Q5

Question 1

Testes?

Answer 1

Testes: Primary Sexual Organs
Produce sperm (gamete cells).
Composed of tightly coiled tubes- Seminiferous tubules.
Combined length of the tubules is 250m.
They are lined with sperm-producing cells. Sperm development is a continuous process. Takes 72 days to produce mature sperm.

Question 2

Production of sperm cells

Answer 2

Production of sperm cells:

Types of cells in Seminiferous tubules:
Spermatogonia: (edge of tubes) divide by mitosis, constant source of cells for sperm development. 46 chromosomes (2n)
Primary spermatocytes: 1st meiotic division ( produce 2 cells)
Secondary Spermatocytes: 2nd meiotic division (produce 4 cells)
Spermatids: Haploid (23 chromosomes) still has to develop
Sperm cells:
1) headpiece: DNA and enzymes
2) Flagellum: tail, used to move sperm towards egg
Single drop of semen: 5-10 million active sperm
Interstitial cells produce Testosterone, male sex hormone

Question 3

Scrotum

Answer 3

Scrotum: loose pouch-like sac that contains testicles

Sperm can’t be produced at normal body temperatures, and external location of testes lowers the temperature by 2-3 C.

Question 4

Epididymis-

Vas deferens-

Answer 4

Epididymis: collects mature sperm from the testes and channels to Vas deferens.
Vas deferens: sperm travel through these tubes to the urethra.

Question 5

Seminal vesicle?

Answer 5

Seminal Vesicle: Secretes fluid into the vas deferens. Produces fructose (sugar) to feed the sperm. The sperm need a lot of energy to move their tail.

Question 6

Prostrate gland?

Answer 6

Prostrate gland: Secrete fluid into the urethra. Sits around the urethra and under the bladder. It produces an alkali fluid for the sperm to travel in. The vagina is acidic and the sperm would normally die in this environment. Fluid neutralizes the acids.

Question 7

Bulbourethral gland?

Answer 7

Bulbourethral gland (Cowper’s): This gland also secretes into the urethra. Provides lubricant for intercourse and also helps to push through any urine left in the urethra.

Question 8

Urethra

Answer 8

Urethra: The urine and the semen travel down this tube.

Question 9

Penis?

Answer 9

Penis: Composed of special, sponge-like tissue that contains thousands of large spaces that fill with blood causing it to become stiff and erect. Glans is the sensitive end.

Question 10

Foreskin?

Answer 10

Foreskin: Covers the Glans penis. Can be removed during circumcision.

Question 11

Functions of the female reproductive system

Answer 11

Functions:
Production of egg cells (gametes)
Development of offspring within the body:
Zygote becomes implanted and develops into an embryo.
Give birth to offspring
Produce the female sex hormones to regulate monthly cycles and pregnancy.

Question 12

Ovaries

Answer 12

Ovaries: Primary female sex organs

Question 13

What Produce mature egg cells:

Answer 13

Gametes

Question 14

Fallopian tubes

Answer 14

Fallopian tubes: fluid movements sweep the newly released egg cell into these tubes. Cilia and smooth-muscle contractions slowly move it towards the uterus.
Fertilization takes place in the Fallopian tubes.

Question 15

How does the female reproductive system work?

Answer 15

Ovaries: Primary female sex organs
Produce mature egg cells: gametes
These gametes develop from cells called Oogonia. The oogonia complete mitosis before a woman is born. At birth the ovary contains about 400,000 primary oocytes. Contained within primary follicles.
Once a month a single follicle and its primary oocyte begin to enlarge and the first meiotic division takes place, producing a secondary oocyte. This 2nd oocyte starts the 2nd meiotic process but doesn’t complete it yet.
The oocyte is then released from the ovary – Ovulation – a mature follicle ruptures at the surface of the ovary.

Question 16

Uterus

Answer 16

Uterus: a thick, muscular organ where a fertilized ovum implants and begins embryonic development.

Question 17

Endometrium?

Answer 17

Endometrium: lining of the uterus, has a rich blood supply and provides an ideal environment for the embryo.

Question 18

Cervix

Answer 18

Cervix: Connection between the uterus and vagina. Muscular opening that secretes mucus. Normally very tight and plugged with mucus to keep bacteria out of the uterus. At birth it dilated to 10cm allowing the baby to come out of the uterus.

Question 19

Vagina?

Answer 19

Vagina: leads to the exterior of the body. The external opening is covered by folds of skin called the labia majora and labia minora.

Question 20

Reproductive cycle in a women and the hormones?

Answer 20

Reproductive cycle:

Ova are released once every 28 days.
Chemical control system: endocrine system
Female sex hormones:
FSH: follicle stimulating hormone
LH: luteinizing hormone
Estrogen: principal sex hormone
Progesterone: 2nd principal sex hormone
Conclusion of the cycle:
If a sperm cell fertilizes the egg than a fertilized zygote forms. It must then successfully implant in the uterus. Pregnancy is the final result.
If the egg does not get fertilized it will be flushed out of the uterus and the uterine lining disintegrates.

Question 21

Menstruation?
Pregnancy?
Placenta?

Answer 21

Menstruation: when fertilization does not occur. Much of the uterine tissue is resorbed. The rest detaches from the uterus and as its blood vessels rupture menstrual bleeding begins.
Pregnancy: when fertilization does occur. The embryo begins cell division and implants in the uterus.
Placenta: tissues from the embryo join with those of the mother to produce this organ. The placenta facilitates the exchange of nutrients and gases and waste products between the two.

Question 22

What are the contraception methods?

Answer 22

Contraception methods:

Simplest and most reliable is abstinence.
Withdrawal, in which the penis is withdrawn just prior to orgasm, is one of the least reliable techniques. Several drops of semen, containing million of sperm cells, are often released early.
Rhythm method: Woman has to determine the exact point in which she ovulates each month and avoid intercourse several days prior and after. Basal body temperature is charted monthly.

Question 23

What are the barrier methods?

Answer 23

Barrier methods:

Condoms: Male and female condoms. Only method that provides some protection from STD’s. Reliability is increased if a spermicide is also used to destroy any sperm that might get through.
Diaphragm: The female has to go to a doctor to have her cervix measured. Spermicidal jelly is placed in diaphragm and then it is placed over the cervix. Important to check for holes and place it correctly.
Spermicide is not effective on its own, it should be used with either a condom or a diaphragm.

Question 24

What’s the 3 functions of the male reproductive structure?

Answer 24

Functions:
Produce, maintain and transport sperm & protective fluid (semen)
Discharge sperm (male gametes) within female reproductive tract
Produce and secrete male sex hormones

Question 25

Hormonal methods?

Answer 25

Hormonal methods:

Birth control pills: became available in the 1960’s. Contains an synthetic form of estrogen and/or progestin. Have to take on a daily basis. High levels of estrogen for 21 days, followed by 7 days of blanks, which triggers a normal period.
Hormonal implant (Norplant): Silicone rods filled with hormones that are slowly released over time.
Depo-Provera: Hormonal (progestin) Injection given in the doctor’s office every 3 months. Keeps eggs from leaving the ovaries.

Question 26

Other methods of birth control

Answer 26

Other methods:

IUD’s: These are Y or T shaped devices that are installed at the doctor’s office. Some have copper wire that acts as a spermicide and the structure itself prevents a zygote/fetus from embedding in the uterus. They can last from 5-10 years. The newer ones have hormones that prevent ovulation.
Vasectomy: Permanent method of birth control. In-office procedure where the doctor cuts the Vas deferens and seals the tubes. This prevents sperm from leaving the testes.
Tubal Ligation: Permanent method. The fallopian tubes are severed and then sealed to prevent eggs from reaching the uterus.
Hysterectomy: Surgery in which the uterus and sometimes the ovaries are removed.

Question 27

Hpv?

Answer 27

HPV – Human papillomavirus
Genital warts: These can be surgically removed.
Long-term effects: cause cervical cancer/penile cancer or oral cancers. Two strains are known to cause 70% of the cases of cervical cancer.
HPV vaccine (Gardasil): reduces the risk of infection but does not prevent all strains of the virus. More than 100 types of the HPV virus are known.
No cure because it is a virus.

Question 28

Herpes?

Answer 28

Herpes: herpes-simplex virus
Type 1: cold sores (usually around the mouth)
Type 2: genital herpes
No cure, it stays in your body forever. Integrates its viral DNA into your DNA
There is medication that helps to control outbreaks and can limit risk to partners, but there might be low levels of the virus present before any symptoms occur. Always tell partners about their exposure risks.
Very deadly for babies: usually test for herpes when you become pregnant. If the doctor is aware of the virus can try to decrease exposure of the baby during birth. A C-section is sometimes done to eliminate the risk.

Question 29

Chlamydia?

Answer 29

Chlamydia:
Caused by a bacteria. It is the most common sexually transmitted disease.
75% of infected individuals are asymptomatic and can infect their partners.
Easily treated with antibiotics, but both partners need to be treated.
Can cause PID – Pelvic Inflammatory Disease which result in permanent scarring on the ovaries and fallopian tubes. Frequently results in infertility.

Question 30

Mammograms?

Answer 30

Mammograms: x-ray of the breast. Used to detect breast cancer early when it is easier to treat.
Clinical breast exam: Exam is done by a doctor or nurse who uses their hands to examine the breast tissue to feel for lumps or other changes.
Breast self-exam: Is when you check your own breast and underarm area for any lumps or changes in size or shape