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Human Anatomy > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 6 levels of complexity

A
  1. chemical level
  2. cellular level
  3. tissue level
  4. organ level
  5. organ system level
  6. organismal level
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2
Q

Chemical Level

A

atoms - molecule - macromolecules

- hemoglobin: protein, lipids, nucleic acid, carbohydrates

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3
Q

Cellular level

A

plasma membrane -> wall

- Phospholipid molecules -> phospholipid membrane -> plasma membrane of a cell

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4
Q

Tissue Level

A

Epithelial tissue forms of the inner lining of blood vessels

- Epithelial is under -> underlying extracellular layer

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5
Q

Organ Level

A

Made up of multiple tissue types

- Connective tissue, smooth muscle tissue, epithelial tissue -> all in blood vessel (organ)

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6
Q

Organ system level

A

group of organs and tissues that perform specific task

- cardiovascular system

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7
Q

Organismal Level

A

Person as a whole working interdependently

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8
Q

Superior

A

towards the head

- above

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9
Q

Inferior

A

away from the head

- below

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10
Q

medial

A

toward the midline

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11
Q

lateral

A

away from the midline

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12
Q

proximal

A

closer to the origin of the body part

- elbow is proximal to the wrist

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13
Q

Distal

A

further from the origin of the body part

- knee is distal to thigh

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14
Q

Ipsilateral

A

same side

- right foot, right hand

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15
Q

contralateral

A

opposite side

- right hand, left foot

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16
Q

anterior

A

front of

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17
Q

posterior

A

back of

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18
Q

superficial

A

external

- toward or at the body surface

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19
Q

deep

A

internal

- away from the body surface

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20
Q

The abdominal cavity contains what serous membrane

A

peritoneal

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21
Q

The pelvic cavity contains what serous membrane

A

peritoneal

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22
Q

what are the four quadrants starting at the naval

A

right upper
right lower
left upper
left lower

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23
Q

Plasma membrane

A

the boundary fence and security gate; it forms the boundary of the cell snd selectively allows material to pass in and out of the cell

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24
Q

Cytoplasm

A

cell-forming material

  • lies internal of the plasma membrane
  • watery environment
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25
Nucleus
Control center of the cell
26
Ribosomes
sites of protein synthesis
27
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
makes protein that are secreted from the cell; makes the cell's membrane
28
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Site of lipid and steroid hormone synthesis,, lipid metabolism, and drug detoxification
29
Golgi apparatus
packages, modifies, and segregates proteins from the cell
30
Lysosomes
sites of intracellular digestion
31
Mitochondria
Site of ATP synthesis; powerhouse of the cell
32
Peroxisomes
the enzymes detoxify a number of toxic substance | - the most important enzyme catalase, breaks down hydrogen peroxide
33
Pathway A of protein synthesis
protein containing vesicles pinch off rough ER and migrate to fuse with membranes of Golgi apparatus
34
Pathway B of protein synthesis
protein are modified within the Golgi compartments
35
Pathway C of protein synthesis
proteins are then packaged within different vesicles types, depending on their ultimate destination
36
what is the site of oxidative phosphorylation and the aerobic production of ATP
Mitochondria
37
T or F: mitochondria have their own circular DNA that is separate from your nuclear DNA
True
38
Exocytosis
exit cells
39
Endocytosis
entering of cells
40
Pinocytosis
cell drinking
41
Phagocytosis
cell eating | - white blood cells
42
Apoptosis
death of cells that occurs as a normal and controlled part of an organism's growth or development.
43
Necrosis
the death of most or all of the cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury, or failure of the blood supply.
44
Hypertrophy
growth of an organ or tissue due to an increase in size of its cells
45
hyperplasia
excessive cell growth | - unlike cancer cells, this retain their normal form and arrangement within tissues
46
T or F: the basic architectural layout of the body is a tube within a tube
True
47
what are the three germ layers in embryological development
1. endoderm 2. mesoderm 3. ectoderm
48
Endoderm
the innermost layer of cells or tissue of an embryo in early development - the lining of the gut and associated structures.
49
Mesoderm
the middle layer of an embryo in early development
50
Ectoderm
the outermost layer of cells or tissue of an embryo in early development, - the epidermis and nerve tissue.
51
What are the four basic types of tissues
1. epithelial tissue 2. connective tissue 3. muscle tissue 4. nervous tissue
52
Which tissue is known to cover?
Epithelial tissue
53
Which tissue is know to support?
Connective tissue
54
Which tissue is known to move?
Muscle tissue
55
Which tissue is known to control?
Nervous tissue
56
what are the functions of the epithelium?
1. Protection of the underlying tissue 2. secretion (release of molecules from cells) 3. Absorption (bringing small molecules into cells) 4. Diffusion (movement of molecules down their concentration gradient) 5. Filtration (passage of small molecules through a sieve-like membrane) 6. Sensory reception
57
What are the three cell shapes
1. squamous 2. Cubodial 3. Columar
58
What is the function of squamous cell shape
diffusion and filtration | - protection
59
What is the function of cubodial columar
secretion and absorption - ciliated types propel mucus or reproductive cells - protection
60
What is the function of transitional cell shape
- protection
61
what are the three types of cell junction
1. tight junction 2. desmosomes 3. gap junctions
62
T or F: gap junctions occurs in intercellular communications by allowing small molecules to move directly between neighboring cells
true
63
the main junction for binding cells together
desmosomes
64
tight junction
impermeable junctions prevent molecules from passing through the intercellular space
65
where are the two most common places fro microvilli
small intestine and kidney tubules
66
Microvilli
found in the small intestine, and increase the surface area for nutrient absorption.
67
Cilia
found on ciliated epithelial cells, like in the lungs. They wave rhythmically to move dirt and mucus out.
68
where is the primary location of the hyaline cartilage
coastal cartilage in the ribs | - nose, trachea, larynx
69
where is the primary location of the elastic cartilage
ear
70
where is the primary location of the fibrocartilage
intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, disc of knee joint
71
what are the three types of dense connective cartilage - name their location
1. Irregular: dermis of the skin, submucosa of digestive tract, fibrous layer of joint capsule 2. Regular: tendons 3. Elastic: walls of large arteries
72
what are the two basic layer of the skin
epidermis, dermis
73
what are the four types of epidermal cells
1. keratinocytes 2. melanocytes 3. dendritic cells 4. tactile epithelial cells
74
Keratinocytes
most abundant and produce the outer protective layer of dead skin cells
75
Melanocytes
produces melanin pigment in response to UV rays - tanning
76
Eccrine glands
secretes sweat directly onto the surface of the skin
77
Apocrine glands
secrete fluid into the sac of hair follicle through which it eventually comes out on the skin.
78
long bone
humerus
79
short bone
talus | - cube shaped
80
flat bone
sternum
81
irregular bone
vertebra
82
osteoblast
.
83
osteoclast
.

Human Anatomy (17 decks)

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