Bio Lecture Final Flashcards
Types of biome/ecosystem
GOTDTE Open ocean Tundra Desert Grass land Tropical forests Estuaries and marshes
Productivity-
amount of biomass produced per area, compared to another biome
What is the most diverse area
Swamp and marshes
Trophic levels
Producers
Consumers- primary herbivore, secondary carnivore, tertiary omnivores
Decomposers- ants
Extinct-ex Extripated- ex Endangered- Threatened- Species of special concern-
Extinct- gone forever- dodo bird-germinate seeds of calvaria tree
Extripated- gone from area- wolves- grizzly bear
Endangered- becoming extinct
Threatened- close to becoming endangered
Species of special concern- uncommon
What’s bio magnification
Increasing toxic chemical in tissue of animals
Why does energy decrease in tropic levels
Energy is lost as metabolic heat when organisms are consumed from a higher level
Why is the carbon cycle important and where does it come from
Ecosystems move carbon from the atmosphere and oceans into organisms and back again to atmosphere and oceans.
Species richness-
Equitability-
Diversity-
Species richness- number of species
Equitability- the extent of the representation by equal numbers of individuals of the different species of a given community.
Diversity- difference of species
Most and least productive biomes?
Most tropical forest
Least desert
Why should we protect species?
Medical reasons Ecological connections Food web alteration Responsibility to save them Future
Why should we not protect species
$, time, natural selection vs humans
What are some threatened and endangered species of Colorado
Burrowing owls Desert cottontail Jack rabbit Red tail hawk Kangaroo rat Golden eagle Kit fox Black footed ferrets Perry dog Whooping crane- used feathers for hats
Things learned from the movie
Bees for pollination Crabs- no endotoxins Coral- possibilities for surgery Blue green algae- anti inflamitory, cancer treatment Snails- pain meds
Endangered in co river-
Pike minnow Bony tail chub Humpback chub Razorback sucker American river otter- reintroduced
Where in US do we find types of grasslands and what are their characteristics
Kansas, Nebraska, Oklahoma- short grass, strong winds, low rainfall 4-20 inches, rapid evap, deep rooted grass, perennials
Minnesota, Michigan, Ohio, Missouri- tall grass prairie, rich moist nutrient high, legumes- hold nitrogen, composites, most turned to farm land
Where do we find Savannahs and what are they like
In Africa and north and east South America
- tropical grassland, large variety of plants and animals- highest in the world, dry/ wet seasons
What area did the grass lands originally cover and how much now?
Originally covered 1/2 of U.S. Now covers half of that. Covers 1/4
What principle crops grow in grass lands
Wheat, corn, rice, barley, rye oats
Species-
Population-
Community-
Ecosystem-
Species- geographic and hormones- capable of interbreeding
Population- group like individuals
Community- deer, bears, grass, insects
Ecosystem- physical, chemical environment
Plains sharp tailed grouse
Grew rapidly in dougles county
Prebles meadow jumping mouse
Downtown Denver, wetlands
What are the characteristics of tundra?
Extreme cold Law biological diversity Simple low vegetation Limited drainage Short growth season
What are the two types of tundra
Alpine tundra and Arctic tundra
Arctic tundra
North Pole, Alaska, Arctic fragile, Denali
Growing season 50-60 days
Precipitation 6-10 inch
Permafrost, standing bogs
Plants- low growing, no trees for miles, shrubs, mosses, live worts, sedges, lichens
Animals- lemmings, voles, caribou, hares, foxes, polar bear
Bats and moths pollinate cactus, humming birds pollinate red things
Alpine tundra
High altitude above tree line, 10,000ft
Growing season 100 days
Plants- shrubs, grasses, flowers, krumholz trees, flagged trees
Animals- pikas, marmots, bears, mountain goats, Brigham sheep
Tropical rainforest
Near equator
200-400 rain
Dry/wet season
Lianas vines
Buttressed trees
Soil- nutrients, 2 to 4 inches on ground- dead leaves
Drip tip- help shed water away from below plant
What are the layers of the tropics
Canopy- top of trees
Mid layer
Under story
Ocean minerals come from?
1/3 to 1/2 come from tropical forests
Estuaries- biodiversity
Ants are
Decomposers
What is permafrost and how does it change plant composition?
Permafrost is frozen soil at high altitudes. It causes change in plant species as it melts and area becomes warmer
What is found in Peruvian Amazon trees
200 species of trees per acre 230 bird species in 100 acres 1200 species of butterflies in an acre 1 tree- 54 species of ants Wasps, bees
Why we care about saving rain forests
Rosy periwinkle- anti cancer, childhood leukemia, lymphoma, Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Quinine -bark treats malaria
Codeine- coughs
Painkiller- epibatidine 200x stronger than morphine, no respitory distress, patient alert, non addictive. Comes from epipedobates tricolor- poison dart frogs
What percent of drugs come from tropics
30%
Ecuador
Size of co, 4000ft to 14000 feet
Highlands called paramo
Also contains Galápagos
Micro habit
Lacewings live in the trumpet flowers
Deserts cover how much and what is average rain fall
1/5 of earths surface
Rain fall less than 25 inch a year
Mojave desert
Nevada, s.california, n.w Arizona
Elevation 3-4000 ft
Temp- 134 degrees
Rain- 0 to 6 inches average 2.4 a year
Plants- creosote bush, Joshua tree, cacti, wild flowers
Animals- coyotes, mojave rattle snake, desert tortoise, desert pupfish
What percent of plants are endemic to mojave
25%
Sonoran
South half of Arizona, s.e. Cali
Elevation 0-3500 ft
Temps- 25 to 120 degrees
Rain fall- 3-15 inches in yr
Monsoons in winter and late summer
Plants- saguaro, paloverde, creosote bush, ocotillo, boojum tree, cholla, cactus
Animals- coyote, mole deer, Harris hawk= unique to area
Chihuahuan desert
W. Texas, Coahuila, chinuahua, Mexico
Elevation- 2000,4000
Rain- 4-20 inch in yr
More grasses and weather conditions
Plants- agave, lechuguilla, bush, sotol, creosote= in all three deserts
Animals- chihuahuan Ravens, coyote, mule deer, grey hawk= unique,
Cold desert, inter mountain
4-14 inches of rain,
2000 to 8000 ft
Plants- rabbit bush, cotton wood, elm, pinyon juniper, Indian rice grass,
Animals- desert contain tail, deer, coyote, parry dogs
Colorado state bird?
Large bunting
What area has the most diverse herbivores and carnivores in the world
Savannah grasslands
Explain how climate change has affected the arctic fox
Coats are white and turn brown in summer. Climate change has made it so they stay white and are eaten
Messa animals
Mountain goat, big horn sheep
Why were bison important?
Bison were natural grazers and prairie dogs and cow birds followed. No Bison no moving. Cattle replaced bisons
Carbon
Burning fossil fuels, animals release, plants release. Winter a lot is released
Places that release carbon?
Plants- calcium carbonated absorption
Volcanos
Epiphytes
Orchids, pineapples, ferns
Grows harmlessly on other plants
Cordycep fungus
Fungus attacks host through breathing it in, then attacks reproductive, nervous system until dead
First humans how many years ago
2.5 million
Agriculture how many years ago
10,000
Population now?
7.4 billion
How many people were there in 1804
1 billion
How many years did it take to triple our population
156
How many people
1999
2011
2024
6 billion
7 billion
8 billion
How many people are born a day and die a day? How much people do we net a day?
Born 153000
Die 64000
Net 90000
Exponential growth?
J curve
S curve
Logistical growth
K= carrying capacity, amount of organisms the environment can sustain
What three species are flourishing
Humans, insects, bacteria
ZPG
Zero population growth
Births =deaths
What’s the growth rate of humans in Canada
0.8 growth
What are some countries near 0 population growth
Norway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark,France,Italy,Portugal
Replacement reproduction
A couple having only two kids
Why did 40’000 birds die in Mexico
Water pollution, raw sewage
What are the two ways we dispose of waste
Landfill
Incinerate
How much percent of waste is recycled
1.74
What chemicals are air pollution
C02, C0, NO2, SO
Sunlight equals teargas
What is considered fresh water communities
Lakes, ponds, standing big of water
Littoral zone
Limnetic zone
Profundal zone
Photosynthetic, warm, plants, shore
Photosynthetic, warming, no shore
Deep, dark, cold, no photosynthesis, dead stuff
Spring turnover
Warm air over cold water, mixes all the water
Fall turnover
Cold air over warm water, mixes all the water
Stream and river ecosystems
Continuously moving water
Dynamic, changing communities
Upper systems are cold and fast, trout
Lower systems are warm and slow, catfish
Puferfish is used for
Poison, painkillers
Ocean ecosystem
3/4 of the world Oxygen from algae and plankton Food- estuaries, marshes Fresh/ salt mixing Worlds nurseries Create Rain, wind
Isopod
Parasite for a fish
Elnino ocean
Warmer, more rain
Zooanthelae
Good algae
Nematocysts
Stinging cell- mini harpoon
Rosy periwinkle-
Rosy periwinkle- anti cancer, childhood leukemia, lymphoma, Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Quinine -
Bark treats malaria
Painkiller from wild?
epibatidine 200x stronger than morphine, no respitory distress, patient alert, non addictive. Comes from epipedobates tricolor- poison dart frogs
