test 1.2

Question 1

what happens during secondary enzymatic injury

Answer 1

• Lysosomes release enzymes
• Enzymes damage surrounding cells

-Cell membranes lose integrity & polarity
(Leads to hydropic swelling and cell death)

Question 2

what does secondary hypoxic injury causes

Answer 2

• Vascular and inflammatory changes cause a period of hypoxia
• Causes a shift to anaerobic metabolism
• Eventual inability to produce adequate ATP

Failure of membrane ion pumps

-Eventually leads to hydropic swelling and cell death

Question 3

what does origination of hypoxia cause

Answer 3

-Damaged blood vessels

-Inflammation induced hemoconcentration
(Thicker blood does not flow as well)

• Increased extravascular pressure from expanding hematoma
• Pain induced muscle spasm
• Hydropic swelling of injured cells

Question 4

what is hypoxia and ischemia

Answer 4

• hypoxia (inadequate oxygen)

- ischemia (inadequate blood flow)

Question 5

what does ischemia cause

Answer 5

• Hypoxia
• Inadequate supply of nutrients (e.g. glucose)
• Inadequate removal of waste

Question 6

what are the events that occur with acute inflammation

Answer 6

• Neurologic events
• Hemodynamic events
• Cellular events

Question 7

true or false

the events that occur with acute inflammation overlap

Answer 7

true

Question 8

how long does the inital vasoconstruction last with acute inflammation

Answer 8

30 seconds

Question 9

what occurs in the neurologic events of acute inflammation

Answer 9

• Initial vasoconstriction

- Gradual vasodilation

Question 10

what occurs in the hemodynamic events of acute inflammation

Answer 10

• Vasodilation
• Slowing rate of blood flow
• Leukocytes margination
• Hemostasis
• Permeability changes

Question 11

what occurs in the cellular events of acute inflammation

Answer 11

• Mast cells release histamine and heparin

- circulating leukocytes

Question 12

what does histamine do

Answer 12

1st chemical, strong vasodilator & increases permeability

Question 13

what does bradykinins do

Answer 13

increases permeability & pain (especially with prostaglandins

Question 14

what happens in the first few seconds of acute inflammation

Answer 14

Immediate vasoconstriction

Question 15

what happens in the first hour of acute inflammation

Answer 15

-Gradual vasodilation
-Hemostasis begins
Mast cell degranulation
-Leukocyte margination
-Large scale neutrophil response begins

Question 16

what happens after the first hour of acute inflammation

Answer 16

• Hemoconcentration from edema
• Ischemia
• Growing interaction of chemical mediators
• Macrophage response
• Complement System activation

Question 17

does Labile tissue; fully, partially or does not regenerate

Answer 17

fully regenerates

Question 18

does Stabile tissue; fully, partially or does not regenerate

Answer 18

partially regenerates

Question 19

does Permanent tissue; fully, partially or does not regenerate

Answer 19

does not regenerate

Question 20

what is Fibroplasia

Answer 20

• Formulation of Granulation tissue
  
  • Capillary budding
  • Forms mesh-like framework for scar development

Question 21

true or false

The scarring process aka remodeling phases can take upto a year

Answer 21

true

Question 22

true or false

chronic inflammation leads to hypertrophic scarring

Answer 22

true