Test 1 Flashcards
Name the 6 levels of complexity
- chemical level
- cellular level
- tissue level
- organ level
- organ system level
- organismal level
Chemical Level
atoms - molecule - macromolecules
- hemoglobin: protein, lipids, nucleic acid, carbohydrates
Cellular level
plasma membrane -> wall
- Phospholipid molecules -> phospholipid membrane -> plasma membrane of a cell
Tissue Level
Epithelial tissue forms of the inner lining of blood vessels
- Epithelial is under -> underlying extracellular layer
Organ Level
Made up of multiple tissue types
- Connective tissue, smooth muscle tissue, epithelial tissue -> all in blood vessel (organ)
Organ system level
group of organs and tissues that perform specific task
- cardiovascular system
Organismal Level
Person as a whole working interdependently
Superior
towards the head
- above
Inferior
away from the head
- below
medial
toward the midline
lateral
away from the midline
proximal
closer to the origin of the body part
- elbow is proximal to the wrist
Distal
further from the origin of the body part
- knee is distal to thigh
Ipsilateral
same side
- right foot, right hand
contralateral
opposite side
- right hand, left foot
anterior
front of
posterior
back of
superficial
external
- toward or at the body surface
deep
internal
- away from the body surface
The abdominal cavity contains what serous membrane
peritoneal
The pelvic cavity contains what serous membrane
peritoneal
what are the four quadrants starting at the naval
right upper
right lower
left upper
left lower
Plasma membrane
the boundary fence and security gate; it forms the boundary of the cell snd selectively allows material to pass in and out of the cell
Cytoplasm
cell-forming material
- lies internal of the plasma membrane
- watery environment
Nucleus
Control center of the cell
Ribosomes
sites of protein synthesis
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
makes protein that are secreted from the cell; makes the cell’s membrane
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Site of lipid and steroid hormone synthesis,, lipid metabolism, and drug detoxification
Golgi apparatus
packages, modifies, and segregates proteins from the cell
Lysosomes
sites of intracellular digestion
Mitochondria
Site of ATP synthesis; powerhouse of the cell
Peroxisomes
the enzymes detoxify a number of toxic substance
- the most important enzyme catalase, breaks down hydrogen peroxide
Pathway A of protein synthesis
protein containing vesicles pinch off rough ER and migrate to fuse with membranes of Golgi apparatus
Pathway B of protein synthesis
protein are modified within the Golgi compartments
Pathway C of protein synthesis
proteins are then packaged within different vesicles types, depending on their ultimate destination
what is the site of oxidative phosphorylation and the aerobic production of ATP
Mitochondria
T or F: mitochondria have their own circular DNA that is separate from your nuclear DNA
True
Exocytosis
exit cells
Endocytosis
entering of cells
Pinocytosis
cell drinking
Phagocytosis
cell eating
- white blood cells
Apoptosis
death of cells that occurs as a normal and controlled part of an organism’s growth or development.
Necrosis
the death of most or all of the cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury, or failure of the blood supply.
Hypertrophy
growth of an organ or tissue due to an increase in size of its cells
hyperplasia
excessive cell growth
- unlike cancer cells, this retain their normal form and arrangement within tissues
T or F: the basic architectural layout of the body is a tube within a tube
True
what are the three germ layers in embryological development
- endoderm
- mesoderm
- ectoderm
Endoderm
the innermost layer of cells or tissue of an embryo in early development
- the lining of the gut and associated structures.
Mesoderm
the middle layer of an embryo in early development
Ectoderm
the outermost layer of cells or tissue of an embryo in early development,
- the epidermis and nerve tissue.
What are the four basic types of tissues
- epithelial tissue
- connective tissue
- muscle tissue
- nervous tissue
Which tissue is known to cover?
Epithelial tissue
Which tissue is know to support?
Connective tissue
Which tissue is known to move?
Muscle tissue
Which tissue is known to control?
Nervous tissue
what are the functions of the epithelium?
- Protection of the underlying tissue
- secretion (release of molecules from cells)
- Absorption (bringing small molecules into cells)
- Diffusion (movement of molecules down their concentration gradient)
- Filtration (passage of small molecules through a sieve-like membrane)
- Sensory reception
What are the three cell shapes
- squamous
- Cubodial
- Columar
What is the function of squamous cell shape
diffusion and filtration
- protection
What is the function of cubodial columar
secretion and absorption
- ciliated types propel mucus or reproductive cells
- protection
What is the function of transitional cell shape
- protection
what are the three types of cell junction
- tight junction
- desmosomes
- gap junctions
T or F: gap junctions occurs in intercellular communications by allowing small molecules to move directly between neighboring cells
true
the main junction for binding cells together
desmosomes
tight junction
impermeable junctions prevent molecules from passing through the intercellular space
where are the two most common places fro microvilli
small intestine and kidney tubules
Microvilli
found in the small intestine, and increase the surface area for nutrient absorption.
Cilia
found on ciliated epithelial cells, like in the lungs. They wave rhythmically to move dirt and mucus out.
where is the primary location of the hyaline cartilage
coastal cartilage in the ribs
- nose, trachea, larynx
where is the primary location of the elastic cartilage
ear
where is the primary location of the fibrocartilage
intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, disc of knee joint
what are the three types of dense connective cartilage - name their location
- Irregular: dermis of the skin, submucosa of digestive tract, fibrous layer of joint capsule
- Regular: tendons
- Elastic: walls of large arteries
what are the two basic layer of the skin
epidermis, dermis
what are the four types of epidermal cells
- keratinocytes
- melanocytes
- dendritic cells
- tactile epithelial cells
Keratinocytes
most abundant and produce the outer protective layer of dead skin cells
Melanocytes
produces melanin pigment in response to UV rays - tanning
Eccrine glands
secretes sweat directly onto the surface of the skin
Apocrine glands
secrete fluid into the sac of hair follicle through which it eventually comes out on the skin.
long bone
humerus
short bone
talus
- cube shaped
flat bone
sternum
irregular bone
vertebra
osteoblast
.
osteoclast
.
