Cats, dogs, bears, seals, seal ions,weasels - all types aquatic, terrestrial (underground) - legs adapted - run, swim - canassial teeth, scissor teeth - eyes forward, large brains

Whales, dolphins, porpoises - bones not cartilage - modified limbs- swimming. - hold breath up to 30 min - nostrils on top of head

- specialized teeth, yellow iron pigment teeth - jaw specialization Mice, rats, porcupines, muskrat, marmots, squirrels, hamsters

Rabbits, pikas, hares - 2 sets of incisors - coprophagists, poop eaters - hoppers, digitigrade, and plantigrade - hatres-born with hair - Rabits- pink, blind, hairless

Test 2 Flashcards by Andrew Gaines

Evolution?

Change over time

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Natural selection?

Adaptation- survival of the fit that reproduce and produce viable offspring

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Species?

Like organisms that produce liable offspring

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Who was Charles Darwin?

Educated theologian, geologist who studied the Galápagos Islands

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Sexual selection?

Female crabs choosing male crabs based on looks. Big crap hand

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What are female birds black?

Hide while nesting

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Sally light foot crab eats what?

Sea lion poop

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What animal eats algae quickly at the bottom of the ocean because they get to cold? Sea lions play win them

Marine iguana

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What’s all the animals of the Galápagos Islands?

Sally light foot crab- eat sea lion poop
Marine iguana- eat algae at bottom of ocean
Waved albatross- bird spends 6 months flying and 6 months raising kids
Blue footed booby- blue feet bird
Galápagos penguin
Galápagos hawk-only predator
Baby tortoise-hold fresh water sack in them, sea turtle oldest ancestor
Cats eat iguanas
Goats- male goats attract female goats for poaching

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What are the sub classes for mammals?

Prototheria- before uterus. Monotremes, lay eggs, hair, nurse young,duck billed platypus, spiny echidna.
Meta theria- middle. Have nipples in pouch. Mammary glands- nipples. Kangaroo, koalas, tarmanian Devils.
Eutheria- true uterus.

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What are the characteristics classified in mammals?

1) hair- colors. Zebra, optical illusion for preditor. Tigers, camouflage. Skunks, warning.
2) glands-
mammary glands- produce milk.
Sebaceous glands, lubricates hair and skin, attracts musk.
Sweat glands, promotes cooling, gets rid of waste. Carnivores, rodents. Paws noses sweat glands.
Bats are etaceans, no sweat glands.
3) circulatory system- 4 chambered heart.
4) reproductive system- placenta, uterus. Ovaries always functional. Baculum- penis bone, carnivores, most rodents.

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Insectivora-

Order in mammals. 
Shrews, moles, hedgehogs
All eat insects
Teeth strengthened with iron, reddish, brown
Some are poisonous

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What is diurnal, crepuscular, and nocturnal

Daytime
Dawn to dusk
Nighttime

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Cows milk
Seals milk
Human milk

20 protein 20 fat 60 lactos
15 protein 60 fat 25 lactose
20 protein 15 fat 65 lactose

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Chiropetera?

Order in mammals, all fly bats
Second largest order
Specialized hand, feet, bone-membrane 
Most nocturne 
Echo locate their food.
Eat insects, fruits, blood, fish , frogs

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Primates-

Tamarins, marmosets, howler monkeys, baboons, orguntans, chimp, gorillas, humans.
-opposable thumb, toe
-sexual dimorphism
- color vision, binocular vision
-nails and claws 
- forward facing eyes, binocular vision
Large brains

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Carnivors-

Cats, dogs, bears, seals, seal ions,weasels

all types aquatic, terrestrial (underground)
legs adapted - run, swim
canassial teeth, scissor teeth
eyes forward, large brains

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Cetaceans-

Whales, dolphins, porpoises

bones not cartilage
modified limbs- swimming.
hold breath up to 30 min
nostrils on top of head

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Plantigrade-

Heal down first then foot

Whole foot flat ( humans bears porcupine)

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Digitigrade-

Finger walking ( carnivores, dogs)

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Unguligrade-

Nail ( elk dear horses )

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Ungulates

Order in mammals 
Perissodactyla- odd toed 
- horses, rhinos, tapirs
- 1 or 3 toes
- legs lock, increase speed
-ever growing teeth
Artiodactyla- even toed
Sheep, pigs, goats, giraffes 
- 2 or 4 toes
- efficient stomach- ruminant, spit on chew better to digest better
- digest twice

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Rodentia-

specialized teeth, yellow iron pigment teeth
jaw specialization
Mice, rats, porcupines, muskrat, marmots, squirrels, hamsters

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Lagomorpha-

Rabbits, pikas, hares

2 sets of incisors
coprophagists, poop eaters
hoppers, digitigrade, and plantigrade
hatres-born with hair
Rabits- pink, blind, hairless

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Ethology

Branch of biology to study animal behavior

Innate or instinctual behavior?

inherited, innate or instinctual behavior. Ex. Cuckoo bird, nest parasite, lays eggs in other birds nests, baby cuckoo shoves everyone out of the nest, innate behavior. Parents feed baby even if it s not theirs.

Example of learned behavior?

Modified suit change. | Crows, Ravens, hay field with tractor, baby mice.

Components of behavior | Sign stimulus-

Signal ( usually visual) that stimulates a behavior. | Ex. Red coloration and stickle back fish. Red fish attacks any red color

Components of behavior | Round objects-

Gulls roll round objects, eggs to get nutrients mixed in the egg

Components of behavior | Releaser?

Sign stimulus that releases a behavior (pheromone, sound) Ex. Honey bees or wasps, intruder one send out pheromone, all others attack. Ex. Female mosquito, female wingbeat, attracts male with sound. Male has fuzzy antenna

Types of learning | Habituation-

Decline in response to a stimulus Ex. Parry dog don't move when cars past. Ex. Bear, use to human activity, not afraid

Types of learning | Classical conditioning

Association with a stimulus, not previously associated. | Ex pavlovs dog, bell start drooling.

Types of learning | Insight learning-

Using insight to figure out a challenge, primates Ex. Chimps + boxes in a room and bananas hanging from feeling. Able to think and get the bananas standing on a box. Ex of no insight- dogs getting tangled

Communication and display behavior | Pheromone-

Ex. Ants in house. Laid a pheromone line to follow the path. | Ex. Cats in heat, pheromone attracts animals

Communication and display behavior | Sounds-

Birds singing, males always sing to readiness to mate and communicating territory. Ex. Female birds inspect the nest

Communication and display behavior | Displays-

Ex. Peacock displays feathers. Ex. Turkey displaying in chrome reflection Ex. Appeasement, pleasing to not get attacked, canids role and expose their belly. Husky- smile and turn necks, exposing sensitive areas

Social behavior

- Personal space, birds on a telephone wire, pigeons. | - displacement behavior- elk fighting, eat but are not hungry displace anxiety. Monkeys grooming, displace anxiety.

What trip did Darwin go on and the boat? Why important?

The beagle, he gathered evidence of his theory of natural selection

Ovaries

- Egg production-oogenisis - estrogen, progestrogen production - peak of primary follicles, becomes egg at 6m in utero - birth u have 2 million primary follicles - puberty u have 300,000 primary follicles

Corpus luteum-

Produce hormone until pregnancy, embryo implant in utero us. 1 oogonium = 1 egg

Mature egg

Graafion follicle, hydrostatic pressure- ovulation

Hypothalamus-

Produces gonadotropin, releasing hormones

FSH

Follicle stimulating hormone Males- stimulates spermcells production Female- egg production

Males- produce testosterone production | Female- ovulation

What catches the egg out of the ovarie?

Fimbrae

Fallopian tube

Moves egg to uterus

Uterus-

Muscle, houses and expels the fetus

Cervix?

Entrance to uterus

Vagina-

Birth canal

Clitoris-

Glans penis, sensitive, arousal organ. Lots of blood goes here

Labia-

Protects the genitalia

Spermatogenesis?

Testes- sperm production= semini ferous tubules. | Testosterone production- leydig cells, interest rial cells

Spermatogonium-

Mitosis- meiosis produce 16 sperm cells, each 23 chromosomes

Flagella-

Tail, moves, mid piece filled with mitochondria, atp to move the sperm tail. Head, mostly DNA, chromosome, enzyme eats away outer layer. Sperm leave seminiferous tubes.

Epididymis-

Sperm mature, Sertoli cells feed the sperm.

Semen production. | Seminal vesicle

1) seminal vesicle gland- fructose, alkaline fluid, Prost aglandins- causes contractions in vagina

Prostate gland

Alkaline fluid | Coagulant- all semen clot up. Only lasts 10-20 min

Cowlers gland-

Produce mucus, lubrication

Vas deferens-

Transport sperm

When prostate gland gets removed?

Hurts urethra

Corpus spongiosum? | Copora cavernosa?

Venous blood fills