Test 2 Flashcards
Evolution?
Change over time
Natural selection?
Adaptation- survival of the fit that reproduce and produce viable offspring
Species?
Like organisms that produce liable offspring
Who was Charles Darwin?
Educated theologian, geologist who studied the Galápagos Islands
Sexual selection?
Female crabs choosing male crabs based on looks. Big crap hand
What are female birds black?
Hide while nesting
Sally light foot crab eats what?
Sea lion poop
What animal eats algae quickly at the bottom of the ocean because they get to cold? Sea lions play win them
Marine iguana
What’s all the animals of the Galápagos Islands?
Sally light foot crab- eat sea lion poop
Marine iguana- eat algae at bottom of ocean
Waved albatross- bird spends 6 months flying and 6 months raising kids
Blue footed booby- blue feet bird
Galápagos penguin
Galápagos hawk-only predator
Baby tortoise-hold fresh water sack in them, sea turtle oldest ancestor
Cats eat iguanas
Goats- male goats attract female goats for poaching
What are the sub classes for mammals?
- Prototheria- before uterus. Monotremes, lay eggs, hair, nurse young,duck billed platypus, spiny echidna.
- Meta theria- middle. Have nipples in pouch. Mammary glands- nipples. Kangaroo, koalas, tarmanian Devils.
- Eutheria- true uterus.
What are the characteristics classified in mammals?
1) hair- colors. Zebra, optical illusion for preditor. Tigers, camouflage. Skunks, warning.
2) glands-
mammary glands- produce milk.
Sebaceous glands, lubricates hair and skin, attracts musk.
Sweat glands, promotes cooling, gets rid of waste. Carnivores, rodents. Paws noses sweat glands.
Bats are etaceans, no sweat glands.
3) circulatory system- 4 chambered heart.
4) reproductive system- placenta, uterus. Ovaries always functional. Baculum- penis bone, carnivores, most rodents.
Insectivora-
Order in mammals. Shrews, moles, hedgehogs All eat insects Teeth strengthened with iron, reddish, brown Some are poisonous
What is diurnal, crepuscular, and nocturnal
Daytime
Dawn to dusk
Nighttime
Cows milk
Seals milk
Human milk
20 protein 20 fat 60 lactos
15 protein 60 fat 25 lactose
20 protein 15 fat 65 lactose
Chiropetera?
Order in mammals, all fly bats Second largest order Specialized hand, feet, bone-membrane Most nocturne Echo locate their food. Eat insects, fruits, blood, fish , frogs
Primates-
Tamarins, marmosets, howler monkeys, baboons, orguntans, chimp, gorillas, humans. -opposable thumb, toe -sexual dimorphism - color vision, binocular vision -nails and claws - forward facing eyes, binocular vision Large brains
Carnivors-
Cats, dogs, bears, seals, seal ions,weasels
- all types aquatic, terrestrial (underground)
- legs adapted - run, swim
- canassial teeth, scissor teeth
- eyes forward, large brains
Cetaceans-
Whales, dolphins, porpoises
- bones not cartilage
- modified limbs- swimming.
- hold breath up to 30 min
- nostrils on top of head
Plantigrade-
Heal down first then foot
Whole foot flat ( humans bears porcupine)
Digitigrade-
Finger walking ( carnivores, dogs)
Unguligrade-
Nail ( elk dear horses )
Ungulates
Order in mammals Perissodactyla- odd toed - horses, rhinos, tapirs - 1 or 3 toes - legs lock, increase speed -ever growing teeth Artiodactyla- even toed Sheep, pigs, goats, giraffes - 2 or 4 toes - efficient stomach- ruminant, spit on chew better to digest better - digest twice
Rodentia-
- specialized teeth, yellow iron pigment teeth
- jaw specialization
Mice, rats, porcupines, muskrat, marmots, squirrels, hamsters
Lagomorpha-
Rabbits, pikas, hares
- 2 sets of incisors
- coprophagists, poop eaters
- hoppers, digitigrade, and plantigrade
- hatres-born with hair
- Rabits- pink, blind, hairless
Ethology
Branch of biology to study animal behavior
Innate or instinctual behavior?
inherited, innate or instinctual behavior.
Ex. Cuckoo bird, nest parasite, lays eggs in other birds nests, baby cuckoo shoves everyone out of the nest, innate behavior. Parents feed baby even if it s not theirs.
Example of learned behavior?
Modified suit change.
Crows, Ravens, hay field with tractor, baby mice.
Components of behavior
Sign stimulus-
Signal ( usually visual) that stimulates a behavior.
Ex. Red coloration and stickle back fish. Red fish attacks any red color
Components of behavior
Round objects-
Gulls roll round objects, eggs to get nutrients mixed in the egg
Components of behavior
Releaser?
Sign stimulus that releases a behavior (pheromone, sound)
Ex. Honey bees or wasps, intruder one send out pheromone, all others attack.
Ex. Female mosquito, female wingbeat, attracts male with sound. Male has fuzzy antenna
Types of learning
Habituation-
Decline in response to a stimulus
Ex. Parry dog don’t move when cars past.
Ex. Bear, use to human activity, not afraid
Types of learning
Classical conditioning
Association with a stimulus, not previously associated.
Ex pavlovs dog, bell start drooling.
Types of learning
Insight learning-
Using insight to figure out a challenge, primates
Ex. Chimps + boxes in a room and bananas hanging from feeling. Able to think and get the bananas standing on a box.
Ex of no insight- dogs getting tangled
Communication and display behavior
Pheromone-
Ex. Ants in house. Laid a pheromone line to follow the path.
Ex. Cats in heat, pheromone attracts animals
Communication and display behavior
Sounds-
Birds singing, males always sing to readiness to mate and communicating territory.
Ex. Female birds inspect the nest
Communication and display behavior
Displays-
Ex. Peacock displays feathers.
Ex. Turkey displaying in chrome reflection
Ex. Appeasement, pleasing to not get attacked, canids role and expose their belly. Husky- smile and turn necks, exposing sensitive areas
Social behavior
- Personal space, birds on a telephone wire, pigeons.
- displacement behavior- elk fighting, eat but are not hungry displace anxiety. Monkeys grooming, displace anxiety.
What trip did Darwin go on and the boat? Why important?
The beagle, he gathered evidence of his theory of natural selection
Ovaries
- Egg production-oogenisis
- estrogen, progestrogen production
- peak of primary follicles, becomes egg at 6m in utero
- birth u have 2 million primary follicles
- puberty u have 300,000 primary follicles
Corpus luteum-
Produce hormone until pregnancy, embryo implant in utero us. 1 oogonium = 1 egg
Mature egg
Graafion follicle, hydrostatic pressure- ovulation
Hypothalamus-
Produces gonadotropin, releasing hormones
FSH
Follicle stimulating hormone
Males- stimulates spermcells production
Female- egg production
LH
Males- produce testosterone production
Female- ovulation
What catches the egg out of the ovarie?
Fimbrae
Fallopian tube
Moves egg to uterus
Uterus-
Muscle, houses and expels the fetus
Cervix?
Entrance to uterus
Vagina-
Birth canal
Clitoris-
Glans penis, sensitive, arousal organ. Lots of blood goes here
Labia-
Protects the genitalia
Spermatogenesis?
Testes- sperm production= semini ferous tubules.
Testosterone production- leydig cells, interest rial cells
Spermatogonium-
Mitosis- meiosis produce 16 sperm cells, each 23 chromosomes
Flagella-
Tail, moves, mid piece filled with mitochondria, atp to move the sperm tail.
Head, mostly DNA, chromosome, enzyme eats away outer layer.
Sperm leave seminiferous tubes.
Epididymis-
Sperm mature, Sertoli cells feed the sperm.
Semen production.
Seminal vesicle
1) seminal vesicle gland- fructose, alkaline fluid, Prost aglandins- causes contractions in vagina
Prostate gland
Alkaline fluid
Coagulant- all semen clot up. Only lasts 10-20 min
Cowlers gland-
Produce mucus, lubrication
Vas deferens-
Transport sperm
When prostate gland gets removed?
Hurts urethra
Corpus spongiosum?
Copora cavernosa?
Venous blood fills
