Test #1 - Technical + Culture Flashcards
Finger Spelling Guidelines
- HOLD HAND TO THE SIDE, RELAX ELBOW.
- DO NOT JERK, BOUNCE, OR MOVE YOUR HAND AROUND
- HOLD HAND TO THE SIDE OF YOUR CHEST, NOT IN FRONT OF YOUR FACE
- LOOK UP FOR A DRAWING OF FINGERSPELLING SPACE
- WHILE FINGERSPELLING, HAND MOVES AWAY FROM YOUR BODY NOT TOWARDS THE MIDDLE
- DOUBLE LETTERS:
- IN THE MIDDLE OF THE WORD: HOP OR SQUEEZE – do the sign X2 (bounce)
- AT THE END: SLIDE – when at the end of word you sign letter once and slide - MORE THAN ONE WORD, PAUSE BRIEFLY AND MOVE OVER A TAD
- CLARITY, NOT SPEED
Clarity is more important
Spelling Space vs. Sign Space
Spelling space vs. Sign space
Finger spelling space = smaller area
Sign Space = Bigger
Space between words in Finger Spelling
Between words = move over a little (move away from body)
Double Letters in Finger Spelling
IN THE MIDDLE OF THE WORD: HOP OR SQUEEZE – do the sign X2 (bounce)
AT THE END: SLIDE – when at the end of word you sign letter once and slide
***Exception - “ZZ”: JUST DOUBLE IT UP – use pointer and middle at the same time and do “Z” sign
What is more important in Fingerspelling - Clarity or Speed?
Clarity is more important
What needs to be Finger Spelled
BOOK TITLES, MOVIE TITLES, BRAND NAMES, SOME CITIES, WORDS WITHOUT SIGNS, NAMES, CERTAIN FOODS, TECHNICAL TERMS
- Titles even if you know the signs for the words in the title
- Brand names - very few have signs - most need to fingerspell
- Words without signs - some words are faster to
- Finger spell than to have sign (Example - Dog breeds are finger spelled)
What do you do if you don’t know a sign
If you don’t know the sign then Finger spell BUT gester what it means
What do you do if you make a mistake
IF YOU MAKE A MISTAKE – DO NOT PANIC!!!!
What is signing space
Signing space = right outside shoulders + right above head and right above belly button → because you can see all of the signs in that space and still maintain eye contact
***Have signing space because you need to look at person’s face
How do you get a sign name
Sign names are usually given by a deaf person
Signing specifics
- Signing space = right outside shoulders + right above head and right above belly button
- KEEP EYE CONTACT WHILE SIGNING
- DOMINANT HAND ALWAYS MOVES
- FACIAL EXPRESSIONS ARE VERY IMPORTANT!
PRECISION IS KEY! - MAKE SURE EVERY PART OF THE SIGN IS CORRECT
- ASL IS NOT ENGLISH –> The grammar is not english
- ASL is a highly developed language - ASL IS NOT UNIVERSAL… (STORY TIME!)
What hand moves in signs
Dominant hand always moves
Ex. Name
Why are facial expressions improtant
They give tone and grammar
History of Sign Language (Long)
1800s - US has just started – there was no deaf eduction → THEN Thomas Galidette comes along
Thomas’s hat fell into a road and a Girl names Alice Cogswall runs to pick up his hat
Thomas realized that Alice was deaf → He writes the word Hat in the dirt
- This was her first exposure to language
- Alice’s dad “Mason” is astonished
Evenetiually Alice and Galadette become friends → Mason asks Galladette if he would go to Europe to learn about deaf eduction and bring to the US
Galladette goes to Englad – meets the Braidwood family
- Braidwood family = developed educationn for deaf students in Englad
Braidwood askes for money but Galladette does not have → SO Galadette goes to France instead
Galladette goes to French school for the deaf
French School for deaf = using manual method of communication = Sign language (using French Sign Language)
In France - Gallaudet meets Laurent Clare → Gallaudet and Laurent become friends
Galadette asks Laurent to come back to US to help make a school for the deaf
Galadettte teaches Laurent english and Laurent teaches Galadette French Sign Language
Galadette and Laurent make a school for deaf in connecticut – make “American School for deaf”
Braidwood Family
Developed education for deaf students in England
Braidwood Family Method
Used the Oralist method of education
Oraloist Method
Speching and Lip reading
French School Method
Manual method of communication
Manual Method
Sign language
What happened when Galadette brought kids to School for Deaf
When they brought students into deaf school all of the kids were from different communities with no other deaf people in their community → they all used different languages (at the time there was no set language in the US)
- They were all home signing BUT they all came with different home signs
Home signning
Structured Gestring
What did Galadette and Laurent have and make
Had French Sign language + Home signs → Made ASL
FSL + Home signs = get ASL
What is ASL based on
ASL is based on French sign language
Five parameters of sign + Examples
- Handshape
Ex. Me vs. My - Palm Orientation
Ex. Table - Loaction
Ex. Summer, Dry, Ugly - Movement
Ex. Happy Vs. Enjoy - Non-manual signs/Facial Expressions
Ex. Naked vs. Depressed
Handshape in sign
Example - ME (point to self) Vs. MY (flat hand on chest)
Gender specific pronouns in ASL
No gender specific pronouns (hers, his, theirs - all flat hand palm away)
Talking about someone who is not there in ASL
Talking about someone not there - say who it is then point in a place and that becomes who you are talking about (my mom she - she is now always mom)
Palm orientation in ASL
Means if palms should be up or down; away or towards each other
- Need to face the right way
Ex. Table - palms down (one up has no meaning) + dominant hand on top
Movement in Sign
Very important
Example - Happy Vs. Enjoy –> Happy is bump BUT enjoy is circles
Non-manual Signals
Whatever you do during signing that isn’t a sign
- NOT only facial expressions
Examples - facial expression or question eyebrows or mouth movements or forcefulness or ease of signs
Non-manual Signals importance in ASL
Very important
Example - Naked Vs. Depressed
NAKED (open 8 slide down + happy face),
DEPRESSED (naked but with sad face) – face change meaning of sign
Eybrows in ASL
Very important
Example - WH QUESTIONS – EYEBROWS GO DOWN
EX. What is your name (You name what you - point name hands up and cupped go towards each other point)
Closing signal
Shows someone is done signing – ALLOWS SOMEONE ELSE TO BEGIN SIGNING
Ex. EX. What is your name (You name what you - point name hands up and cupped go towards each other point) – Here YOU at the end is the closing signal
Example 2 - Example – POINTING BACK TO YOURSELF OR ANOTHER PERSON TO SHOW A COMPLETION OF THOUGHT
Dexis
USING THE INDEX POINTER TO POINT
***need to point in ASL
What is pointing used for in ASL
ME, YOU, HE, SHE, IT, THEY, WE/US, YOU(PLURAL), THEY
Terms for level of hearing to use
Deaf or hearing or Hard of hearing
***Never use term hearing impaired
Why never use hearing impaired
Bad that it has impaired because it implied disabled that something is broken that needs to be fixed
deaf
Not part of deaf community - more in the hearing world –
- may sign but most they speak and lip read + might have cochlear implants;
- some may label self as hearing impaired (sad thing)
Deaf
In the deaf community + see themselves as culturally deaf
- don’t see self as having disability
d/Deaf
See in texts and articles when author is written deaf people in general
- not showing what identity they are
Medical perspective of Deafness
Think about deaf as a disability (needs to be fixed_ + typically want cochlear implants/hearing aids + mostly use oralis method
***People in it = some people + doctors + audiologist + spoke speech therapists
- People that hearing parents with deaf kids are exposed to first – exposed to medical perspective = more lilley to push deaf culture away because don’t know it is an option
Heredity of Deafness
90% if deaf children have hearing parents = not necessarily a hereditary trait
- It can be genetics but not always
- Many reasons why people go deaf
Oralist methid
Speech and lip reading – no ASL
Controversial topic with deaf people
Cochlear implants – don’t talk about it with deaf person
How do cochlear implants work
Bypass damage from outer and middle ear and go to inner ear
– Implant into cochlear
- Implant it and put magnet in head – at audiologist they put device to map or program it
***Concept = cure for deafness
Issue with cochlear implants
1 – 90% of deaf children have hearing parents – hearing parents have no exposure to deaf culture – is it fair to take away cultural part of deafness
2 – Implant doesn’t always work
- Way hearing people think implant should work is not the way it actually works – electrical sound not natural sound
- Very robotic sounds
3 – Not everyone can get one – cochlear can be damaged (Ex. meningitis)
4 - Older – might not be able to get the implant →
Why can’t older people get cochlear implants
Goal is speech and language if older then it might be too late to be able to learn
Christy (freind) + Cochlear implant story
Christy was deaf because of meningitis – she was in early stages of cochlear implantation → needed to have implant mapped (big ordeal) –> implant never worked
THEN Technology advanced a lot over time
THEN When she got married her husband wanted her to have a brain stem implant → ended their relationship because she wouldn’t have that done
THEN She got married again - her husband wanted her to have implant – idea was to replace original implant – when got there they gave her woozy medicine and by accident she said the wrong side
When they put on the other side = lost all residual hearing completely
New Implant didn’t work – she was older to begin with
What happens with you implant a cochelar implant
When do implant = lose residual sounds (sounds for safety)
- If implant breaks or dies = have no sound at all
Residual Sounds
Some sounds deaf people can still hear for safety
What happens once you get a cochlear implant
Need auditory training (don’t know what sound is without it)
- If haven’t heard anything before = then nothing makes sense
Cultural Perspective of deafness
Not a disability (just the way God made them) + manual method of communication (use ASL or Scruch) + no Cochlear implant or let person decide + deaf community
- Don’t think of deafness as something that needs to be fixed but can if choose
***Who is part = interpreter + people thats support deaf community + deaf people + teachers + parents)
Current deafness diagnosis
Now deafness is being found sooner (do tests in hospital) BUT there are some false positives
- Always go to audiology after
Hearing Aides
Hearing aids taking hearing you have and turn up volume
- If can’t differentiate language then it won’t help
ASL Grammar
- time must be signed first
- Topic – signed with eyebrows up
- Pronouns – Using Deixis
- Noun/verb pairs – concepts that share the same sign but different movement
- Use of space – used for spatial referencing
- Possession – Indicated by extending open palm towards the owner
- Directional - verbs that move in the direction of the addressee
- Non-manual signals
- Classifiers
- Contrastive structure
When is time signed
Time must be signed first – because gives you the tense
Example - Yesterday I went to the store –> Sign as “Yesterday store me go”
- Yesterday – thumb out with hand in fist - move from mouth to ear
- Store - long “O” - palm face down - flick
- Me - point to self
- Go - Two fingers point and move in direction
***Here because you put yesterday you know that “go” means “went”
- Don’t need to change the sign because it has been changed with yesterday
Time in a story
- Don’t need to sign time for every sentance - can just sign at the begining of a story
What starts sentance if no time
If you don’t need time for that sentance = you can start with the topic THEN rest of the sentnace
Sentence structure in ASL
Time –> Topic –> Rest of sentence
Topic in ASL
Topic is signed with eyebrows up –> lets the reader know what the subject is and that there is more information to come
Examples:
1. Store me go
2. Me name
Pronouns in ASL
Pronouns = use Deixis –> pronouns are conveyed by pointing
- Can incorporate number signs and hand sweeps to indicate plural pronouns (can incorporate numbers up to 9)
Noun/verb pairs
Concepts that share the same sign but different movement
- Some signs have everything the same except for movement
Generally:
- Once for verb
- Twice for noun
Example:
1. Sit/chair
- Sit (Verb) – name fingers - hand on top of each other Perpendicular - palms move towards the floor
- Chair (Noun) hand on top of each other Perpendicular - palms down – tap fingers on top of each other twice
- Airplane/Fly
- Airplane (noun) – rocker hand (ILY hand) - palm face to side – bounce twice
- Fly ILY hand - palm moves to side and up
Noun in noun/verb pairs
Noun - Movement is repeated but restrained
Verb in Noun/verb pairs
Verb - action is seen in the sign
Use of space in ALS
Space = used for spatial referencing
Have a time space
Shows the subject and the object
Clarifies who the giver and the receiver of action
Time space in ALS
Forward = future tense
Down = present tense
Behind = past tense
Possession in ASL
Possessives are indicated by extending open palm towards the owner
- Possesion = uses an open palm
Example:
1. Yours = palm towards the person
2. Mine = Palm towards self
3. Theirs = sweep open palm
4. Oirs = cupped palm facing towards you from one shoulder to next
Directional in ASL
Verbs that move in the direction of the adressee (just one side) \
Examples:
1. Give to – long o – move towards person giving to
2. See you – 2 - plam towards you – move towards person seeing
3. Help me - help (left hand flare palm up + right have thumbs up on top of left) – move towards you
Nonmanual signs in ASL
Expressions (emotional cues) _ body movement + specific facial movemnts that conveys grammar in ASL
Includes: Faciak expression + emotion cues + body movement + eyeborws – anything you do that conveys ASL grammar or tone
Classifiers in ASL
A Large set if structured handshapes are used to represent the location and actions of nouns + describe certain physical characteristics if nouns
- Group of handshapes that you go through to describe movement or describe details to physical traits
- NOT a real sign – just goes through and explains a detail
Rule: The noun must be identified before the classifier is used
- Sign noun first
Contrastive structure in ASL
The use of space to compare and clarify differences between two or more nouns
- Use of space to compare and contrast two things
EXAMPLE - mom on one side and dad on one side
National Technical institute for the deaf
Two year college
Subset of RIT (in Rochester, NY)
Deaf students get into the two year program – after two years they go to RIT and get degree
- Don’t have to be deaf to be part of it for other programs (such as interpreting or teaching)
Federally funded = cheaper
Theater at National Technical institute for the deaf
Has very good theater department (Panara theater - named after robert Panara)
- Theatrical experience is amazing
- Accessible to deaf and hearing
Rochester, NY
Largest deaf population per capita in the U.S.
- See many deaf professionals compared to regular (such as deaf vet or deaf doctors) – because there are deaf professionals it makes it a lot easier
- Things are more accesible - you can go and have one on one doctor ap[pointments
- Different than in a place like Bingjamton – if you are head and deaf then the doctor is liley hearing = you need an interopreter and bring them with you
***People from rochester sat that it is a 2 minute walk to find someone who knows how to sign
Deaf community
Extremely tight knit
Does not only include deaf people
Includes: teachers + interpreters + parents + speech therapists + friends + people with respect for the language and culture
- You can be a member of the deaf commmunity as long as you show respect for community and ASL
Example deaf community
Southern tier deaf club –> have events (parties/gatherings)
Gallaidet Univeristy
Only deaf univeristy in the world – need to have a certain oercent of hearing loss to be a deaf student
Can become a HUGS (hearing undergraduate students) – Usually CODAS
Have more hearing students for post grad studies (have speech therapy + teaching + Clinical Psychology + PhD)
Located in Washington D.C.
CODAS
Children of Deaf Adult
President of Galladete
NOW = deaf president
Protests at Galladuete
Used to not have a deaf president - Students led a protest for a deaf presnet now and ‘89
Deaf mosaic
1980s news podcast for deaf people – very interesting history that people don’t see in the hearing world
History of presidents at Galladaute
Had hearing presidents for 125 years –> deaf people were fed up and wanted a deaf president –> the board appointed somoen who was hearing and didn’t know how to sign –> all hell broke loose –> students shut down campus for a week (made national news)
I.King.Jordan
First deaf president of Galladudete
- Pivotal person in the deaf community and deaf world
Alexander Grahm Bell + deaf community
Alex is one of the most hated person in history for deaf community
- Supported Eugenics
What does something need to be a language
- Grammatical structure
- History
- Culture
ASL has own grammar + own culture + own history
What did Alex Grahm Bell do
Invented Telephones BUT was also a deaf educator
His main job was to be a deaf educator (he had a deaf wife + deaf mom + knew Hellen Keller)
Why did AGB invent the telephone
Invented the phone because he was trying to make a hearing system for deaf people
- He was trying to make somthing like hearing aids but instead he made the telephone
Hellen Keller
Most fanous deaf/blind person
What method did AGB use
He taught using the oralist method
AGB foundation
Staunch supporters of the Oralist method
When you are that agressive about one method –> you don’t want deaf people to sign – don’t want deaf people to use sign as a crutch
What did AGB support
- Supported the Oralost method
- Supporter of Eugenics – he didn’t want deaf people to get married because he thought it was passed down through genes
Most hated person in deaf history
Alex Grahm Bell – because he believed in Eugenics he was the most hated person in deaf history
- Suprising because the phone is so popular in the hearing BUT not the case in deaf history world
Milan conference of 1880
Overall Idea - gather deaf educators from around the world to talk about how to standardize deaf education around the world
- Different areas had different ways to educate deaf people
U.S school education in deaf vs. normal in 1880s
In 1880s U.S deaf schools were on par with hearing schools in terms of education quality
Two debators at Milan Confernaces
Gauladetes grandson Vs. AGB
At the time Galludete was already founded –> the univerity was successful using the manual method
AGB = famous for pushing the oralist method
What was decided at the Milan Confernace
Decided that they will standardize deaf education by using only the oralist method
U.S. residential schools
Deaf students go through and live at the school
NOW - kids start going 8-10
- Use the manual method of communication
- Each state has at least 1
- When a deaf student goes they have 1 on 1 teaching + have a deaf or signing teach – teach in ASL and have 1:1 combination
Students = also have many students they can relate to
Deaf mainstream students
Mainstream = deaf person goes to a public hearing school
Deaf child will have an interoreter + teacher that works with them everyday on english or socialization skills + have speech therapt for at least one class a day
***Have speech therapists at residential schools both don’t need interpreter
Empolyees when decied to use oralist method in 1880s
In 1880s when decision is made they have residential school using the manual methid with deaf people running the school (teachers adn principles) – the educators were told that if they don’t speak or lip read then they won’t have a job = most deaf professionals lost their job
Quality of education when start using oralist method
When they start using oralist method –> deaf education loses quality of education
How long did using the oralist method last
You would think that it wouldn’t last long because you would think that if we see a decrease in perfermance it would stop BUT it lasted almost 100 years
Sign exact english
Signing system NOT a language
It is english (includes english prefixes and grammar)
***Idea was to make deaf more proficient in english
- Just a system that helps to learn english and read better
What happened when start using Oralist method
In 1880s - students start to struggle and the community is scared that ASL will go extinct because they can’t learn (concerned that the community won’t survive this)
Response to deaf community almost dying
The national association of the deaf was made – goal was to presence deaf culture and ASL
NOW they advocate for deaf rights (still exists)
National Association of the Deaf President
NAOD first president = George Veditz
They had silent movies at the time
To preserve ASL = GEORGE made a ton of signing movies+ story telling and giving speechs + lectures in ASL
Other way ASL was preserved
Way that it was really preserved = had deaf children of deaf adults going to schools and they knew how to sign = taught other kids to sign
What would happen if kids were caught signing
Had punishments with rulers + tying hands to desks + inhumane
- If they were not succeeding with speech = they had no way to communicate
Effect of children of a lesser God
Made everyone want to learn how to sign (including hearing people)
because of this = got a lot of community colleges offering ASL –> REVERTED OUT –> GOOD THINGS THAT HAPPENS
- Got ASL at the forefront – ASL was brought back into the classroom – saw that it makes sense to have the manual method
How do people get deaf signs
Only given by a deaf person – given based on physical characteristics or based on personality
Aimee sign name story
When she was growing up with Kristy – kirsty had a generic name sign for aimee → when came to NY she had a student who would run away – one time n class she tells aimee she doesn’t like her name sign – she asked who gave it and it was her teacher – she suggested to change it and she was rebellious and so she made the sign for rebellious her name sign and then aimee tells her name sign and she says to change her name sign and she said that she seemed like a tomboy – made sign as tom boy (A run down on chest) – say aimee in FS and then show sign name
Can you change you name sign
NO – rule is to never change your name sign
Aimee son name sign story
When to silent dinners (he was young when started to take home) – he would be everywhere and would have t keep tabs → asked friend to give him a name sign → and he got one and then they realized they have to change it → he said to made the same as aimees but with a D instead → when just deaf club and got everyone’s attention and they said these name sign and son was brought in at that point
Deaf people and bluntness
Deaf people can be very blunt but its hard for hearing world to understand because they are not as much
Example - If have a physical characters specific to you = that might be your sign name
Example of deaf people being blunt in name signs
- she used to teach distant learning and she taught on TVs – 7 kids on each TV → she would teach and she was going to go to a party – she didn’t know what the students looked like because bad technology → the halloween deaf club party was coming up and one student was coming → student comes with his parents and she asked him if he got into a fight but it was a birthmark – and it was his name sign
NOT offensive in the deaf world
Visualization in ASL
Everything is visual in ASL
Written version of ASL
There is no written version of ASL
***They try and do a thing called sign writing – circles and arrows (codes) to write out ASL
How do we write ASL
Glossing
Who uses glossing
Only for linguists or for students studying ASL or interpreters or teachers
***Way to guide students to learn grammar
Glossing
Writing what you are going to sign
When do you sign WH questions
WH signs go at the end of sentances
