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Biology > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Evolution?

A

Change over time

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2
Q

Natural selection?

A

Adaptation- survival of the fit that reproduce and produce viable offspring

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3
Q

Species?

A

Like organisms that produce liable offspring

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4
Q

Who was Charles Darwin?

A

Educated theologian, geologist who studied the Galápagos Islands

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5
Q

Sexual selection?

A

Female crabs choosing male crabs based on looks. Big crap hand

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6
Q

What are female birds black?

A

Hide while nesting

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7
Q

Sally light foot crab eats what?

A

Sea lion poop

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8
Q

What animal eats algae quickly at the bottom of the ocean because they get to cold? Sea lions play win them

A

Marine iguana

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9
Q

What’s all the animals of the Galápagos Islands?

A

Sally light foot crab- eat sea lion poop
Marine iguana- eat algae at bottom of ocean
Waved albatross- bird spends 6 months flying and 6 months raising kids
Blue footed booby- blue feet bird
Galápagos penguin
Galápagos hawk-only predator
Baby tortoise-hold fresh water sack in them, sea turtle oldest ancestor
Cats eat iguanas
Goats- male goats attract female goats for poaching

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10
Q

What are the sub classes for mammals?

A
  1. Prototheria- before uterus. Monotremes, lay eggs, hair, nurse young,duck billed platypus, spiny echidna.
  2. Meta theria- middle. Have nipples in pouch. Mammary glands- nipples. Kangaroo, koalas, tarmanian Devils.
  3. Eutheria- true uterus.
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11
Q

What are the characteristics classified in mammals?

A

1) hair- colors. Zebra, optical illusion for preditor. Tigers, camouflage. Skunks, warning.
2) glands-
mammary glands- produce milk.
Sebaceous glands, lubricates hair and skin, attracts musk.
Sweat glands, promotes cooling, gets rid of waste. Carnivores, rodents. Paws noses sweat glands.
Bats are etaceans, no sweat glands.
3) circulatory system- 4 chambered heart.
4) reproductive system- placenta, uterus. Ovaries always functional. Baculum- penis bone, carnivores, most rodents.

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12
Q

Insectivora-

A 
Order in mammals. 
Shrews, moles, hedgehogs
All eat insects
Teeth strengthened with iron, reddish, brown
Some are poisonous
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13
Q

What is diurnal, crepuscular, and nocturnal

A

Daytime
Dawn to dusk
Nighttime

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14
Q

Cows milk
Seals milk
Human milk

A

20 protein 20 fat 60 lactos
15 protein 60 fat 25 lactose
20 protein 15 fat 65 lactose

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15
Q

Chiropetera?

A 
Order in mammals, all fly bats
Second largest order
Specialized hand, feet, bone-membrane 
Most nocturne 
Echo locate their food.
Eat insects, fruits, blood, fish , frogs
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16
Q

Primates-

A 
Tamarins, marmosets, howler monkeys, baboons, orguntans, chimp, gorillas, humans.
-opposable thumb, toe
-sexual dimorphism
- color vision, binocular vision
-nails and claws 
- forward facing eyes, binocular vision
Large brains
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17
Q

Carnivors-

A

Cats, dogs, bears, seals, seal ions,weasels

  • all types aquatic, terrestrial (underground)
  • legs adapted - run, swim
  • canassial teeth, scissor teeth
  • eyes forward, large brains
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18
Q

Cetaceans-

A

Whales, dolphins, porpoises

  • bones not cartilage
  • modified limbs- swimming.
  • hold breath up to 30 min
  • nostrils on top of head
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19
Q

Plantigrade-

A

Heal down first then foot

Whole foot flat ( humans bears porcupine)

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20
Q

Digitigrade-

A

Finger walking ( carnivores, dogs)

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21
Q

Unguligrade-

A

Nail ( elk dear horses )

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22
Q

Ungulates

A 
Order in mammals 
Perissodactyla- odd toed 
- horses, rhinos, tapirs
- 1 or 3 toes
- legs lock, increase speed
-ever growing teeth
Artiodactyla- even toed
Sheep, pigs, goats, giraffes 
- 2 or 4 toes
- efficient stomach- ruminant, spit on chew better to digest better
- digest twice
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23
Q

Rodentia-

A
  • specialized teeth, yellow iron pigment teeth
  • jaw specialization
    Mice, rats, porcupines, muskrat, marmots, squirrels, hamsters
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24
Q

Lagomorpha-

A

Rabbits, pikas, hares

  • 2 sets of incisors
  • coprophagists, poop eaters
  • hoppers, digitigrade, and plantigrade
  • hatres-born with hair
  • Rabits- pink, blind, hairless
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25
Q

Ethology

A

Branch of biology to study animal behavior

26
Q

Innate or instinctual behavior?

A

inherited, innate or instinctual behavior.
Ex. Cuckoo bird, nest parasite, lays eggs in other birds nests, baby cuckoo shoves everyone out of the nest, innate behavior. Parents feed baby even if it s not theirs.

27
Q

Example of learned behavior?

A

Modified suit change.

Crows, Ravens, hay field with tractor, baby mice.

28
Q

Components of behavior

Sign stimulus-

A

Signal ( usually visual) that stimulates a behavior.

Ex. Red coloration and stickle back fish. Red fish attacks any red color

29
Q

Components of behavior

Round objects-

A

Gulls roll round objects, eggs to get nutrients mixed in the egg

30
Q

Components of behavior

Releaser?

A

Sign stimulus that releases a behavior (pheromone, sound)
Ex. Honey bees or wasps, intruder one send out pheromone, all others attack.
Ex. Female mosquito, female wingbeat, attracts male with sound. Male has fuzzy antenna

31
Q

Types of learning

Habituation-

A

Decline in response to a stimulus
Ex. Parry dog don’t move when cars past.
Ex. Bear, use to human activity, not afraid

32
Q

Types of learning

Classical conditioning

A

Association with a stimulus, not previously associated.

Ex pavlovs dog, bell start drooling.

33
Q

Types of learning

Insight learning-

A

Using insight to figure out a challenge, primates
Ex. Chimps + boxes in a room and bananas hanging from feeling. Able to think and get the bananas standing on a box.
Ex of no insight- dogs getting tangled

34
Q

Communication and display behavior

Pheromone-

A

Ex. Ants in house. Laid a pheromone line to follow the path.

Ex. Cats in heat, pheromone attracts animals

35
Q

Communication and display behavior

Sounds-

A

Birds singing, males always sing to readiness to mate and communicating territory.
Ex. Female birds inspect the nest

36
Q

Communication and display behavior

Displays-

A

Ex. Peacock displays feathers.
Ex. Turkey displaying in chrome reflection
Ex. Appeasement, pleasing to not get attacked, canids role and expose their belly. Husky- smile and turn necks, exposing sensitive areas

37
Q

Social behavior

A
  • Personal space, birds on a telephone wire, pigeons.

- displacement behavior- elk fighting, eat but are not hungry displace anxiety. Monkeys grooming, displace anxiety.

38
Q

What trip did Darwin go on and the boat? Why important?

A

The beagle, he gathered evidence of his theory of natural selection

39
Q

Ovaries

A
  • Egg production-oogenisis
  • estrogen, progestrogen production
  • peak of primary follicles, becomes egg at 6m in utero
  • birth u have 2 million primary follicles
  • puberty u have 300,000 primary follicles
40
Q

Corpus luteum-

A

Produce hormone until pregnancy, embryo implant in utero us. 1 oogonium = 1 egg

41
Q

Mature egg

A

Graafion follicle, hydrostatic pressure- ovulation

42
Q

Hypothalamus-

A

Produces gonadotropin, releasing hormones

43
Q

FSH

A

Follicle stimulating hormone
Males- stimulates spermcells production
Female- egg production

44
Q

LH

A

Males- produce testosterone production

Female- ovulation

45
Q

What catches the egg out of the ovarie?

A

Fimbrae

46
Q

Fallopian tube

A

Moves egg to uterus

47
Q

Uterus-

A

Muscle, houses and expels the fetus

48
Q

Cervix?

A

Entrance to uterus

49
Q

Vagina-

A

Birth canal

50
Q

Clitoris-

A

Glans penis, sensitive, arousal organ. Lots of blood goes here

51
Q

Labia-

A

Protects the genitalia

52
Q

Spermatogenesis?

A

Testes- sperm production= semini ferous tubules.

Testosterone production- leydig cells, interest rial cells

53
Q

Spermatogonium-

A

Mitosis- meiosis produce 16 sperm cells, each 23 chromosomes

54
Q

Flagella-

A

Tail, moves, mid piece filled with mitochondria, atp to move the sperm tail.
Head, mostly DNA, chromosome, enzyme eats away outer layer.
Sperm leave seminiferous tubes.

55
Q

Epididymis-

A

Sperm mature, Sertoli cells feed the sperm.

56
Q

Semen production.

Seminal vesicle

A

1) seminal vesicle gland- fructose, alkaline fluid, Prost aglandins- causes contractions in vagina

57
Q

Prostate gland

A

Alkaline fluid

Coagulant- all semen clot up. Only lasts 10-20 min

58
Q

Cowlers gland-

A

Produce mucus, lubrication

59
Q

Vas deferens-

A

Transport sperm

60
Q

When prostate gland gets removed?

A

Hurts urethra

61
Q

Corpus spongiosum?

Copora cavernosa?

A

Venous blood fills

Biology (21 decks)

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