Chapter 2 - The Scientific Approach Flashcards
Stakeholders are:
people (individuals, groups) whose interests affect or are affected by an organization’s decision and its outcomes
Identifying stakeholders:
– Who could affect the decision and associated actions/results?
– Who could be affected by the decision?
– Who could be harmed by the decision?
– Who stands to benefit from the decision?
What to consider with stakeholders
- interests
- concerns
- feelings
- perceptions
- power and influence
- rights (legal and moral)
USEFUL QUESTIONS TO ASSESS THE POSITION OF
STAKEHOLDERS
- Who are the key stakeholders?
- How important do they think the project is and why?
- What type of information do we need from various stakeholders?
- Are they willing and able to provide us with the necessary information?
- What are their objectives, tasks and responsibilities?
- What are their objectives in relation to the project?
- What are their ideas and feelings about the project?
- Are they open to change?
- Are they emotionally involved?
- What do various stakeholders have to lose in the course of the project?
- Will that lead to resistance? How problematic is that? How will this affect the process?
Business ethics
addresses the application of moral principles and ethical standards to human actions in the exchange process
research ethics
Ethical obligations of Researcher, Client/Decision maker, Participant
Researcher Obligations
- Maintain scientific rigour
- Confidentiality
- Search for truth
- Arrive at a consensus “reason” for research
- Admit research limitations
- Present results understandably
Decision maker Obligations (Research)
- Educate oneself
- Establish budget
- Give due consideration to results of the research
- Arrive at a consensus “reason” for research
- Have realistic expectations
- Pay on time
Participants Obligations (Research)
– Voluntary (and full) participation
– Faithful participation
– Honesty
– Privacy
Participants Rights (Research)
– Informed consent
– Withdrawal from the study without consequences
– Freedom not to answer questions
– Confidential and (if possible) anonymous participation
TCPS 2 core principles
– Respect for persons
– Concern for welfare
– Justice
Four important questions to consider:
– Will the research cause harm to the participants?
– Will the participants provide informed consent?
– Will there be an invasion of privacy?
– Is deception involved?
Who did the Stanford prison experiment
Haney, Banks, & Zimbardo
When was the Stanford Prison Experiment
1973
When was the Milgram experiment
1963
What is harm?
– Physical harm
– Harm to development
– Harm to self-esteem
– Stress
– Harm to career prospects
– Harm to future employment
– Harm to existing relationships
To the extent that it can be, the possibility
of harm should be minimized
True or False
True
Consent shall be:
– Informed
– Given voluntarily
––– Free from undue influence and coercion
– An ongoing process
––– Can also be withdrawn at any time
What is Privacy
An individual’s right to be free from intrusion or interference by others
Confidentiality
The responsibility of an individual, group, or organization to safeguard entrusted information
Deception
Deception occurs when researchers represent their research as
something other than what it is (e.g., includes false
information about the study or participant)
debriefing
Disclosing the true purpose of the research
It is rarely feasible or desirable to provide participants with a complete account of what your research is about
Complete transparency in research may not always be feasible or desirable when dealing with participants.
The Tri-Council Policy Statement: Ethical Conduct for Research Involving Humans (TCPS or the Policy) is a joint policy of Canada’s three federal research agencies.
What are the three agencies?
- the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR)
- the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC)
- the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHRC)
consent
means “free, informed and ongoing consent.” For the purpose of this Policy, “free” and “voluntary” are used interchangeably.
General Principles of consent
- Consent shall be given voluntarily.
- Consent can be withdrawn at any time.
- If a participant withdraws consent, the participant can also request the withdrawal of their data or human biological materials.
Undue influence
Undue influence and manipulation may arise when prospective participants are recruited by individuals in a position of authority.
Coercion
Coercion is a more extreme form of undue influence, involving a threat of harm or punishment for failure to participate
Incentives
Incentives are anything offered to participants, monetary or otherwise, for participation in research
Determination of materiality
To determine whether an incidental finding is material, expertise relevant to the finding is required.
Management of foreseeable and non-foreseeable material incidental findings
Incidental findings can occur in various research types, especially in genetic/genomic and imaging studies.
Consent and departures from
Upon discovery of a material incidental finding, the principle of Concern for Welfare places an obligation on researchers to share it with the relevant participants.
Exceptions to the obligation to disclose
Researchers may also request an exception to their obligation to disclose material incidental findings, based on the impracticability or impossibility of disclosing such findings to the participant
Research involving partial disclosure or deception
Some social science research, particularly in psychology, seeks to learn about human responses to situations that have been created experimentally. Some types of research can be carried out only if the participants do not know the true purpose of the research in advance
Participants’ vulnerability
In considering the need for an alteration to consent requirements, researchers and REBs should also consider whether the prospective participants (as individuals, groups or populations) are in circumstances that may make them vulnerable in the context of research
Population and public health research
due to the nature of the research question and the need to test interventions that operate at the population level, some population and public health studies cannot be done with prior informed consent