Test 1 GPT Questions

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT a standard component of informed consent in research?
Select one:
a. Explanation of the research purpose
b. Guarantee of results or benefits
c. Description of participant procedures
d. Disclosure of risks and discomforts
e. Statement of confidentiality

Answer 2

b. Guarantee of results or benefits

Informed consent typically involves explaining the research purpose, procedures, risks, and confidentiality, but it does not include guaranteeing results or benefits to participants.

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT a primary role of an Institutional Review Board (IRB) in research?
Select one:
a. Reviewing the research design for ethical considerations
b. Ensuring the statistical analysis is appropriate for the research question
c. Monitoring the consent process
d. Assessing risk to participants
e. Ensuring that researchers are qualified

Answer 3

b. Ensuring the statistical analysis is appropriate for the research question

The primary role of an IRB is to review the ethical aspects of the research, not the methodological soundness like statistical analysis.

Question 4

In qualitative research, which of the following is generally NOT a concern?
Select one:
a. Participants’ anonymity
b. The subjective interpretation of data
c. Random sampling of participants
d. Rich, detailed descriptions of participants’ experiences
e. Flexibility in data collection methods

Answer 4

c. Random sampling of participants

Qualitative research often focuses on depth rather than breadth, hence random sampling is less of a concern compared to ensuring rich and detailed data.

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT a standard practice in maintaining data integrity in research?
Select one:
a. Regularly backing up data
b. Altering data to support the hypothesis
c. Keeping detailed records of data collection
d. Ensuring data is accessible only to authorized personnel
e. Using secure methods to store sensitive data

Answer 5

b. Altering data to support the hypothesis

Altering data to fit a hypothesis is unethical and goes against the principles of maintaining data integrity.

Question 6

In the context of experimental research, which of the following does NOT typically constitute a breach of ethical standards?
Select one:
a. Debriefing participants after the experiment
b. Withholding some aspects of the experiment from participants (deception)
c. Failing to obtain informed consent
d. Sharing confidential data with unauthorized individuals
e. Ignoring participants’ requests to withdraw from the study

Answer 6

a. Debriefing participants after the experiment

Debriefing is actually an ethical practice, especially if deception was used in the study. It involves explaining the true nature of the study after participation.

Question 7

A company is conducting a market analysis to determine the potential demand for a new product. This type of research is best described as:
Select one:
a. Experimental research
b. Descriptive research
c. Explanatory research
d. Exploratory research
e. Predictive research

Answer 7

b. Descriptive research

Descriptive research is used to describe characteristics of a population or phenomenon. In this case, the company is trying to describe the potential market demand for a product, making it descriptive research.

Question 8

When researchers use existing information and analyze it in a new way to propose a model that hasn’t been tested before, they are conducting:
Select one:
a. Secondary research
b. Primary research
c. Qualitative research
d. Quantitative research
e. Tertiary research

Answer 8

a. Secondary research

Secondary research involves analyzing existing data or information that was not originally collected by the researcher. Proposing a new model based on existing information falls under this category.

Question 9

If a researcher is studying the effect of lighting on employee productivity by altering the lighting in an office and observing the changes in productivity, this is an example of:
Select one:
a. Case study research
b. Ethnographic research
c. Experimental research
d. Survey research
e. Correlational research

Answer 9

c. Experimental research

Experimental research involves manipulating one variable to determine if changes in one variable cause changes in another variable. In this scenario, the manipulation of lighting to observe changes in productivity is characteristic of experimental research.

Question 10

A researcher conducting interviews with company executives to understand their decision-making process is using which type of data collection method?
Select one:
a. Observational
b. Experimental
c. Survey
d. Qualitative
e. Quantitative

Answer 10

d. Qualitative

Interviews, especially those aimed at understanding experiences or processes, are a qualitative data collection method. They provide depth and detail beyond what can be captured through quantitative methods like surveys.

Question 11

When a study is designed to ensure that it measures what it intends to measure, this characteristic refers to:
Select one:
a. Reliability
b. Validity
c. Generalizability
d. Objectivity
e. Scalability

Answer 11

b. Validity

Validity refers to the extent to which a research instrument measures what it is intended to measure. It’s about the accuracy and truthfulness of the measurement.

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT typically a disadvantage of conducting primary research?
Select one:
a. It can be time-consuming.
b. It may not be as current as secondary data.
c. It can be costly.
d. It may be biased based on the researcher’s influence.
e. It requires the creation of original data collection tools.

Answer 12

b. It may not be as current as secondary data.

Primary research involves collecting new, original data directly from sources. This data is usually current, which is a contrast to secondary data that can sometimes be outdated. The other options listed are common challenges or disadvantages associated with primary research.

Question 13

In a research study, the control group is important because:
Select one:
a. It is exposed to the experimental variable.
b. It provides a benchmark against which the experimental group’s results are compared.
c. It allows for qualitative data analysis.
d. It is where the researcher can manipulate variables.
e. It ensures the study’s results will be statistically significant.

Answer 13

b. It provides a benchmark against which the experimental group’s results are compared.

In experimental research, the control group is used as a baseline to compare against the experimental group, which is exposed to the variable being tested. The control group helps to understand what changes occur when the experimental variable is introduced.

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of qualitative research?
Select one:
a. It usually involves statistical analysis.
b. It provides depth and detail.
c. It explores the ‘why’ and ‘how’ of decision-making.
d. It often uses interviews or observation as data collection methods.
e. It is more subjective than quantitative research.

Answer 14

a. It usually involves statistical analysis.

Qualitative research typically does not involve statistical analysis; rather, it focuses on collecting and analyzing non-numerical data (like words and observations) to understand concepts, opinions, or experiences.

Question 15

All of the following are common ethical considerations in research EXCEPT:
Select one:
a. Ensuring participant confidentiality.
b. Obtaining informed consent.
c. Providing financial incentives for participation.
d. Avoiding harm to participants.
e. Ensuring the research has societal or scientific value.

Answer 15

c. Providing financial incentives for participation.

While providing financial incentives for participation is a common practice, it is not an ethical consideration in the same sense as ensuring confidentiality, informed consent, avoiding harm, and ensuring research value. The ethical concern related to incentives is ensuring that they do not coerce participation or influence the results in a biased way.

Question 16

A market researcher decides to use a focus group to gather data. This method is particularly useful for:
Select one:
a. Gathering large amounts of data quickly.
b. Statistical analysis of consumer behavior.
c. Understanding the depth of feelings and opinions on a topic.
d. Generalizing findings to a larger population.
e. Conducting longitudinal studies.

Answer 16

c. Understanding the depth of feelings and opinions on a topic.

Focus groups are particularly effective for gaining deeper insights into participants’ opinions, attitudes, and feelings about a topic. This qualitative method is not suited for quickly gathering large amounts of data, statistical analysis, generalization to larger populations, or conducting longitudinal studies.

Question 17

The main purpose of a literature review in a research study is to:
Select one:
a. Prove the researcher’s hypothesis is correct.
b. Provide a summary of each source used.
c. Identify gaps in current knowledge and justify the new study.
d. Present the researcher’s original ideas on the topic.
e. Ensure the study will have statistical significance.

Answer 17

c. Identify gaps in current knowledge and justify the new study.

A literature review in a research study serves to contextualize the study within the existing body of knowledge, identify gaps or unresolved issues in previous research, and thereby justify the need for the new study. It’s not about proving hypotheses, merely summarizing sources, presenting original ideas, or ensuring statistical significance.

Question 18

A researcher measuring the same concept with two different methods to check for consistency is concerned with which aspect of research quality?
Select one:
a. Validity
b. Reliability
c. Generalizability
d. Objectivity
e. Feasibility

Answer 18

b. Reliability

This approach refers to the concept of reliability in research, which is about the consistency and dependability of measurement methods. If two different methods yield similar results, it increases the reliability of the measurements.

Question 19

Which of the following is a characteristic feature of quantitative research?
Select one:
a. It explores phenomena in a detailed and holistic manner.
b. It relies heavily on narrative data.
c. It often utilizes statistical analysis to interpret data.
d. It is primarily used to understand the meanings people attach to social phenomena.
e. It typically involves a small number of participants.

Answer 19

c. It often utilizes statistical analysis to interpret data.

Quantitative research is characterized by the use of numerical data and statistical analysis to understand and interpret research findings. This contrasts with qualitative research, which focuses on narrative data, exploring phenomena in detail, and understanding the meanings of social phenomena, often with fewer participants.

Question 20

What is a potential limitation of survey research?
Select one:
a. It allows for in-depth exploration of participants’ experiences.
b. It can lead to biased results due to the wording of questions.
c. It is useful for studying historical events.
d. It requires direct observation of participants.
e. It is primarily qualitative in nature.

Answer 20

b. It can lead to biased results due to the wording of questions.

A significant limitation of survey research is the potential for bias, which can arise from how questions are worded or structured. Poorly designed surveys can lead to misleading results. Surveys are typically quantitative, do not require direct observation, and are not best suited for in-depth explorations or studying historical events.

Question 21

What does it mean when a research study is described as having high external validity?
Select one:
a. The findings can be generalized to other settings or groups.
b. The study accurately measures what it claims to measure.
c. The study was conducted under strictly controlled conditions.
d. The study’s results are statistically significant.
e. The study uses a large sample size.

Answer 21

a. The findings can be generalized to other settings or groups.

High external validity means that the results of the study can be generalized to other contexts, settings, or groups beyond those specifically studied. It’s about the applicability of the research findings to the real world. It’s different from measuring accuracy (validity), controlled conditions, statistical significance, or sample size.

Question 22

In research, the term ‘reliability’ refers to:
Select one:
a. The extent to which a study can be replicated under similar conditions.
b. The accuracy of the measurements.
c. The generalizability of the study findings.
d. The ethical conduct of the study.
e. The size of the study sample.

Answer 22

Answer:
a. The extent to which a study can be replicated under similar conditions.

Explanation:
Reliability in research refers to the consistency of a measure or the extent to which an experiment, test, or any measuring procedure yields the same result on repeated trials. A reliable study is one that would yield similar results if replicated under similar conditions.

Question 23

A major ethical issue in conducting research is informed consent. Informed consent ensures that:
Select one:
a. Participants are financially compensated for their time.
b. Participants are aware of and agree to the risks and nature of the research before participating.
c. The results of the research will be published.
d. The data collected will be completely anonymous.
e. The research will have a direct benefit to the participants.

Answer 23

Answer:
b. Participants are aware of and agree to the risks and nature of the research before participating.

Explanation:
Informed consent is a fundamental ethical principle in research, involving ensuring that participants are fully informed about the nature, risks, benefits, and potential consequences of the research and voluntarily agree to participate.

Question 24

Which of the following best describes a case study in research?
Select one:
a. A study involving statistical analysis of a large number of people.
b. An in-depth study of a single individual, group, event, or community.
c. A study that primarily relies on secondary data.
d. A longitudinal study that spans several years.
e. An experimental study with a control group.

Answer 24

Answer:
b. An in-depth study of a single individual, group, event, or community.

Explanation:
A case study is a detailed, in-depth analysis of a single case or a small number of cases. This method focuses on the comprehensive study of specific instances, events, groups, or communities, often to understand broader principles or patterns.

Question 25

Question 4:
Which of the following is a common limitation of qualitative research?
Select one:
a. It often lacks statistical depth.
b. It is not useful for exploring personal experiences or perspectives.
c. It always requires a large sample size.
d. It is less time-consuming than quantitative research.
e. It cannot be used to identify trends.

Answer 25

Answer:
a. It often lacks statistical depth.

Explanation:
A common limitation of qualitative research is that it does not provide the statistical depth that quantitative research offers. Qualitative research is rich in detail and depth regarding personal experiences and perspectives but does not typically involve numerical data or statistical analysis.

Question 26

The purpose of a pilot study in research is to:
Select one:
a. Replace the main study.
b. Provide statistical significance to the research.
c. Test and refine the methodology before the full-scale study.
d. Ensure the study will yield positive results.
e. Fully answer the research question.

Answer 26

Answer:
c. Test and refine the methodology before the full-scale study.

Explanation:
A pilot study is a small-scale preliminary study conducted to evaluate feasibility, time, cost, adverse events, and improve upon the study design prior to the performance of a full-scale research project. It is not meant to provide full answers or ensure positive results, but rather to refine and test methodologies.

Question 27

Under the Tri-Council Policy Statement: Ethical Conduct for Research Involving Humans, which of the following would NOT typically require an ethics review?
Select one:
a. A university study involving the collection of blood samples from participants.
b. A high school student’s science fair project involving surveys of peers.
c. A government-funded study using anonymized data from hospital records.
d. A psychology experiment at a university involving interviews about personal experiences.
e. A clinical trial testing a new drug at a university hospital.

Answer 27

Answer:
b. A high school student’s science fair project involving surveys of peers.

Explanation:
The TCPS2 primarily applies to research conducted at institutions like universities, especially those receiving federal funding. A high school student’s science fair project, while it should adhere to basic ethical principles, typically would not fall under the scope of TCPS2 and therefore wouldn’t require an ethics review as per these guidelines.

Question 28

Which of the following scenarios is LEAST likely to be subject to the TCPS2 ethical guidelines?
Select one:
a. A researcher at a Canadian university conducting an online survey on eating habits.
b. A private company conducting its own product testing without any federal funding.
c. A government-funded research project studying wildlife behavior in national parks.
d. A university research project involving interviews with Indigenous communities.
e. A federally funded study analyzing historical economic data.

Answer 28

Answer:
b. A private company conducting its own product testing without any federal funding.

Explanation:
The TCPS2 guidelines apply to research funded by the Canadian federal government or conducted at institutions that receive federal funding. A private company conducting product testing independently, without federal funding or affiliation with such institutions, would not typically be subject to TCPS2, although ethical considerations should still be a priority.

Question 29

In Canada, which type of research typically falls outside the jurisdiction of the Tri-Council Policy Statement on Ethical Conduct for Research Involving Humans?
Select one:
a. Behavioral studies at a publicly funded university.
b. Clinical trials at a hospital receiving federal funding.
c. Private sector market research not affiliated with a university or receiving federal funding.
d. Sociological research at a university funded by a federal grant.
e. Medical research at a university using data from public health records.

Answer 29

Answer:
c. Private sector market research not affiliated with a university or receiving federal funding.

Explanation:
Private sector market research that is not affiliated with a university or not receiving federal funding typically falls outside the scope of the TCPS2. The TCPS2 primarily governs research that is federally funded or conducted at institutions that receive federal funding.

Question 30

Which of the following scenarios is most likely to require adherence to the Tri-Council Policy Statement: Ethical Conduct for Research Involving Humans?
Select one:
a. A privately funded survey by a non-profit organization.
b. An independent journalist conducting interviews for a news article.
c. A federally funded university project studying the effects of media on children.
d. A corporate study by a pharmaceutical company on market trends.
e. A hobbyist conducting personal research on local history.

Answer 30

Answer:
c. A federally funded university project studying the effects of media on children.

Explanation:
The TCPS2 specifically applies to research that receives federal funding or is conducted at institutions receiving such funding. In this case, a federally funded university project would be required to adhere to these ethical guidelines.

Question 31

The Tri-Council Policy Statement: Ethical Conduct for Research Involving Humans mandates ethics reviews for all of the following EXCEPT:
Select one:
a. University research involving human participants.
b. Federally funded research studies using private health information.
c. Independent research by a community group without federal funding or university affiliation.
d. Clinical research trials at hospitals receiving federal funding.
e. Sociological research conducted by a university researcher.

Answer 31

Answer:
c. Independent research by a community group without federal funding or university affiliation.

Explanation:
The TCPS2 guidelines primarily apply to research involving human participants that is conducted at, or funded by, institutions that receive federal funding. Independent research by community groups without such funding or university affiliation would not typically fall under the mandate of the TCPS2.

Question 32

In an experiment where the researcher manipulates one variable to observe its effect on another variable, the variable being manipulated is known as the:
Select one:
a. Dependent variable
b. Independent variable
c. Control variable
d. Confounding variable
e. Experimental variable

Answer 32

Answer:
b. Independent variable

Explanation:
In experimental research, the independent variable is the one that is manipulated or changed by the researcher to observe its effect on the dependent variable (the variable being measured).

Question 33

Informed consent in research typically includes all of the following EXCEPT:
Select one:
a. A description of the risks and benefits of participation
b. An explanation of the purpose of the research
c. A guarantee of the results that the research will produce
d. A statement about the voluntary nature of participation
e. Information on how confidentiality will be maintained

Answer 33

Answer:
c. A guarantee of the results that the research will produce

Explanation:
Informed consent involves informing participants about the research’s purpose, risks, benefits, and confidentiality measures, and reassuring them that participation is voluntary. However, it does not include guaranteeing specific results of the research.

Question 34

Which of the following best describes a longitudinal study?
Select one:
a. A study that measures a phenomenon at a single point in time
b. A study that is conducted in a controlled laboratory setting
c. A study that follows the same subjects over a period of time
d. A study that compares different groups at one point in time
e. A study that relies exclusively on historical data

Answer 34

Answer:
c. A study that follows the same subjects over a period of time

Explanation:
A longitudinal study is characterized by its approach of following the same subjects over an extended period. This allows researchers to observe changes and developments over time.

Question 35

A researcher analyzing existing statistics from government archives is conducting what type of research?
Select one:
a. Experimental research
b. Primary research
c. Quantitative research
d. Secondary research
e. Qualitative research

Answer 35

Answer:
d. Secondary research

Explanation:
Secondary research involves analyzing existing data that was not originally collected by the researcher. In this case, using government archives for data analysis is an example of secondary research.

Question 36

The ethical principle of ‘do no harm’ in research primarily ensures that:
Select one:
a. Researchers obtain informed consent from participants
b. Research findings are kept confidential
c. Participants are not subjected to unnecessary risk or harm
d. The research contributes positively to society
e. Participants receive compensation for their time

Answer 36

Answer:
c. Participants are not subjected to unnecessary risk or harm

Explanation:
The ethical principle of ‘do no harm’ is focused on ensuring that participants in a study are not exposed to unnecessary risk or harm, whether physical, psychological, or emotional. It is a fundamental principle in research ethics.

Question 37

What type of research design is typically used to establish cause-and-effect relationships?
Select one:
a. Descriptive
b. Experimental
c. Correlational
d. Ethnographic
e. Case Study

Answer 37

Answer:
b. Experimental

Explanation:
Experimental research designs are specifically structured to test hypotheses by manipulating one variable (independent variable) to determine if changes in one variable cause changes in another variable (dependent variable). This design is essential for establishing cause-and-effect relationships.

Question 38

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of qualitative research?
Select one:
a. Emphasis on numerical data
b. Focus on understanding human experiences
c. Utilization of methods like interviews and observations
d. Exploration of the meanings and interpretations of participants
e. Flexibility in research design

Answer 38

Answer:
a. Emphasis on numerical data

Explanation:
Qualitative research emphasizes understanding human experiences and meanings through methods like interviews and observations, often with a flexible research design. It does not primarily focus on numerical data, which is a characteristic of quantitative research.

Question 39

When a study is conducted to explore a phenomenon for which little is known, this type of study is best described as:
Select one:
a. Explanatory
b. Exploratory
c. Descriptive
d. Experimental
e. Longitudinal

Answer 39

Answer:
b. Exploratory

Explanation:
Exploratory research is used when little is known about a phenomenon. It aims to explore and gather information about the subject, often to formulate more precise questions for future research.

Question 40

Which research method typically involves the researcher becoming immersed in the environment and everyday life of the participants?
Select one:
a. Survey
b. Experiment
c. Ethnography
d. Case Study
e. Content Analysis

Answer 40

Answer:
c. Ethnography

Explanation:
Ethnography is a qualitative research method where the researcher immerses themselves in the participants’ environment and everyday life to study their cultures, behaviors, and perceptions.

Question 41

A researcher analyzing data obtained from interviews, focus groups, and observations is likely conducting what type of research?
Select one:
a. Quantitative
b. Mixed-Methods
c. Qualitative
d. Descriptive
e. Experimental

Answer 41

Answer:
c. Qualitative

Explanation:
Qualitative research involves collecting and analyzing non-numerical data (like words, observations, and meanings) to understand concepts, experiences, or social contexts. Interviews, focus groups, and observations are common methods used in qualitative research.

Question 42

A researcher finds a strong correlation between the number of hours students study and their grades. The researcher claims that studying longer causes better grades. This conclusion is:
Select one:
True
False

Answer 42

Answer:
False

Explanation:
A correlation between two variables (study hours and grades in this case) does not establish causation. While there may be a relationship, asserting that one causes the other without further experimental or longitudinal evidence that rules out other factors is not scientifically valid.

Question 43

In a randomized control trial for a new medication, the group of participants who receive a placebo is referred to as the:
Select one:
a. Experimental group
b. Control group
c. Test group
d. Treatment group
e. Survey group

Answer 43

Answer:
b. Control group

Explanation:
In a randomized control trial, the control group is the group of participants who receive a placebo. This group serves as a benchmark to compare against the experimental or treatment group that receives the actual medication.

Question 44

If a study shows that as ice cream sales increase, the rate of drowning deaths also increases, one can conclude that eating more ice cream causes more drowning deaths.
Select one:
True
False

Answer 44

Answer:
False

Explanation:
This is an example of a spurious correlation, where two variables appear to be related but are actually influenced by a third factor (like hot weather, in this case, which can increase both ice cream consumption and swimming activities). It is incorrect to conclude that one causes the other based solely on this correlation.

Question 45

A study that measures the impact of different teaching methods on student learning by observing classrooms in action is an example of:
Select one:
a. Experimental research
b. Correlational research
c. Case study research
d. Observational research
e. Longitudinal research

Answer 45

Answer:
d. Observational research

Explanation:
Observational research involves collecting data through direct or indirect observation. This method is used in the given scenario, where different teaching methods are observed in classroom settings.

Question 46

The use of multiple methods, such as surveys, interviews, and observations, to enhance the validity of research findings is known as:
Select one:
a. Triangulation
b. Validation
c. Verification
d. Generalization
e. Quantification

Answer 46

Answer:
a. Triangulation

Explanation:
Triangulation in research refers to the use of multiple methods or data sources in a study to increase the credibility and validity of the results. It helps to confirm findings through cross-verification from more than one source or method.

Question 47

In the context of evidence-based practice in psychology, which of the following is NOT typically considered a source of evidence?
Select one:
a. Clinical experience of the psychologist
b. Preferences and values of the client
c. Financial incentives for the therapist
d. Scientific research in the field
e. Contextual and cultural factors of the client

Answer 47

Answer:
c. Financial incentives for the therapist

Explanation:
Evidence-based practice in psychology typically involves considering the clinical experience of the psychologist, the preferences and values of the client, scientific research, and contextual and cultural factors. Financial incentives for the therapist are not a source of evidence for evidence-based practice.

Question 48

Which statement best defines the concept of ‘generalizability’ in research?
Select one:
a. The ability to apply findings from a study to a broader population
b. The extent to which a study can be replicated
c. The degree to which a study accurately reflects the real-world scenario
d. The precision with which a study measures what it intends to
e. The ethical standards maintained in a study

Answer 48

Answer:
a. The ability to apply findings from a study to a broader population

Explanation:
Generalizability refers to the extent to which findings from a study can be applied to broader populations or different contexts beyond the specific conditions of the original study.

Question 49

A research approach that primarily focuses on understanding the meanings individuals or groups ascribe to social phenomena is most characteristic of:
Select one:
a. Quantitative research
b. Qualitative research
c. Experimental research
d. Descriptive research
e. Correlational research

Answer 49

Answer:
b. Qualitative research

Explanation:
Qualitative research is focused on exploring and understanding the meanings, experiences, and perspectives of individuals or groups. It delves into the depth and complexity of social phenomena, often through methods like interviews and observations.

Question 50

In research methodology, ‘triangulation’ is best described as:
Select one:
a. Using multiple theories to interpret data
b. Using multiple methods or sources of data to enhance the validity of research
c. Focusing on three key variables in a study
d. Dividing research into three distinct phases
e. Conducting three separate but related studies

Answer 50

Answer:
b. Using multiple methods or sources of data to enhance the validity of research

Explanation:
Triangulation in research methodology involves using multiple methods or data sources in a study to increase the credibility and validity of the results. This approach helps to confirm findings through cross-verification.

Question 51

A study where the researcher manipulates the environment in order to observe the effect on the subject is known as:
Select one:
a. Case study
b. Ethnographic study
c. Experimental study
d. Observational study
e. Survey study

Answer 51

Answer:
c. Experimental study

Explanation:
In an experimental study, the researcher manipulates one or more variables (independent variables) to observe the effect on another variable (dependent variable), typically within a controlled environment. This is fundamental to establish cause-and-effect relationships.

Question 52

In research ethics, the principle of ‘justice’ primarily refers to:
Select one:
a. Ensuring that all participants receive the benefits of the research
b. Treating all participants fairly and equitably
c. Guaranteeing confidentiality to all participants
d. Providing compensation to participants
e. Ensuring the research contributes positively to society

Answer 52

Answer:
b. Treating all participants fairly and equitably

Explanation:
The principle of justice in research ethics involves treating all participants fairly and equitably, which includes ensuring that the burdens and benefits of the research are distributed fairly among all groups.

Question 53

Which of the following best describes the concept of ‘anonymity’ in the context of research?
Select one:
a. Participants are not identified by name in the research report
b. Participants’ identities are unknown even to the researcher
c. Only the research team knows the participants’ identities
d. Participants’ data cannot be traced back to them
e. Participants can choose to not answer certain questions

Answer 53

Answer:
b. Participants’ identities are unknown even to the researcher

Explanation:
Anonymity in research means that participants’ identities are completely unknown, even to the researcher. This differs from confidentiality, where identities may be known to the researcher but are protected from disclosure.

Question 54

If a researcher intentionally fails to report certain data points that contradict their hypothesis, this is an example of:
Select one:
a. Data fabrication
b. Data falsification
c. Plagiarism
d. Confirmation bias
e. Ethical misconduct

Answer 54

Answer:
b. Data falsification

Explanation:
Intentionally failing to report data that contradicts a hypothesis is an example of data falsification, a form of research misconduct that involves manipulating research materials, equipment, or processes, or changing or omitting data.

Question 55

The Belmont Report primarily addresses which of the following areas?
Select one:
a. Statistical methods in research
b. Ethical principles in biomedical and behavioral research
c. Funding for scientific research
d. Peer review in scientific publications
e. Data analysis techniques

Answer 55

Answer:
b. Ethical principles in biomedical and behavioral research

Explanation:
The Belmont Report is a seminal document in research ethics, particularly in the United States, that outlines basic ethical principles and guidelines for conducting biomedical and behavioral research involving human subjects.

Question 56

Informed consent in research is NOT considered valid if the participant:
Select one:
a. Is under legal age without guardian consent
b. Has not been fully informed of the risks and benefits
c. Chooses not to ask questions
d. Is a long-time participant in research studies
e. Speaks a different language but has received a translated consent form

Answer 56

Answer:
b. Has not been fully informed of the risks and benefits

Explanation:
Informed consent is only considered valid if participants have been fully informed about the nature of the study, including its risks, benefits, and their rights as participants. Consent given without this full disclosure is not considered ethically valid.

Question 57

Blinding in a research study is used to:
Select one:
a. Protect the identity of the participants
b. Ensure that the study adheres to ethical standards
c. Prevent research bias by keeping participants and/or researchers unaware of certain aspects of the study
d. Secure the data collected during the study
e. Guarantee that the research findings will be published

Answer 57

Answer:
c. Prevent research bias by keeping participants and/or researchers unaware of certain aspects of the study

Explanation:
Blinding, in the context of research, is a method used to prevent bias. In a single-blind study, participants are unaware of certain information (like whether they are receiving a treatment or placebo), and in a double-blind study, both participants and researchers are kept unaware. This helps in achieving more objective and reliable results.

Question 58

Which of the following is a potential ethical issue specifically associated with online research?
Select one:
a. The physical safety of the researcher
b. The difficulty in verifying the identity of participants
c. The environmental impact of using digital technologies
d. The challenge of keeping the research data secure
e. The need for face-to-face interaction with participants

Answer 58

Answer:
b. The difficulty in verifying the identity of participants

Explanation:
One of the unique ethical challenges of online research is the difficulty in verifying the identity of participants. Unlike in-person research, online platforms can make it harder to ensure that participants are who they say they are, which can impact the validity of the research.

Question 59

A researcher conducting a survey to understand the impact of social media usage on mental health among teenagers is using what type of research method?
Select one:
a. Experimental
b. Ethnographic
c. Observational
d. Correlational
e. Case study

Answer 59

Answer:
d. Correlational

Explanation:
This type of research is correlational as it seeks to understand the relationship between two variables: social media usage and mental health among teenagers. Correlational research observes variables as they naturally occur without manipulating them.

Question 60

Peer review in academic research is important because it:
Select one:
a. Guarantees the accuracy of the research findings
b. Ensures the research is funded
c. Provides an assessment of the research by experts in the field before publication
d. Automatically qualifies the research for awards
e. Increases the chances of the research being cited

Answer 60

Answer:
c. Provides an assessment of the research by experts in the field before publication

Explanation:
Peer review is a critical process in academic research where experts in the field evaluate a study’s methodology, findings, and significance before it is published. This process helps ensure the research is of high quality, credible, and adds value to the field.

Question 61

A university’s Institutional Review Board (IRB) primarily serves what purpose?
Select one:
a. To provide funding for research projects
b. To review and approve the ethical aspects of research involving human subjects
c. To ensure the research is published in peer-reviewed journals
d. To manage the intellectual property rights arising from research
e. To handle the administrative aspects of research grants

Answer 61

Answer:
b. To review and approve the ethical aspects of research involving human subjects

Explanation:
An Institutional Review Board (IRB) is a committee that is formally designated to review, approve, and monitor biomedical and behavioral research involving humans. The primary role of an IRB is to ensure the protection of the rights, welfare, and well-being of research subjects.

Question 62

Publishing the same research findings in multiple academic journals without disclosure is considered:
Select one:
a. A common academic practice
b. Self-plagiarism
c. Necessary for increasing the impact of research
d. An acceptable method of disseminating research widely
e. Encouraged to reach different audiences

Answer 62

Answer:
b. Self-plagiarism

Explanation:
Publishing the same research findings in multiple academic journals without proper disclosure is considered self-plagiarism. It involves presenting previously published work as if it were new, which is unethical in academic research as it can distort the academic record and inflate a researcher’s publication count.

Question 63

The primary purpose of a ‘literature review’ in academic research is to:
Select one:
a. Summarize the existing body of literature on a specific topic
b. Present the researcher’s original experimental data
c. Propose new theories and models
d. Provide a bibliography for students
e. Critique the work of other researchers in the field

Answer 63

Answer:
a. Summarize the existing body of literature on a specific topic

Explanation:
A literature review in academic research involves summarizing and synthesizing the existing research and scholarly articles on a specific topic. It helps to provide context for the research, identify gaps in the current knowledge, and demonstrate the researcher’s understanding of the field.

Question 64

The ‘peer review’ process in academic publishing is designed to:
Select one:
a. Ensure that the research is only accessible to a select group of scholars
b. Speed up the publication process
c. Increase the citation rate of the published work
d. Assess the quality and validity of the research before publication
e. Guarantee the commercial success of the published research

Answer 64

Answer:
d. Assess the quality and validity of the research before publication

Explanation:
The peer review process in academic publishing involves other experts in the field assessing a manuscript’s quality, validity, and significance before it is published. This process is crucial for maintaining the integrity and credibility of academic research.

Question 65

Which ethical principle in research emphasizes minimizing harm and ensuring the well-being of participants?
Select one:
a. Beneficence
b. Nonmaleficence
c. Justice
d. Respect for autonomy
e. Informed consent

Answer 65

Answer:
b. Nonmaleficence

Explanation:
The principle of nonmaleficence in research ethics is focused on doing no harm to participants. It involves actively avoiding causing harm, distress, or suffering to the research subjects. Beneficence, while related, is more about promoting the well-being and best interests of the participants.

Question 66

Confidentiality in research ethics primarily ensures that:
Select one:
a. Participants’ identities are not disclosed without their consent
b. All participants receive the benefits of the research
c. The research findings are accurate and reliable
d. Participants are fully informed about the nature of the research
e. No harm comes to the research participants

Answer 66

Answer:
a. Participants’ identities are not disclosed without their consent

Explanation:
Confidentiality in research ethics refers to the principle of not disclosing personal or sensitive information about participants to others without their consent. This includes protecting their identities and any data obtained during the research.

Question 67

The ethical principle of ‘justice’ in research primarily ensures that:
Select one:
a. The research contributes positively to society
b. The benefits and burdens of research are distributed fairly
c. Participants have the right to withdraw from the study at any time
d. The research findings are made available to the public
e. Participants are compensated for their time

Answer 67

Answer:
b. The benefits and burdens of research are distributed fairly

Explanation:
The principle of justice in research ethics involves ensuring that the benefits and burdens of research are distributed equitably among all groups. This principle seeks to prevent discrimination and promote fairness in the selection of research subjects and the distribution of research benefits.

Question 68

In the context of research ethics, informed consent is important because it:
Select one:
a. Legally protects the researcher from liability
b. Ensures that participants are aware of and agree to the research procedures and risks
c. Guarantees the confidentiality of the research data
d. Ensures the research results will be valid and reliable
e. Provides financial compensation to participants

Answer 68

Answer:
b. Ensures that participants are aware of and agree to the research procedures and risks

Explanation:
Informed consent is a fundamental ethical requirement in research that involves ensuring participants are fully aware of the research’s nature, procedures, risks, and benefits, and that they voluntarily agree to participate. This process respects participants’ autonomy and decision-making rights.

Question 69

Anonymity in research is maintained when:
Select one:
a. The researcher knows the identity of the participant, but it is not disclosed publicly
b. The identity of the participant is unknown even to the researcher
c. Participants are informed about the nature and purpose of the research
d. Data collected from participants cannot be traced back to them
e. Participants are allowed to withdraw from the research at any time

Answer 69

Answer:
b. The identity of the participant is unknown even to the researcher

Explanation:
Anonymity in research occurs when the participants’ identities are unknown even to the researchers. This is different from confidentiality, where the identities may be known to the researcher but are not disclosed to others.

Question 70

When a problem is so complex that it is hard to define and involves multiple stakeholders with conflicting interests, it is often referred to as a:
Select one:
a. Wicked problem
b. Linear problem
c. Simple problem
d. Theoretical problem
e. Solvable problem

Answer 70

Answer:
a. Wicked problem

Explanation:
A “wicked problem” is a term used to describe a problem that is difficult to define and inherently complex, often involving multiple stakeholders with conflicting interests. These problems are challenging to solve because of their complex nature and the interdependency of the factors involved.

Question 71

A decision-making process that involves identifying and considering the values, needs, and interests of all participants is known as:
Select one:
a. Authoritative decision-making
b. Participatory decision-making
c. Unilateral decision-making
d. Autocratic decision-making
e. Sequential decision-making

Answer 71

Answer:
b. Participatory decision-making

Explanation:
Participatory decision-making is a process that involves considering the values, needs, and interests of all participants. It is collaborative and seeks to involve stakeholders in the decision-making process.

Question 72

Groupthink in a team or organizational setting occurs when:
Select one:
a. There is a diversity of opinions and vigorous debate
b. Decision-making is dominated by group consensus without critical evaluation
c. Each member of the group takes a turn leading the discussion
d. The group focuses on gathering as much information as possible
e. The group is divided into smaller teams to solve problems

Answer 72

Answer:
b. Decision-making is dominated by group consensus without critical evaluation

Explanation:
Groupthink is a psychological phenomenon that occurs within a group of people when the desire for harmony or conformity results in irrational or dysfunctional decision-making. In groupthink, members minimize conflict and reach a consensus decision without critical evaluation of alternative viewpoints.

Question 73

‘Stakeholder analysis’ in a project or policy development process is important because it:
Select one:
a. Identifies potential investors in the project
b. Determines the project’s profitability
c. Identifies all individuals or groups affected by the project and their interests
d. Assesses the technical feasibility of the project
e. Predicts the future trends in the project’s domain

Answer 73

Answer:
c. Identifies all individuals or groups affected by the project and their interests

Explanation:
Stakeholder analysis is a process used in project management and policy development to identify all parties affected by the project (stakeholders) and analyze their interests, influence, and impact on the project. This analysis helps in understanding stakeholder perspectives and planning effective engagement strategies.

Question 74

A research methodology that primarily focuses on understanding the subjective experiences and meanings individuals ascribe to social phenomena is most characteristic of:
Select one:
a. Positivism
b. Empiricism
c. Constructionism
d. Rationalism
e. Pragmatism

Answer 74

Answer:
c. Constructionism

Explanation:
Constructionism (or social constructionism) is a research approach that emphasizes understanding the subjective experiences and meanings that individuals ascribe to social phenomena. It typically involves qualitative methods to explore how individuals construct their social realities.

Question 75

In the context of scientific research, falsifiability refers to:
Select one:
a. The ability of a hypothesis to be proven false
b. The likelihood that a hypothesis is incorrect
c. The process of disproving a theory
d. The fabrication of data in research
e. The failure of an experiment to produce valid results

Answer 75

Answer:
a. The ability of a hypothesis to be proven false

Explanation:
Falsifiability, a concept introduced by philosopher Karl Popper, refers to the ability of a hypothesis or theory to be disproven by empirical evidence. It is a cornerstone of the scientific method, emphasizing that for a hypothesis to be scientific, it must be testable and potentially falsifiable.

Question 76

A mixed-methods research approach combines:
Select one:
a. Quantitative and qualitative research methods
b. Multiple researchers from different disciplines
c. Various statistical analysis techniques
d. Different theories to provide a comprehensive view
e. Studies from both experimental and control groups

Answer 76

Answer:
a. Quantitative and qualitative research methods

Explanation:
A mixed-methods research approach involves combining both quantitative and qualitative research methods in a single study. This approach allows for a more comprehensive understanding of the research problem by integrating numerical data with in-depth qualitative insights.

Question 77

The principle of ‘primum non nocere’ in research ethics primarily implies:
Select one:
a. First, do no harm
b. Ensure informed consent
c. Protect the confidentiality of participants
d. Treat all participants equitably
e. Conduct research for the benefit of society

Answer 77

Answer:
a. First, do no harm

Explanation:
‘Primum non nocere’ is a Latin phrase that means “first, do no harm.” In the context of research ethics, it emphasizes the importance of ensuring that the research does not cause harm or suffering to the participants. It is a fundamental principle in medical and psychological research ethics.

Question 78

In research, a ‘literature review’ is conducted to:
Select one:
a. Present new experimental findings
b. Critique the methods used in previous studies
c. Summarize and synthesize existing knowledge on a topic
d. Propose a new theory or model
e. Describe the methodology of a new study

Answer 78

Answer:
c. Summarize and synthesize existing knowledge on a topic

Explanation:
A literature review in research involves summarizing, synthesizing, and critically analyzing existing literature on a particular topic. It helps to establish a context for the research, identify gaps in the current knowledge, and justify the need for the new study.

Question 79

If a research study in organizational behavior focuses primarily on understanding the impact of team dynamics on employee productivity, this study is most likely:
Select one:
a. Basic research
b. Applied research
c. Theoretical research
d. Experimental research
e. Descriptive research

Answer 79

Answer:
b. Applied research

Explanation:
This study is an example of applied research as it focuses on a practical problem within an organizational setting – understanding how team dynamics affect employee productivity. Applied research aims to solve specific, practical problems.

Question 80

n a corporate setting, a study that aims to explore how changes in work-from-home policies impact employee work-life balance would be considered:
Select one:
a. Quantitative research
b. Qualitative research
c. Applied research
d. Basic research
e. Experimental research

Answer 80

Answer:
c. Applied research

Explanation:
This study would be categorized as applied research because it is designed to address a specific, practical issue – the impact of work-from-home policies on employee work-life balance in a corporate setting.

Question 81

A university team conducting research to develop a new theoretical model for understanding consumer behavior is engaging in:
Select one:
a. Applied research
b. Basic research
c. Experimental research
d. Market research
e. Action research

Answer 81

Answer:
b. Basic research

Explanation:
Developing a new theoretical model for understanding consumer behavior falls under basic research. This type of research is aimed at expanding knowledge and understanding fundamental aspects of phenomena, without a direct focus on practical applications.

Question 82

The primary goal of ‘action research’ in an organizational context is to:
Select one:
a. Test specific hypotheses in controlled conditions
b. Develop new theories about organizational behavior
c. Solve a practical problem while simultaneously conducting research
d. Collect data on employee satisfaction
e. Analyze the financial performance of the organization

Answer 82

Answer:
c. Solve a practical problem while simultaneously conducting research

Explanation:
Action research in an organizational context is a participatory form of research where the primary goal is to solve a practical problem within the organization while simultaneously conducting research. It involves a cycle of planning, action, observation, and reflection.

Question 83

Which of the following best describes ‘experiential learning’ in a business context?
Select one:
a. Learning through lectures and formal education
b. Learning through simulations and practical exercises
c. Learning through observation and replication
d. Learning through theoretical research
e. Learning through external consulting

Answer 83

Answer:
b. Learning through simulations and practical exercises

Explanation:
Experiential learning in a business context refers to learning through practical, hands-on experiences such as simulations, role-playing, and other interactive exercises. This approach emphasizes learning by doing and reflecting on those experiences.

Question 84

A company conducts a survey to determine customer satisfaction levels with its products and services. This type of research is best described as:
Select one:
a. Exploratory
b. Descriptive
c. Experimental
d. Analytical
e. Predictive

Answer 84

Answer:
b. Descriptive

Explanation:
Descriptive research aims to describe the characteristics of a population or phenomenon being studied. In this case, the company is surveying to describe customer satisfaction levels with its products and services, which aligns with the purpose of descriptive research.

Question 85

A market research firm conducts focus groups to understand why a particular brand is less popular among young adults. This research is primarily:
Select one:
a. Descriptive
b. Exploratory
c. Causal
d. Correlational
e. Quantitative

Answer 85

Answer:
b. Exploratory

Explanation:
Exploratory research is used to investigate a problem that is not clearly defined. It is often used to understand the underlying reasons or motivations for behaviors or phenomena. In this case, conducting focus groups to understand why a brand is less popular among young adults is exploratory, as it seeks to uncover underlying reasons for this trend.

Question 86

A researcher studying the impact of a new teaching method on student performance by comparing test scores before and after its implementation is conducting:
Select one:
a. Descriptive research
b. Longitudinal research
c. Experimental research
d. Case study research
e. Cross-sectional research

Answer 86

Answer:
c. Experimental research

Explanation:
Experimental research involves manipulating one or more variables to determine their effect on other variables. In this scenario, the researcher is manipulating the teaching method (independent variable) and measuring its impact on student performance (dependent variable), which is characteristic of experimental research.

Question 87

A study that analyzes data from various sources to predict future trends in the economy is an example of:
Select one:
a. Descriptive research
b. Predictive research
c. Exploratory research
d. Empirical research
e. Qualitative research

Answer 87

Answer:
b. Predictive research

Explanation:
Predictive research aims to forecast future occurrences based on current and historical data. In this case, analyzing various data sources to predict future economic trends falls under predictive research.

Question 88

In an organization, a study that involves systematically gathering data from employees about their job satisfaction and then analyzing this data to improve workplace policies is an example of:
Select one:
a. Action research
b. Experimental research
c. Cross-sectional research
d. Ethnographic research
e. Correlational research

Answer 88

Answer:
a. Action research

Explanation:
Action research involves a cycle of collecting data, reflecting on the findings, and then taking action based on those findings. It is often used in organizational settings to improve practices and policies. In this scenario, gathering and analyzing job satisfaction data to inform workplace policy improvements is indicative of action research.

Question 89

In business research, the importance of considering ethical implications is primarily because:
Select one:
a. It ensures the profitability of the research outcomes
b. It guarantees the accuracy of the research data
c. It is mandated by law in all business research contexts
d. It protects the rights and well-being of participants and maintains the integrity of the research
e. It speeds up the research process

Answer 89

Answer:
d. It protects the rights and well-being of participants and maintains the integrity of the research

Explanation:
The primary reason for considering ethical implications in business research is to protect the rights and well-being of participants and to maintain the integrity of the research process. Ethical considerations ensure that the research is conducted responsibly and with respect for those involved.

Question 90

A research project in a corporate setting that aims to understand the impact of flexible working hours on employee productivity would likely require which of the following?
Select one:
a. Experimental research design
b. Legal review
c. Stakeholder analysis
d. Financial audit
e. Market analysis

Answer 90

Answer:
c. Stakeholder analysis

Explanation:
For a research project focusing on flexible working hours and employee productivity, conducting a stakeholder analysis would be important. It would help understand the perspectives and interests of different groups affected by the research, such as employees, managers, and HR personnel.

Question 91

The purpose of a pilot study in research is to:
Select one:
a. Replace the need for a larger study
b. Test the research design, methods, and instruments
c. Provide conclusive evidence for the research hypothesis
d. Publish preliminary results
e. Fulfill funding requirements

Answer 91

Answer:
b. Test the research design, methods, and instruments

Explanation:
The purpose of a pilot study is to test and refine the research design, methods, and instruments before implementing the main study. It helps identify potential problems and make necessary adjustments to ensure the effectiveness of the research process.

Question 92

When a company conducts a SWOT analysis, it is engaging in what type of research?
Select one:
a. Descriptive research
b. Exploratory research
c. Predictive research
d. Diagnostic research
e. Theoretical research

Answer 92

Answer:
d. Diagnostic research

Explanation:
A SWOT analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) is a form of diagnostic research. It is used to assess the internal and external environment of a company to inform strategic planning and decision-making.

Question 93

In organizational research, a longitudinal study is particularly useful for:
Select one:
a. Quickly gathering data on a current issue
b. Understanding trends or changes over time
c. Conducting an in-depth analysis of a single event
d. Comparing different organizations at a single point in time
e. Testing the impact of a variable in a controlled setting

Answer 93

Answer:
b. Understanding trends or changes over time

Explanation:
Longitudinal studies in organizational research involve collecting data over an extended period. This allows researchers to observe changes, trends, and the evolution of phenomena within the organization over time.

Question 94

The ethical principle of ‘Beneficence’ in research primarily involves:
Select one:
a. Ensuring that participants understand the research and consent to participate
b. Maximizing potential benefits and minimizing possible harms of the research
c. Treating all participants equally and fairly
d. Maintaining the confidentiality and privacy of participant data
e. Compensating participants for their involvement in the research

Answer 94

Answer:
b. Maximizing potential benefits and minimizing possible harms of the research

Explanation:
Beneficence as an ethical principle in research involves an obligation to maximize the benefits of the research while minimizing potential harm to participants. It emphasizes the need for research to have a favorable risk-benefit ratio.

Question 95

In research ethics, ‘Respect for Autonomy’ refers to:
Select one:
a. Treating all participants with fairness and equity
b. Allowing participants to make their own decisions about participation
c. Protecting the well-being of vulnerable participants
d. Ensuring that research results are used for the good of society
e. Compensating research participants fairly

Answer 95

Answer:
b. Allowing participants to make their own decisions about participation

Explanation:
Respect for Autonomy in research ethics entails recognizing and respecting the decision-making capabilities of participants. It involves allowing individuals to make informed choices about their participation in research, free from coercion or undue influence.

Question 96

A key ethical consideration in conducting research with children is to:
Select one:
a. Obtain consent from the child only
b. Ensure the research is completely anonymous
c. Obtain parental or guardian consent in addition to the child’s assent
d. Compensate the child for participation
e. Limit the research to observational methods only

Answer 96

Answer:
c. Obtain parental or guardian consent in addition to the child’s assent

Explanation:
When conducting research with children, it is ethically important to obtain consent from a parent or guardian in addition to the child’s assent. Children are considered a vulnerable population, and obtaining consent from a responsible adult is necessary to protect their rights and well-being.

Question 97

Which ethical principle is primarily concerned with the distribution of risks and benefits in research?
Select one:
a. Justice
b. Beneficence
c. Respect for Persons
d. Nonmaleficence
e. Integrity

Answer 97

Answer:
a. Justice

Explanation:
The ethical principle of Justice in research is concerned with the fair distribution of risks and benefits. It addresses issues of equity and fairness in the selection of research participants and ensures that no group disproportionately bears the risks or is excluded from the benefits of research.

Question 98

Informed consent in research is essential because it:
Select one:
a. Legally protects the researcher
b. Ensures the research will have beneficial outcomes
c. Allows participants to make informed decisions about their involvement
d. Guarantees the confidentiality of the data
e. Increases the validity of the research findings

Answer 98

Answer:
c. Allows participants to make informed decisions about their involvement

Explanation:
Informed consent is a fundamental ethical requirement in research. It ensures that participants are fully informed about the nature of the study, including its risks and benefits, and that they voluntarily agree to participate based on this understanding. This process respects participants’ autonomy and decision-making rights.

Question 99

The statement “Correlation does not imply causation” means:
Select one:
a. Correlated variables are never causally related.
b. A correlation between two variables does not automatically mean that one causes the other.
c. Correlation and causation are unrelated concepts in research.
d. Causal relationships cannot be statistically measured.
e. Only experiments can establish correlations.

Answer 99

Answer:
b. A correlation between two variables does not automatically mean that one causes the other.

Explanation:
The phrase “Correlation does not imply causation” underscores the idea that just because two variables are correlated (i.e., they vary together in some observable way), it doesn’t mean that one variable causes changes in the other. Causal relationships require more evidence, typically obtained through controlled experiments or additional analytical methods.

Question 100

In a research study, the variable that is manipulated by the researcher is known as the:
Select one:
a. Dependent variable
b. Independent variable
c. Control variable
d. Confounding variable
e. Outcome variable

Answer 100

Answer:
b. Independent variable

Explanation:
In a research study, the independent variable is the one that is manipulated or changed by the researcher to observe its effect on the dependent variable (the variable being measured).

Question 101

Which type of research design is best suited for establishing cause-and-effect relationships?
Select one:
a. Descriptive
b. Correlational
c. Experimental
d. Qualitative
e. Cross-sectional

Answer 101

Answer:
c. Experimental

Explanation:
Experimental research designs are the most suitable for establishing cause-and-effect relationships. In such designs, researchers manipulate one or more variables (independent variables) and measure their effect on other variables (dependent variables), often within a controlled environment.

Question 102

A researcher conducting an observational study is typically:
Select one:
a. Manipulating variables to observe their effects
b. Observing and recording behavior in a natural setting without interference
c. Relying on secondary data sources for analysis
d. Using a survey to collect data
e. Conducting in-depth interviews

Answer 102

Answer:
b. Observing and recording behavior in a natural setting without interference

Explanation:
In an observational study, the researcher observes and records behavior or phenomena as they naturally occur, without manipulating any variables or interfering in the environment.

Question 103

The term “double-blind” in the context of an experimental research study means:
Select one:
a. Both the researcher and the participants are unaware of who is in the control group and who is in the experimental group.
b. Two different research studies are being conducted simultaneously.
c. The study results will be reviewed by two independent researchers.
d. Participants are tested twice for more accurate results.
e. The study involves two different variables.

Answer 103

Answer:
a. Both the researcher and the participants are unaware of who is in the control group and who is in the experimental group.

Explanation:
In a double-blind study, neither the participants nor the researchers know who has been assigned to the control group and who has been assigned to the experimental group. This design helps to prevent bias in the research results.

Question 104

In research, using multiple methods or data sources to address the same question in order to validate findings is known as:
Select one:
a. Multivariate analysis
b. Methodological pluralism
c. Triangulation
d. Longitudinal analysis
e. Comparative analysis

Answer 104

Answer:
c. Triangulation

Explanation:
Triangulation in research involves using multiple methods or data sources to study a single phenomenon or research question. This approach helps in corroborating findings across different types of data and methods, enhancing the validity of the results.

Question 105

A research approach that emphasizes understanding the world from the perspective of the individuals being studied is known as:
Select one:
a. Empiricism
b. Positivism
c. Phenomenology
d. Rationalism
e. Objectivism

Answer 105

Answer:
c. Phenomenology

Explanation:
Phenomenology is a research approach that focuses on understanding human experiences and consciousness from the subjective perspective of the individuals experiencing them. It emphasizes the importance of personal perception and experience in understanding phenomena.

Question 106

A research method where the researcher fully immerses themselves in the environment of the study subjects to gain a deep understanding of their behavior and culture is:
Select one:
a. Case study
b. Ethnography
c. Experimental design
d. Survey research
e. Action research

Answer 106

Answer:
b. Ethnography

Explanation:
Ethnography is a qualitative research method where the researcher immerses themselves in the participants’ environment to study their cultures, behaviors, and perceptions. It often involves prolonged observation and interaction in the field.

Question 107

Which of the following best describes a case study research method?
Select one:
a. A statistical analysis of data from multiple sources
b. An in-depth investigation of a single individual, group, event, or community
c. A study involving large-scale surveys
d. A controlled experiment in a laboratory setting
e. A longitudinal study tracking changes over time

Answer 107

Answer:
b. An in-depth investigation of a single individual, group, event, or community

Explanation:
A case study is a research method that involves an in-depth, detailed examination of a single case – such as an individual, group, event, or community. It is used to provide insights into complex issues and can contribute to broader knowledge and understanding.

Question 108

In research methodology, ‘mixed methods’ refers to:
Select one:
a. Combining quantitative and qualitative data in a single study
b. Using multiple researchers from different academic disciplines
c. The combination of theoretical and empirical approaches
d. Merging data from various studies into a single analysis
e. Conducting research in multiple geographical locations

Answer 108

Answer:
a. Combining quantitative and qualitative data in a single study

Explanation:
Mixed methods research involves integrating both quantitative and qualitative data and methods within a single study. This approach provides a comprehensive view of the research problem by combining the strengths of both quantitative and qualitative methods.

Question 109

In organizational development, a situation where a company knows it needs to change but is unsure about what kind of change is needed is an example of:
Select one:
a. A decision-making problem
b. An implementation problem
c. An information problem
d. A resource allocation problem
e. A strategic alignment problem

Answer 109

Answer:
c. An information problem

Explanation:
This scenario represents an information problem, where the organization recognizes the need for change but lacks clear information or understanding about the specific nature or direction of the change required. It indicates a gap in knowledge that needs to be addressed to inform the decision-making process.

Question 110

When a company faces challenges in determining the most effective marketing strategy due to rapidly changing consumer preferences, this is primarily a:
Select one:
a. Technology problem
b. Market research problem
c. Resource management problem
d. Change management problem
e. Data analysis problem

Answer 110

Answer:
b. Market research problem

Explanation:
This scenario is a market research problem. The company is challenged by evolving consumer preferences and needs to gather and analyze market data to inform its marketing strategies effectively.

Question 111

A business encountering difficulties in prioritizing projects due to conflicting opinions among department heads is facing:
Select one:
a. A communication problem
b. A leadership problem
c. A strategic planning problem
d. A resource allocation problem
e. A team dynamics problem

Answer 111

Answer:
c. A strategic planning problem

Explanation:
This situation is a strategic planning problem. The difficulty in prioritizing projects due to conflicting opinions among department heads indicates a need for a clear, cohesive strategic plan that aligns the organization’s objectives and resources.

Question 112

When a new policy is implemented in an organization but employees resist adopting it due to a lack of understanding of its benefits, the organization is primarily dealing with:
Select one:
a. An employee engagement problem
b. An implementation problem
c. A communication problem
d. A policy formulation problem
e. A cultural alignment problem

Answer 112

Answer:
c. A communication problem

Explanation:
This is primarily a communication problem. The resistance to the new policy stems from a lack of understanding among employees about its benefits, indicating that the policy was not effectively communicated or that its advantages were not made clear to the employees.

Question 113

In a scenario where a company is struggling to keep up with industry innovations due to outdated technology, the company is facing:
Select one:
a. An innovation problem
b. A technology problem
c. A competitive advantage problem
d. A workforce skill problem
e. A financial resource problem

Answer 113

Answer:
b. A technology problem

Explanation:
The company is facing a technology problem. The struggle to keep up with industry innovations due to outdated technology suggests that the primary issue is the need to update or upgrade its technological capabilities.

Question 114

A research study that seeks to determine whether a new teaching method improves student learning outcomes more effectively than traditional methods is asking a:
Select one:
a. Descriptive research question
b. Causal research question
c. Comparative research question
d. Correlational research question
e. Qualitative research question

Answer 114

Answer:
b. Causal research question

Explanation:
This study is asking a causal research question, as it aims to determine whether one variable (the new teaching method) causes a change in another variable (student learning outcomes).

Question 115

If a study aims to explore the relationship between exercise frequency and mental health among adults, this is an example of a:
Select one:
a. Descriptive research question
b. Causal research question
c. Correlational research question
d. Experimental research question
e. Longitudinal research question

Answer 115

Answer:
c. Correlational research question

Explanation:
This study is asking a correlational research question. It seeks to explore the relationship between two variables (exercise frequency and mental health) without necessarily establishing a cause-and-effect relationship.

Question 116

A market research team investigating how consumer preferences vary between different age groups is focusing on a:
Select one:
a. Descriptive research question
b. Causal research question
c. Comparative research question
d. Predictive research question
e. Hypothetical research question

Answer 116

Answer:
a. Descriptive research question

Explanation:
This research is descriptive, as it aims to describe how a specific variable (consumer preferences) varies across different categories (age groups).

Question 117

A study that aims to predict future sales trends based on historical sales data is asking a:
Select one:
a. Predictive research question
b. Causal research question
c. Descriptive research question
d. Exploratory research question
e. Normative research question

Answer 117

Answer:
a. Predictive research question

Explanation:
This study is asking a predictive research question. It seeks to forecast future events (sales trends) based on past and present data (historical sales data).

Question 118

A research question that asks “What factors contribute to job satisfaction among remote workers?” is an example of a:
Select one:
a. Causal research question
b. Descriptive research question
c. Exploratory research question
d. Predictive research question
e. Confirmatory research question

Answer 118

Answer:
c. Exploratory research question

Explanation:
This question is exploratory, as it aims to explore and identify various factors that might contribute to a phenomenon (job satisfaction among remote workers), rather than establishing causation or describing specific characteristics.