Test 16, 7, 17, 9, 10 (3) Flashcards
The volume of air that is moved in and out of the chest in a normal breath cycle is called
tidal volume
In normal exhalation, the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax to contract the chest, which creates a positive pressure. This is what type of process
Passive
Carbon dioxide is transported back to the lungs via:
Plasma
stroke volume depends on a series of factors: one is the force the myocradial muscle exerts to move the blood. This is known as:
contractility
Janie is having difficulty breathing. Her current tidal volyme is 350mL and she is breathing at 28 times per minute. What would be her minute volume?
9800mL
Production of energy occurs in what part of the cell?
mitochondria
the movement of ions across the cell membrane is needed to accomplish repolarization. what cell structure is used to prepare for depolarization?
sodium potassium pump
the basic nutrient of the cell and the building block for energy is
glucose
what element does the cell need in order to not dehydrate and die
water
the metabolism that creates large amounts of carbon dioxide and lactic acid but generates little energy is called
anaerobic
our blood transports oxygen from the lungs to the cells and returns with what byproduct of metabolism
CO2
blood from the right side of the heart is
deoxygenated
a patient breathing room air should be recieving ___ oxygen
21%
what is the correct order of air flow from the nose to the alveoli in the lungs?
a) nose, pharynx, hypopharynx, epiglottis, trachea, crania, mainstem bronchi, alveoli
b) nose, nasopharynx, hypopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, alveoli
c) nose, hyperpharynx, nasopharynx, hypopharynx, trachea, mainstem bronchi, bronchi, alveoli
d) mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, hypopharynx, trachea, mainstem bronchi, crania, alveoli
B
the pressure that is created when the heart pushed the blood throughout the circulatory system is called
hydrostatic pressure
the potential space between the lung and chest wall is called the
pleural space
what provides reasons for the disruption of respiratory control?
stroke, infection, brain trauma, toxins and drugs, and neurologic disorders can interrupt this control
you are alone in the back of the ambulance where you are ventilating an apenic patient. which of the following is the best way to manage the reassessment
continue ventilating the patient during transport and skip the reassessment
a decreased number of red blood cells is called
anemia
A disruption of the balance between oncotic pressure and hydrostatic pressure is critical to regulating:
A. blood pressure and cell hydration.
B. waste removal and urine.
C. oxygenation and perfusion.
D. perfusion and proper circulation to the tissues.
A. blood pressure and cell hydration.
What substances, when dissolved, separate into charged particles?
electrolytes
what is hydrostatic pressure?
the pressure within a blood vessel that tends to push water out of the vessel
What is hyperstatic pressure?
not real lol
what determines hydrostatic pressure
The volume of blood in the capillaries is proportional to hydrostatic pressure
what is osmotic pressure
pressure that must be applied to prevent passing through a permeable membrane
oncotic pressure
Osmotic pressure that is attributable to dissolved proteins specifically
Osmotic pressure vs Oncotic pressure
Osmotic: refers to both proteins and solutes
Oncotic: refers to mainly proteins
What causes edema?
edema= swelling (feet)
Low oncotic pressure (low albumin) and High hydrostatic pressure
What are the three general types of plasma proteins?
1.)Serum albumin (non-specific protein carrier)
2.)Serum globulin (alpha carries bilirubin lipids steroids, beta carries iron and copper, gamma carries antibody molecules
3.)Fibrinogen (the inactive form of fibrin, which forms the framework of blood clots)
What is in interstitial fluid?
Interstitial fluid is similar to blood plasma. It has Water, salts, CO2, O2, hormones, sugars
space inbetween cells
The combination of hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure…
creates the blood pressure within blood vessels
Where are plasma proteins made?
In the liver.
What is the best description of the chest’s mechanical functions?
A. The diaphragm contracts, causing the intercostal muscles that are attached to the lungs to also contract, which moves the air into the lungs.
B. With the chest being an airtight space, the act of breathing occurs when the muscles of the diaphragm and intercostal relax, which causes the lungs to expand and air to flow into the lungs.
C. The chest is a closed space with only one opening; the trachea, to inspire air; the diaphragm contracts down and the intercostal muscles expand the ribs, causing a negative pressure that fills the lungs with air.
D. The chest is a closed space, and the pleural space surrounds the lungs; when the diaphragm contracts and the intercostals expand, the chest and lungs move outward and downward, allowing expiration and gas exchange in the lungs.
C. The chest is a closed space with only one opening; the trachea, to inspire air; the diaphragm contracts down and the intercostal muscles expand the ribs, causing a negative pressure that fills the lungs with air.
Stroke volume depends on a series of factors: one is the force the myocardial muscle exerts to move the blood. This is known as:
A. afterload.
B. preload.
C. contractility.
D. automaticity.
C. contractility.
The respiratory system moves air in and out; however, to ________ cells, the air that is inhaled must meet up with the circulatory system.
A. defuse
B. perfuse
C. hyperoxygenate
D. register
B. perfuse
The disruption of lung tissue by mechanical forces or medical problems can upset diffusion, which is defined as:
A. the ability of the lungs to expand equally during inspiration.
B. the process of gas exchange between the alveoli and the capillaries.
C. maintaining enough positive pressure in the pleural space to keep the lungs from collapsing.
D. the exchange of gases in the bronchi.
B. the process of gas exchange between the alveoli and the capillaries.
A condition that is caused by a decreased number of red blood cells is called:
anemia
A 59-year-old male has suffered a severe laceration from a circular saw while cutting wood in his garage. Upon your arrival, you find the patient sitting on the floor in a pool of blood. He is extremely pale. Based on your knowledge of pathophysiology, you would expect his body to try to compensate for the blood loss in all of the following ways, except:
A. increased respirations.
B. increased pulse.
C. constricted pupils.
D. sweaty skin.
C. constricted pupils.
Plasma oncotic pressure is created by the movement of which of the following?
A. Constriction of the vessels
B. Large proteins
C. Dilation of the vessels
D. Contraction of the heart
B. Large proteins
When carbon dioxide is not exchanged, the net result is high carbon dioxide, a condition called ________, within the body.
A. hyperthermia
B. hypercapnia
C. hyperemia
D. hyperglycemia
B. hypercapnia
A 12-year-old female patient is having an asthma attack after participating in some strenuous activity during recess at school. She’s taken several doses of her own bronchodilator with little relief. Your partner immediately administers oxygen. Providing supplemental oxygen will increase the amount of oxygen molecules carried by the ________ in her blood, helping oxygenate critical organs like the brain.
A. plasma
B. hemoglobin
C. white blood cells
D. albumin
B. hemoglobin
A 59-year-old male has suffered a severe laceration from a circular saw while cutting wood in his garage. Upon your arrival, you find the patient sitting on the floor in a pool of blood. He is extremely pale. Based on your knowledge of pathophysiology, you would expect his body to try to compensate for the blood loss in all of the following ways, except:
A. sweaty skin.
B. increased pulse.
C. constricted pupils.
D. increased respirations.
C. constricted pupils.
A condition that is caused by a decreased number of red blood cells is called:
A. polycythemia.
B. erythrocythemia
C. leukemia
D. anemia
D. anemia
An infection of the brain is called:
A. multiple sclerosis.
B. encephalitis
C. rhinitis.
D. meningitis.
B. encephalitis
Your patient is a 22-year-old female that accidentally ate some shellfish and is now having a severe reaction. She tells you that the last time she ate shellfish, “they had to put a breathing tube in my throat and I almost died.” Her face is starting to swell up and you can hear audible wheezing when she breathes. The chemical that produces edema and narrowing of the airways during hypersensitivity reactions like this is called:
A. serotonin
B. acetylcholine
C. insulin
D. histamine
D. histamine
You respond to a patient who is choking. The victim is suffering from the most common of airway obstructions. This would indicate that the problem is in the ________ airway.
A. upper
B. bronchial
C. lower
D. alveoli
A. upper
You are on the scene at a local park where a 51-year-old male is reported to be confused and having difficulty walking. Your partner notes that the patient is wearing a bracelet indicating he is diabetic. Upon questioning, the patient is able to report that he has not eaten in 8 hours. Your knowledge of pathophysiology suggests that the patient may be suffering from a diabetic emergency. Glucose is a building block for what form of energy in the cell?
A. Mitochondria
B. Electrolytes
C. ATP
D. Endoplasmic reticulum
C. ATP
You are caring for a 25-year-old male patient that has been shot once in the head. The patient is in extremis (near the point of death) with a noticeable breathing pattern that alternates between no breathing and fast breathing. Your understanding of pathophysiology leads you to believe the breathing pattern may be due to damage to the section of his brain responsible for respiratory control, also known as the:
A. medulla oblongata.
B. frontal lobe.
C. cerebellum.
D. thalamus.
A. medulla oblongata.
What is the name of the heart dysfunction caused by an electrical source that causes the heart to beat too fast?
A. Tachycardia
B. Bradycardia
C. Heart attack
D. Trauma
A. Tachycardia
When a person has an exaggerated response to a body invader, the person is said to have:
A. antibody reaction.
B. hypersensitivity.
C. hyposensitivity.
D. histamine dump.
B. hypersensitivity.
Not all inspired air reaches the alveoli; 150 mL is stopped in the airway leading to the alveoli. This is called:
A. vital capacity.
B. tidal volume.
C. dead air space.
D. bronchial air.
C. dead air space.
Certain blood vessels that contain specialized sensors that detect the level of internal pressure and transmit messages to the nervous system, which then triggers the smooth muscle in the vessel walls to make any needed size adjustments, are called:
A. stretch receptors.
B. volume receptors.
C. pressure receptors.
D. chemoreceptors.
C. pressure receptors.
Carbon dioxide is transported back to the lungs in two ways: via the red blood cells and:
A. oncotic pressure.
B. white blood cells.
C. hydrostatic pressure.
D. plasma.
D. plasma.
What is FiO2?
A. The flow rate of gases provided to the patient by mask or nasal cannula
B. The concentration of gases in our expired air, which is referred to as the fraction of used oxygen
C. The amount of oxygen delivered via an airway adjunct in liters per minute
D. The concentration of oxygen in our inhaled air, which is referred to as the fraction of inspired oxygen
D. The concentration of oxygen in our inhaled air, which is referred to as the fraction of inspired oxygen
The seat of respiratory control is found in the:
A. lungs.
B. nose.
C. medulla oblongata.
D. chest.
C. medulla oblongata.
You are caring for a 25-year-old male patient that has been shot once in the head. The patient is in extremis (near the point of death) with a noticeable breathing pattern that alternates between no breathing and fast breathing. Your understanding of pathophysiology leads you to believe the breathing pattern may be due to damage to the section of his brain responsible for respiratory control, also known as the:
A. medulla oblongata.
B. cerebellum.
C. frontal lobe.
D. thalamus.
A. medulla oblongata.
Your patient is an 86-year-old male with congestive heart failure. He called for help tonight because he cannot breathe and feels like he is “drowning in his own lungs.” The patient has had several heart attacks in the past and he tells you his “heart is shot.” The patient’s cardiac output is likely diminished because:
A. less blood fills his heart with each contraction (preload is diminished).
B. the heart’s force of contraction is reduced (contractility is diminished).
C. the pressure in the system against which the heart must pump is increased (afterload is increased).
D. All of the above are true.
D. All of the above are true.
The basic nutrient of the cell and the building block for energy is:
A. glucose.
B. water.
C. oxygen.
D. protein
A. glucose.
In the normal drive to breathe, chemoreceptors are stimulated by:
A. high carbon dioxide.
B. diffusion.
C. low carbon dioxide.
D. high oxygen.
A. high carbon dioxide.
Normally, respiratory drive is triggered by changing levels of:
A. carbon dioxide.
B. pH.
C. oxygen.
D. glucose.
A. carbon dioxide.
When the body’s water moves from the bloodstream into the interstitial space, it is called:
A. hypovolemia.
B. dehydration.
C. hydrostatic.
D. edema.
d) edema
Which of the following is directly related to the endocrine system?
A. Kidneys
B. Brain
C. Liver
D. Pancreas
D. Pancreas
7)The metabolism that creates large amounts of carbon dioxide and lactic acid but generates little energy is called:
A)anaerobic.
B)aerobic.
C)homeostatic.
D)diffusion
A
16)Which of the following is the best device to deliver high-concentration oxygen to a breathing patient?
A)Nasal cannula
B)Simple face mask
C)Nonrebreather mask
D)Oropharyngeal airway
C)Nonrebreather mask
18)You are ventilating an unresponsive 47-year-old male who is in respiratory arrest. How should you determine that you are delivering adequate tidal volume?
A)Auscultate for bronchial breath sounds .
B)Look for slight chest rise.
C)Assess his pulse oximetry.
D)Fully deflate the BVM
B)Look for slight chest rise.
29)The high-pitched sound caused by an upper airway obstruction is known as:
A)stridor.
B)gurgling.
C)snoring.
D)hoarseness
A)stridor.
30)You are ventilating an 85-year-old male without difficulty. A nurse tells you that the patient hasdentures. To ensure a good mask seal, you should:
A)use an infant mask over the nose.
B)leave the dentures in place.
C)tape the dentures in place.
D)remove the dentures
B)leave the dentures in place.
bronchoconstriction
contraction of smooth muscle that lines the bronchial passages. smallens the airway
glottic opening
the level of the vocal cords that defines the boundary between the upper and lower airways
stridor
high pitched sound when theres an obstruction in the upper airway
oxygen helping devices from least critical to most
1) nasal cannula
2) nonrebreather mask
3) CPAP
wheezing
bronchils are smaller
asthma, COPD, anaphylactic
use CPAP
mucus in the lungs from infection
high pitched sound
rales (crackles in lungs)
fluid in the lungs
CHS,
Which sign or symptom would the EMT typically associate with congestive heart failure?
crackles in the lungs
use CPAP
when to use nasal cannula
1-6 liters per min
O2: 22-44%
little sign of hypoxia (under 98)
when to use nonrebreather mask
12-15 liters per minute
O2: 80-90%
more severe hypoxia
when to use partial rebreather mask
9-10 liters per min
O2: 40-60%
ppl use this at their homes to treat COPD
when to use venturi mask
O2: 24-60%
when u need a precise oxygen amount
hypoxia levels
normal: >94
mild hypoxia: 90-93
moderate hypoxia: 75-89
severe hypoxia: <75
perfusion and defusion def
perfusion- circulation of blood to tissue
defusion- air through lungs
