Lab Q2 Flashcards
Oral cavity?
2nd external opening – supplements air input.
Sinus cavities?
Connected system of hollow cavities. 4 pairs of sinuses. Lined with thin layer of mucus, drain into nasal cavity. May help with humidity and filtering air. Can get infected.
Tonsils
Immune system’s 1st line of defense against ingested or inhaled foreign pathogens. Can become enlarged or inflamed and may require removal.
Pharynx?
Throat, muscular funnel that extends from nasal cavity to larynx.
Larynx?
Voice box, short section of airway that connects pharynx and trachea. Ring shaped cartilage holds it open.
Vocal folds
Part of larynx. Allow us to produce sounds of speech and singing. Folds of mucous membranes that vibrate to produce vocal sounds.
Epiglottis
Part of the larynx. Flap of elastic cartilage that allows only air to go into trachea. Covers the trachea when swallowing to prevent choking.
Esophagus
Muscular tube connecting pharynx with the stomach.
Trachea
Windpipe. 5” long tube that connects larynx to the bronchi. Rings of cartilage hold it open at all times. Provides a clear airway for air to enter and exit the lungs.
Lungs
Essential respiration organ. Divided into left and right lungs, right lung has 3 lobes and left lung has 2 (smaller). Primary function is to transport oxygen into the bloodstream and to release carbon dioxide. Has a very high surface area for this exchange. Soft, sponge-like texture.
Diaphragm
Large, dome-shaped muscle separating the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. Contraction of the diaphragm allows the lungs to fill with air.
Bronchus
Trachea divides into 2 tubes which enter each lung. Supported by rings of cartilage. Within lungs they divide into smaller and smaller bronchi.
Bronchioles
Smallest (terminal) branches of bronchi. End at the alveoli.
Alveoli
Thin air sacs. Site of oxygen and carbon dioxide gas exchange. High surface area. Sacs are covered in blood vessels (capillaries).
Ciliated pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium:
Ciliated pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium: Line the trachea and bronchi. Produce mucus that traps dust and other contaminants. The cilia on surface move the mucus upward to be coughed out.
Nasal cavity?
Main external opening for air. 1st section of body’s airway.
What produces CO2?
Animals, plants, bacteria. Also given off in the burning of fossil fuels.
Where would we find higher concentrations of CO2?
Cities, wildfires
Symptoms of CO2 poisoning?
Headaches, hard time concentrating
What is CO?
Colorless, tasteless gas. Toxic to humans in concentrations higher than 35 ppm.
Produced when there isn’t enough O2 to produce CO2.
Examples of carbon monoxide?
Examples: operating a stove in a closed space, running car in a garage
Why is carbon monoxide bad and how?
The CO attaches to hemoglobin in the body. Has a 240X higher affinity for hemoglobin over O2. Reduces the amount of O2 to your cells rapidly and can result in death very quickly.
What’s SO2 and NO2?
SO2 and NO2 (Sulfur Dioxide and Nitrogen Oxides)
How is SO2, NO2 produced?
Produced by industrial factories, coal-burning power plants, car exhaust
How do SO2 and NO2 effect the body?
They combine with water in the respiratory tract to form acids. Further damage to people with respiratory conditions
Explain PM10
1/1000 of a mm or less. Particles get into your lungs. Can rupture the alveoli walls, causing permanent damage by reducing surface area.
Sources: dust, soot, ash, coal dust, cigarette smoke, fireplaces
Can cause: Asthma, lung cancer, cardiovascular disease, emphysema, black lung.
How does our body defend its self from air pollutants?
Nasal hair and mucus – help to filter the incoming air
Bronchi – has epithelial cells which produce mucus and cilia which move the mucus towards the mouth.
Nasal cavity – warms up the air as it enters – has many blood vessels close to the surface
Mucus also humidifies the air before it reaches the lungs
Macrophages – engulf foreign material by phagocytosis, cells enter the alveoli to surround material.
What is the function of the respitory system
To take in oxygen and expel carbon dioxide
