Test 2 Flashcards
Aerobic metabolism
The cellular process in which oxygen is used to metabolize glucose.
Perfusion
The supply of oxygen and removal of wastes from the cells and tissues of the body resulting the blood flow through the capillaries.
How is stroke volume defined?
The amount of blood pumped from the heart with each contraction
Cellular energy (ATP) is important to the cells because it is needed for the operation of the:
sodium potassium pumps.
hemoglobin
High levels of acid in the body affect the oxygen-carrying molecules in the blood
A loss of blood vessel tone refers to an inability of blood vessels to control their:
diameter
Excessive permeability is a condition affecting the:
capillaires
How do chemoreceptors aid in compensating for shock?
They sense increasing carbon dioxide and hypoxia, and stimulate the respiratory system.
Which of the following would you expect to see if a patient’s body were compensating for impaired cardiopulmonary function?
increased heart rate
The term pathophysiology means the study of:
how disease processes affect the function of the body.
diaphoresis
Pale skin that is cool and moist to the touch
What effect does sympathetic nervous system stimulation of the heart have on cardiac output?
The heart rate increases, increasing cardiac output.
When a patient is going into decompensated shock, what is the one major noticeable change in vital signs?
diaphoresis
Swelling of tissue due to the movement of water into the interstitial space
edema
When pressure inside the blood vessels is high, the tendency will be to move the fluid portion of the blood out, which is seen in disorders such
pulmonary edema
The pressure within a vessel that tends to push water out of the vessel is:
plasma oncotic pressure
Edema can be best observed in:
The dependent parts of the body hands feet legs
graves disease
increasion of thyroid
When severe, the serious complications of vomiting and diarrhea include dehydration, malnutrition, and in some cases ________ shock.
hypovolemic
In a hypersensitivity reaction, what produces edema?
Histamine
Dilation of the smooth muscles of blood vessels in a hypersensitivity reaction can cause what to happen?
Distributive shock
in respiratory compensation, what send messages to the brain that oxygen levels are too low or carbon dioxide levels too high?
chemoreceptors
Hypertension abnormally increases the:
systemic vascular resistance (SVR).
A patient with tachycardia will likely experience:
erratic heart rate
Which of the following is responsible for converting glucose and other nutrients into energy within a cell?
motchondria
A normal heart rate for an adolescent would be:
75 bpm
What concept is developed from an orderly, predictable environment versus a disorderly, irregular environment, and is characteristic of the infancy stage
trust vs mistrust
Typically, at what age will a child begin developing “magical thinking” and engage in play acting?
24-36 months
A normal systolic blood pressure for an infant who is 12 months old is:
90 mmhg
How many fontanelles does a newborn have, and when do they close?
2, by 18 months
Inadequate circulation of blood throughout the body is known as:
shock.
carries oxygen-depleted blood back to your heart from the lower part of your body
vena cava.
The ring-shaped structure that forms the lower portion of the larynx is the:
cricoid cartilage
Bile is created in which organ of the digestive system?
liver
Which layer of the skin is rich in glands, nerves, and blood vessels?
dermis
What occurs when the autonomic nervous system is stimulated by stressors, resulting in a fight-or-flight reaction?
blood vessels constrict
Which of the following cardiovascular structures carries deoxygenated blood?
Pulmonary artery
At the base of the aortic artery, where it originates from the left ventricle, is the:
aortic valve
The basic function of the pulmonary system that is known as respiration involves:
the gas exchange between circulating blood and the cells.
Compared with adults, the infant’s rib cage toward the bottom is not as:
curved inward
The coronary arteries are responsible for:
suppplying to the heart
Which division of the nervous system carries sensory information to the spinal cord and brain and motor information from the brain to the body?
Peripheral nervous system
The basic function of the pulmonary system that is known as ventilation involves:
the movement of gases to and from the alveoli.
Which of the following is a best practice for an EMT?
A. Always use medical terminology around patients you are treating.
B. Explain medical procedures to a patient using acronyms.
C. Resist the urge to use complex medical terminology when a simple term will do.
C. Resist the urge to use complex medical terminology when a simple term will do.
An EMT uses the abbreviation CPAP when speaking to another EMT. This is an appropriate use of an abbreviation because:
this is an abbreviation another EMT is likely to be familiar with.
The contraction of smooth muscle that lines the bronchial passages is called:
bronchoconstriction.
Which of the following is TRUE of airway control of the unconscious medical patient?
The EMT will likely need to maintain airway control for this patient.
If you hear a gurgling sound when you are assessing the airway or during artificial ventilation, you should:
immediately apply suction to remove the liquid from the airway
Which of the following statements is true of the oropharyngeal airway?
An appropriate manual airway technique should be used before using the OPA
You are caring for an adult who witnesses say became unconscious on the couch and slid to the carpeted floor. She appears to have taken an overdose of a medication. What technique should you use to open her airway?
Head-tilt, chin-lift maneuver
Which of the following is true regarding the use of a rigid suction catheter?
is important to never lose sight of the tip.
During bronchoconstriction, the smooth muscle that lines the bronchial passages contracts, resulting in a decrease of the internal diameter of the airway and an increase of:
resistance to airflow.
To locate the lower airway on a diagram, you would point to the area:
below the larynx.
If a skull fracture has caused brain tissue to be visible in the pharynx, then suctioning:
limited to the mouth
If a patient has a medical problem that caused him to pass out and strike his head, the EMT should open the airway by using the:
jaw-thrust maneuver.
You are suctioning the oral cavity of a patient who is vomiting profusely. You are using a soft (French) catheter to help clear the oral cavity, but it keeps getting clogged. What should you do?
Use large-bore rigid tubing.
Which of the following steps is correct in using the jaw-thrust maneuver to open a patient’s airway?
Stabilize the patient’s head.
When an infant is unconscious in bed, what procedure should the EMT use to open the airway?
Head-tilt, chin-lift maneuver
What is the name of the large leaflike structure that protects the glottic opening and that would be pictured just above the larynx in a diagram?
Epiglottis
A condition that reduces the number of oxygen-carrying red blood cells is:
anemia.
Which of the following is the function of the respiratory system
Ventilation and oxygenation
Which of the following is a sign of sympathetic nervous system stimulation?
Increased heart rate
The upper chambers of the heart are known as the
Atria
After leaving a capillary, blood enters what structure on its trip back to the heart
Venule
The muscular tube between the stomach and the large intestine, divided into the duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum, is the:
Small intestine
Deoxygenated blood FIRST enters the heart’s
Right atrium
Blood returns to the heart from the lungs by way of the:
Pulmonary vein
What structure in the musculoskeletal system is designed to connect a bone to another bone
Ligament
A patient with tachycardia will likely experience
decreased stroke volume
level of the vocal cords that defines the boundary between the upper and lower airways.
glottic opening
a high-pitched sound generated from partially obstructed airflow in the upper airway.
stridor
the amount of air that reaches the alveoli
alveolar ventilation
forcing air or oxygen into the lungs when a patient has stopped breathing or has inadequate breathing.
artificial ventilation
device that provides positive pressure ventilations. It includes settings designed to adjust ventilation rate and volume, is portable, and is easily carried on an ambulance.
automatic transport ventilator (ATV)
the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between cells and circulating blood.
cellular respiration
a blue or gray color resulting from lack of oxygen in the body.
cyanosis
a process by which molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
diffusion
a valve that indicates the flow of oxygen in liters per minute.
flowmeter
an insufficiency of oxygen in the body’s tissues.
hypoxia
the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and circulating blood in the pulmonary capillaries.
pulmonary respiration
a device designed to be placed over a stoma
tracheostomy mask
ventilation/perfusion match. This implies that the alveoli are supplied with enough air and that the air in the alveoli is matched with sufficient blood in the pulmonary capillaries to permit optimum exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
V/Q match
the volume of air moved in one cycle of breathing.
tidal volume
the pressure in the peripheral blood vessels that the heart must overcome to pump blood into the system.
systemic vascular resistance (SVR)
sensors in blood vessels that identify internal pressure.
stretch receptors
hyperfusion
shock
the supply of oxygen to and removal of wastes from the cells and tissues of the body as a result of the flow of blood through the capillaries.
perfusion
pressure the pull exerted by large proteins in the plasma portion of blood that tends to pull water from the body into the bloodstream.
plasma oncotic
the cellular process in which oxygen is used to metabolize glucose.
aerobic metabolism
cellular process in which glucose is metabolized into energy without oxygen. Energy is produced in an inefficient manner, with many waste products.
anaerobic metabolism
chemical sensors in the brain and blood vessels that identify changing levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
chemoreceptors
the amount of blood ejected from the heart in one minute (heart rate ∙ stroke volume).
cardiac output
air that occupies the space between the mouth and alveoli but that does not actually reach the area of gas exchange.
dead air space
swelling associated with the movement of water into the interstitial space.
edema
fraction of inspired oxygen; the concentration of oxygen in the air we breathe
FiO2
an exaggerated response by the immune system to a particular substance.
hypersensitivity
inability of the body to adequately circulate blood to the body’s cells to supply them with oxygen and nutrients. A life-threatening condition. Also called shock. See also perfusion.
hypoperfusion
the amount of air breathed in during each respiration multiplied by the number of breaths per minute.
minute volume
produce substances that help the body fight infection.
white blood cells
the two lower chambers of the heart. There is a right ventricle (which sends oxygen-poor blood to the lungs) and a left ventricle (which sends oxygen-rich blood to the body).
ventricles
muscular tube between the stomach and the large intestine, divided into the duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum.
small intestine
body system that regulates fluid balance and the filtration of blood. Also called the urinary system.
renal system
the system of brain, spinal cord, and nerves that governs sensation, movement, and thought.
nervous system
system of bones and skeletal muscles that support and protect the body and permit movement.
musculoskeletal
the microscopic sacs of the lungs where gas exchange with the bloodstream takes place.
alveoli
