test 2 Flashcards
what temp is cryotherapy usually between
32F - 65F
what is measure of the average amount kinetic energy possessed by an individual molecule of a body
temperature
what temp is considered very cold
32-55F
what temp is considered cold
55-65F
what temp is considered cool
65-80F
what temp is considered neutral
80-92F
what temp is considered warm
92-98F
what temp is considered hot
98-104F
what temp is considered very hot
above 104
what are the 4 ways to transfer energy
- conduction
- convection
- radiation
- evaporation
what is Transfer of energy through direct contact
condution
what is Transfer of energy when particles move across the body (whirlpools)
convection
what is Transfer of energy between two objects without a medium (electromagnetic waves, diathermy)
radiation
what is oss of heat through liquid-gas exchange (sweating)
evaporation
what does the tissue’s conductivity dependent on
water content
true or false
bone and fat have good water conductivity
false
true or false
muscle and skin have high resistance
false
true or false
bone and fat have high resistance
true
what does penetration of cryotheray dependent on
•Local temperature gradient •Treatment surface area covered •Thickness and characteristics of tissue treated
how deep is the superficial layer
1cm deep
how deep is the tissue layer
2 cm deep
why do ppl use cryotherapy
-control pain and reduce secondary tissue injury
what effects does cryotherapy have on sensory receptor effects
Decreases sensory receptor conduction velocities
•A-delta and C fibers slow conduction velocities further decreased
•Augments pain modulation
•Faster A-alpha and A-beta also slowed to an extent
true or false
cryotherapy Effect is primarily superficial and directly affects cutaneous blood vessels and cutaneous nerve receptors
true
what are the hemodynamic effects
immediate response of vasoconstriction to arterioles and venules
what temp does the skin need to be reduced to inorder for optimal decrease of blood flow and yield vasodilation
57F
what temp does the skin need to be reduced to for analgesia
58F
what is hunter’s response
Histamine like release yields vasodilatation as a self defense response
what are the metbolic effects of cryotherapy
Secondary ischemic injury
–Hypoxia
–Inadequate fuel substrates
–Inadequate waste removal
true or false
Decreased muscle spasm by decreasing muscle spindle activity
true
true or false
Ia and II fibers run to dorsal horn of spinal cord and respond to stretch
true
what are the four patient sensation during cold appliction
- cold
- burning
- aching
- analgesia(numbness)
what are the three types of compression
- circumferential
- collateral (pressure on both side aka aircast)
- focal (U-shaped horseshoe pad)
what has the greatest effect at 90° perpendicular to the ground at 45° the effect of gravity is 71% comparatively
elevation
what are the precautions of cold therapy
- superficial nerve
- elevation of blood pressure (hypertensive patients only)
- wound healing
- psychological consideration
what are the contraindication for cryotherapy
•Reynaud’s phenomena •Cold urticaria •Cold paroxysmal hemoglobinuria and
cryoglobulinemia •Compromised circulation or sensation
what is cold urticaria
- allergy to cold
- histamine response to cold stimuli
what is paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria
- Rate of RBC breakdown exceeds hemoglobin binding with other proteins
- Excess hemoglobin excreted in the urine
- Yields darkened urine and back pain
what is cryoglobulinemia
• Presence of abnormal proteins in the blood that become dark and thickened due to cold exposure
