Terms And Concepts - Cognitive

Question 1

What is experimental group?

Answer 1

A group of participants that are under experimental conditions

Question 2

What is control group?

Answer 2

Participants that aren’t under experimental conditions (normal life conditions)

Question 3

What is Objectivity?

Answer 3

The whole study should be value free and unbiased throughout the whole test

Question 4

What is subjectivity?

Answer 4

OPPOSITE OF OBJECTIVITY
The researcher judgement is shaped by personal opinions and feelings

Question 5

What is reliability and what are the different types?

Answer 5

Reliability is basically saying is the study consistent in its research
The 2 different types are:
- Inter rater reliability
- Test retest reliability

replication = more reliable

Question 6

Explain the inter rater reliability?

Answer 6

Researchers judge the participants behaviour and gives a consistent estimate of reoccurring behaviours

Question 7

Explain test retest reliability?

Answer 7

Its a measures of the consistency of the study (the consistency of a test across the time)
A way that this can be done is repeating the study twice at 2 different points of time.

Question 8

What is internal validity and what the different types?

Answer 8

All you need to remember is that its based around accuracy of the test
The different types are:
- construct validity
- concurrent validity

Question 9

What is construct validity?

Answer 9

Is the study able to measure the concept its supposed to.
For example: test score = IQ, college = more mature

Question 10

What is concurrent validity?

Answer 10

It compares the new study with the old study
If the new test has the same results to the old = the new test has concurrent validity

Question 11

What is external validity and what are the different types?

Answer 11

Same as internal validity is based on the accuracy of whatever its measuring
The different types are:
- ecological validity (setting validity)
- mundane realism (task validity)

Question 12

What is ecological validity (setting validity)

Answer 12

This measures the performance of the test is able to predict the behaviours in real world settings

Question 13

What is mundane realism (task validity)

Answer 13

To what extent are the materials/procedures (mostly tasks) involved in the experiment are similar events that occur in the real world

Question 14

What is predictive validity?

Answer 14

In a nutshell its like predicted grades in school

Question 15

What is generalisabilty?

Answer 15

To see the results of the research is applied on a target population and the amount we are allowed to use on the participants

Question 16

What is population validity?

Answer 16

Are you able to apply the study results of one sample group and is able to be generalised to a larger group

Question 17

What is experimenter effects?

Answer 17

Is is the consequences of the experiment due to the characteristics or actions of the experimenter

You can think of this like the events in a trial and error run: you will get mistakes due to your actions because you don’t know it fully to avoid those mistakes

Question 18

what is demand characteristics?

Answer 18

this can be seen as the experiment is biased due to the researchers forcing their expectations upon the participants to act as expected. This can be also be due to participant variables as they could have a mindset to what the researchers want them to react so they feel more motivated

Question 19

what is controlling variables? *also called extraneous variable

Answer 19

these are the variables that have been discovered before the test and so they control it as it can effect the results of the study

Question 20

what is confounding variables?

Answer 20

opposite of controlling variables: the variables that wasn’t taken into consideration (can also affect the test as well)

Question 21

what is counter balancing?

Answer 21

simplified = control the negative effects
different sequences can give out different results.
example: half the participants do the test in one way and the other half does it the opposite way

Question 22

what is randomisation?

Answer 22

whatever the test is about: material, tasks etc are given at random

Question 23

what is order effects?

Answer 23

the positioning of the questions, items and task influences the outcome.
this can affect the participants behaviour as they can become bored, had prior knowledge, fatigue

Question 24

what is credibility?

Answer 24

in a nutshell can you trust this source, how believable is it to an extent

Question 25

what is experimenter bias?

Answer 25

The experimenter unconsciously conveys to participants how they should behave + what the study is about
this is done by unintentionally giving clues to the participants