Lab Q2

Question 1

Oral cavity?

Answer 1

2nd external opening – supplements air input.

Question 2

Sinus cavities?

Answer 2

Connected system of hollow cavities. 4 pairs of sinuses. Lined with thin layer of mucus, drain into nasal cavity. May help with humidity and filtering air. Can get infected.

Question 3

Tonsils

Answer 3

Immune system’s 1st line of defense against ingested or inhaled foreign pathogens. Can become enlarged or inflamed and may require removal.

Question 4

Pharynx?

Answer 4

Throat, muscular funnel that extends from nasal cavity to larynx.

Question 5

Larynx?

Answer 5

Voice box, short section of airway that connects pharynx and trachea. Ring shaped cartilage holds it open.

Question 6

Vocal folds

Answer 6

Part of larynx. Allow us to produce sounds of speech and singing. Folds of mucous membranes that vibrate to produce vocal sounds.

Question 7

Epiglottis

Answer 7

Part of the larynx. Flap of elastic cartilage that allows only air to go into trachea. Covers the trachea when swallowing to prevent choking.

Question 8

Esophagus

Answer 8

Muscular tube connecting pharynx with the stomach.

Question 9

Trachea

Answer 9

Windpipe. 5” long tube that connects larynx to the bronchi. Rings of cartilage hold it open at all times. Provides a clear airway for air to enter and exit the lungs.

Question 10

Lungs

Answer 10

Essential respiration organ. Divided into left and right lungs, right lung has 3 lobes and left lung has 2 (smaller). Primary function is to transport oxygen into the bloodstream and to release carbon dioxide. Has a very high surface area for this exchange. Soft, sponge-like texture.

Question 11

Diaphragm

Answer 11

Large, dome-shaped muscle separating the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. Contraction of the diaphragm allows the lungs to fill with air.

Question 12

Bronchus

Answer 12

Trachea divides into 2 tubes which enter each lung. Supported by rings of cartilage. Within lungs they divide into smaller and smaller bronchi.

Question 13

Bronchioles

Answer 13

Smallest (terminal) branches of bronchi. End at the alveoli.

Question 14

Alveoli

Answer 14

Thin air sacs. Site of oxygen and carbon dioxide gas exchange. High surface area. Sacs are covered in blood vessels (capillaries).

Question 15

Ciliated pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium:

Answer 15

Ciliated pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium: Line the trachea and bronchi. Produce mucus that traps dust and other contaminants. The cilia on surface move the mucus upward to be coughed out.

Question 16

Nasal cavity?

Answer 16

Main external opening for air. 1st section of body’s airway.

Question 17

What produces CO2?

Answer 17

Animals, plants, bacteria. Also given off in the burning of fossil fuels.

Question 18

Where would we find higher concentrations of CO2?

Answer 18

Cities, wildfires

Question 19

Symptoms of CO2 poisoning?

Answer 19

Headaches, hard time concentrating

Question 20

What is CO?

Answer 20

Colorless, tasteless gas. Toxic to humans in concentrations higher than 35 ppm.
Produced when there isn’t enough O2 to produce CO2.

Question 21

Examples of carbon monoxide?

Answer 21

Examples: operating a stove in a closed space, running car in a garage

Question 22

Why is carbon monoxide bad and how?

Answer 22

The CO attaches to hemoglobin in the body. Has a 240X higher affinity for hemoglobin over O2. Reduces the amount of O2 to your cells rapidly and can result in death very quickly.

Question 23

What’s SO2 and NO2?

Answer 23

SO2 and NO2 (Sulfur Dioxide and Nitrogen Oxides)

Question 24

How is SO2, NO2 produced?

Answer 24

Produced by industrial factories, coal-burning power plants, car exhaust

Question 25

How do SO2 and NO2 effect the body?

Answer 25

They combine with water in the respiratory tract to form acids. Further damage to people with respiratory conditions

Question 26

Explain PM10

Answer 26

1/1000 of a mm or less. Particles get into your lungs. Can rupture the alveoli walls, causing permanent damage by reducing surface area.
Sources: dust, soot, ash, coal dust, cigarette smoke, fireplaces
Can cause: Asthma, lung cancer, cardiovascular disease, emphysema, black lung.

Question 27

How does our body defend its self from air pollutants?

Answer 27

Nasal hair and mucus – help to filter the incoming air
Bronchi – has epithelial cells which produce mucus and cilia which move the mucus towards the mouth.
Nasal cavity – warms up the air as it enters – has many blood vessels close to the surface
Mucus also humidifies the air before it reaches the lungs
Macrophages – engulf foreign material by phagocytosis, cells enter the alveoli to surround material.

Question 28

What is the function of the respitory system

Answer 28

To take in oxygen and expel carbon dioxide