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Human Anatomy > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 6 levels of complexity

A
  1. chemical level
  2. cellular level
  3. tissue level
  4. organ level
  5. organ system level
  6. organismal level
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2
Q

Chemical Level

A

atoms - molecule - macromolecules

- hemoglobin: protein, lipids, nucleic acid, carbohydrates

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3
Q

Cellular level

A

plasma membrane -> wall

- Phospholipid molecules -> phospholipid membrane -> plasma membrane of a cell

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4
Q

Tissue Level

A

Epithelial tissue forms of the inner lining of blood vessels

- Epithelial is under -> underlying extracellular layer

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5
Q

Organ Level

A

Made up of multiple tissue types

- Connective tissue, smooth muscle tissue, epithelial tissue -> all in blood vessel (organ)

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6
Q

Organ system level

A

group of organs and tissues that perform specific task

- cardiovascular system

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7
Q

Organismal Level

A

Person as a whole working interdependently

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8
Q

Superior

A

towards the head

- above

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9
Q

Inferior

A

away from the head

- below

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10
Q

medial

A

toward the midline

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11
Q

lateral

A

away from the midline

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12
Q

proximal

A

closer to the origin of the body part

- elbow is proximal to the wrist

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13
Q

Distal

A

further from the origin of the body part

- knee is distal to thigh

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14
Q

Ipsilateral

A

same side

- right foot, right hand

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15
Q

contralateral

A

opposite side

- right hand, left foot

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16
Q

anterior

A

front of

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17
Q

posterior

A

back of

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18
Q

superficial

A

external

- toward or at the body surface

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19
Q

deep

A

internal

- away from the body surface

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20
Q

The abdominal cavity contains what serous membrane

A

peritoneal

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21
Q

The pelvic cavity contains what serous membrane

A

peritoneal

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22
Q

what are the four quadrants starting at the naval

A

right upper
right lower
left upper
left lower

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23
Q

Plasma membrane

A

the boundary fence and security gate; it forms the boundary of the cell snd selectively allows material to pass in and out of the cell

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24
Q

Cytoplasm

A

cell-forming material

  • lies internal of the plasma membrane
  • watery environment
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25
Q

Nucleus

A

Control center of the cell

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26
Q

Ribosomes

A

sites of protein synthesis

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27
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

makes protein that are secreted from the cell; makes the cell’s membrane

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28
Q

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Site of lipid and steroid hormone synthesis,, lipid metabolism, and drug detoxification

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29
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

packages, modifies, and segregates proteins from the cell

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30
Q

Lysosomes

A

sites of intracellular digestion

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31
Q

Mitochondria

A

Site of ATP synthesis; powerhouse of the cell

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32
Q

Peroxisomes

A

the enzymes detoxify a number of toxic substance

- the most important enzyme catalase, breaks down hydrogen peroxide

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33
Q

Pathway A of protein synthesis

A

protein containing vesicles pinch off rough ER and migrate to fuse with membranes of Golgi apparatus

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34
Q

Pathway B of protein synthesis

A

protein are modified within the Golgi compartments

35
Q

Pathway C of protein synthesis

A

proteins are then packaged within different vesicles types, depending on their ultimate destination

36
Q

what is the site of oxidative phosphorylation and the aerobic production of ATP

A

Mitochondria

37
Q

T or F: mitochondria have their own circular DNA that is separate from your nuclear DNA

A

True

38
Q

Exocytosis

A

exit cells

39
Q

Endocytosis

A

entering of cells

40
Q

Pinocytosis

A

cell drinking

41
Q

Phagocytosis

A

cell eating

- white blood cells

42
Q

Apoptosis

A

death of cells that occurs as a normal and controlled part of an organism’s growth or development.

43
Q

Necrosis

A

the death of most or all of the cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury, or failure of the blood supply.

44
Q

Hypertrophy

A

growth of an organ or tissue due to an increase in size of its cells

45
Q

hyperplasia

A

excessive cell growth

- unlike cancer cells, this retain their normal form and arrangement within tissues

46
Q

T or F: the basic architectural layout of the body is a tube within a tube

A

True

47
Q

what are the three germ layers in embryological development

A
  1. endoderm
  2. mesoderm
  3. ectoderm
48
Q

Endoderm

A

the innermost layer of cells or tissue of an embryo in early development
- the lining of the gut and associated structures.

49
Q

Mesoderm

A

the middle layer of an embryo in early development

50
Q

Ectoderm

A

the outermost layer of cells or tissue of an embryo in early development,
- the epidermis and nerve tissue.

51
Q

What are the four basic types of tissues

A
  1. epithelial tissue
  2. connective tissue
  3. muscle tissue
  4. nervous tissue
52
Q

Which tissue is known to cover?

A

Epithelial tissue

53
Q

Which tissue is know to support?

A

Connective tissue

54
Q

Which tissue is known to move?

A

Muscle tissue

55
Q

Which tissue is known to control?

A

Nervous tissue

56
Q

what are the functions of the epithelium?

A
  1. Protection of the underlying tissue
  2. secretion (release of molecules from cells)
  3. Absorption (bringing small molecules into cells)
  4. Diffusion (movement of molecules down their concentration gradient)
  5. Filtration (passage of small molecules through a sieve-like membrane)
  6. Sensory reception
57
Q

What are the three cell shapes

A
  1. squamous
  2. Cubodial
  3. Columar
58
Q

What is the function of squamous cell shape

A

diffusion and filtration

- protection

59
Q

What is the function of cubodial columar

A

secretion and absorption

  • ciliated types propel mucus or reproductive cells
  • protection
60
Q

What is the function of transitional cell shape

A
  • protection
61
Q

what are the three types of cell junction

A
  1. tight junction
  2. desmosomes
  3. gap junctions
62
Q

T or F: gap junctions occurs in intercellular communications by allowing small molecules to move directly between neighboring cells

A

true

63
Q

the main junction for binding cells together

A

desmosomes

64
Q

tight junction

A

impermeable junctions prevent molecules from passing through the intercellular space

65
Q

where are the two most common places fro microvilli

A

small intestine and kidney tubules

66
Q

Microvilli

A

found in the small intestine, and increase the surface area for nutrient absorption.

67
Q

Cilia

A

found on ciliated epithelial cells, like in the lungs. They wave rhythmically to move dirt and mucus out.

68
Q

where is the primary location of the hyaline cartilage

A

coastal cartilage in the ribs

- nose, trachea, larynx

69
Q

where is the primary location of the elastic cartilage

A

ear

70
Q

where is the primary location of the fibrocartilage

A

intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, disc of knee joint

71
Q

what are the three types of dense connective cartilage - name their location

A
  1. Irregular: dermis of the skin, submucosa of digestive tract, fibrous layer of joint capsule
  2. Regular: tendons
  3. Elastic: walls of large arteries
72
Q

what are the two basic layer of the skin

A

epidermis, dermis

73
Q

what are the four types of epidermal cells

A
  1. keratinocytes
  2. melanocytes
  3. dendritic cells
  4. tactile epithelial cells
74
Q

Keratinocytes

A

most abundant and produce the outer protective layer of dead skin cells

75
Q

Melanocytes

A

produces melanin pigment in response to UV rays - tanning

76
Q

Eccrine glands

A

secretes sweat directly onto the surface of the skin

77
Q

Apocrine glands

A

secrete fluid into the sac of hair follicle through which it eventually comes out on the skin.

78
Q

long bone

A

humerus

79
Q

short bone

A

talus

- cube shaped

80
Q

flat bone

A

sternum

81
Q

irregular bone

A

vertebra

82
Q

osteoblast

A

.

83
Q

osteoclast

A

.

Human Anatomy (17 decks)

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