [“Golden Century”)

Answer 38

a period of flourishing in arts and literature in Spain, coinciding with the political rise of the Spanish Habsburg dynasty and lasting until the second half of the 17th century

Question 39

explain Erasmism and Humanism and The Golden Age of Spanish Literature and Art

Answer 39

The Spanish Golden Age was cemented on the work of the previous generation of intellectuals that were strongly influenced by Renaissance humanism and Erasmism – Spanish posessions in Italy helped with the cultural transfer of the Italian Renaissance to Spain

Question 40

The Spanish empire created one of the earliest modern bureaucracies, explain

Answer 40

High demand of people who knew how to read and write – Multiplication of institutions of higher learning – Introduction of the printing press

Question 41

The Golden Age of Spanish explain the Empire and multiculturalism

Answer 41

Although Spain became the defender of Catholic orthodoxy, the Spanish empire was extremely multicultural and multiracial – The encounter among peoples from different parts of the world favored thought and literary creation – Madrid became a highly cosmopolitan city

Question 42

explain Censorship and Literature and the goldena age of spanish lit and art

Answer 42

Censorship had an important impact on the practice of philosophy and theology in Spain (although neoscholasticism continued to thrive and early schools of international law and economic thought were established in Salamanca It lead many writers and intellectuals to devote themselves to literature as a ”safer” space

Question 43

explain American Silver, A global Trade Network and the Imperial Financial Crisis

Answer 43

Limited sources of income? American treasure and taxes from Castile – The financial trouble of a composite Monarchy

Precious metals and global trade routes:
The “Manila Galleon”: Manila-Acapulco-Veracruz-Seville-(Northern Europe)
The ”Potosi” route: Potosí-Lima-Panamá/Cartagena-Seville-(Northern Europe)

Huge expenditures: French civil wars, anti-Habsburgh rebellion in the Netherlands, conflict with England, Italian presence

Debt defaults in 1557, 1575, and 1596: The king was forced to suspend payments to his creditors and renegotiate terms of repayment

The destruction of Castile’s economy: War, demographic stagnation, high taxes, and inflation