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Abi Biology 2016 > Terminology > Flashcards

Terminology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the definition of mitosis?

A

A type of cell division

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2
Q

What is the definition of microscopic?

A

When something is too small to be seen by the human eye

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3
Q

What is the definition of a microscope?

A

A machine that magnifies objects

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4
Q

What is the definition of a compound light microscope?

A

A microscope that uses light and two lenses to magnify an image

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5
Q

What is the definition of an electron microscope?

A

A microscope that uses electron beams instead of light to magnify an image

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6
Q

What is the definition of a TEM?

A

Transmission Electron Microscope

It magnifies the inside of cells (2D)

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7
Q

What is the definition of an SEM?

A

Scanning Electron Microscope

It magnifies the outside of a cell (3D)

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8
Q

What is the definition of resolution?

A

The distance between two dots before they appear to merge into one dot

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9
Q

What is the definition of scale of a micrograph?

A

It is a line in the bottom right hand corner that enables you to calculate the actual size of a cell

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10
Q

What is the definition of micrometers? (μ)

A

The unit of measurement used to measure cells

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11
Q

What is the definition of nanometers? (n)

A

The unit of measurement used to measure organelles

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12
Q

What is the definition of microscopy?

A

The use of microscopes

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13
Q

What is the definition of magnification?

A

The amount of times the object has been enlarged

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14
Q

What is the definition of a cell?

A

The smallest unit of life

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15
Q

What is the definition of prokaryotic?

A

Before nucleus

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16
Q

What is the definition of eukaryotic?

A

Contains nucleus

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17
Q

What is the definition of a cell wall?

A

The cell wall is a thick, rigid layer that surrounds the plant cell

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18
Q

What is the definition of a cell membrane?

A

The cell (or plasma) membrane monitors and selectively controls entry into and out of the cell.

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19
Q

What is the definition of the Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A

The Endoplasmic Reticulum aids in the transport of proteins made by ribosomes.

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20
Q

What is the definition of a lysosome?

A

Lysosomes are the digestive system of a cell. They help break down old and unneeded parts of the cell, and substances that have been brought into the cell from the outside.

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21
Q

What is the definition of the nucleus?

A

The nucleus holds the genetic material (DNA) of the cell.

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22
Q

What is the definition of the nucleolus?

A

The nucleolus is the part of the nucleus where the parts that are needed to make ribosomes are.

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23
Q

What is the definition of the chloroplast?

A

The chloroplast is the food producer for the plant cell. It coverts the energy of the sun into sugar.

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24
Q

What is the definition of the mitochondrion?

A

The mitochondrion is known as the “power house” of the cell and produces energy to fuel the cell’s activities.

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25
Q

What is the definition of the vacuole?

A

The vacuole is a large fluid filled space inside the cell.

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26
Q

What is the definition of the Golgi body?

A

The Golgi body or Golgi apparatus aids in the modification, packaging and distribution of proteins in the cell.

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27
Q

What is the definition of centrioles?

A

The centrioles assist in cell division

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28
Q

What is the definition of a lipid?

A

Organic oils and fats

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29
Q

What is the definition of semi-permeable/selectively permeable?

A

Only certain substances are allowed to penetrate the layer

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30
Q

What is the definition of the lipid bilayer?

A

A double layer of lipids that surrounds a cell

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31
Q

What is the definition of cyclosis?

A

A streaming flow of jelly wishing the cytoplasm

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32
Q

What is the definition of diffusion?

A

Movement from a highly concentrated area to an area of low concentration

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33
Q

What is the definition of osmosis?

A

Movement of WATER particles across a semi permeable membrane from an area of high WATER concentration to an area of low WATER concentration

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34
Q

What is the definition of active transport?

A

Transport in a cell that requires extra energy (ATP). It moves up the concentration gradient.

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35
Q

What is the definition of the concentration gradient?

A

The direction that particles move.

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36
Q

What is the definition of net movement?

A

The difference between two directions of movement

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37
Q

What does it mean to go down the concentration gradient?

A

To move from an area of high concentration to low concentration

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38
Q

What does it mean to go up the concentration gradient?

A

To move from an area of low concentration to high concentration

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39
Q

What is the definition of passive transport?

A

Transport in a cell that requires no extra energy. The particles move down the concentration gradient.

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40
Q

What is the definition of facilitated diffusion?

A

Diffusion that happens with the aid of transport proteins

Usually the movement of larger molecules

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41
Q

What is the definition of endocytosis?

A

When a living cell takes in matter by folding its membrane around the substance to form a vacuole. It requires extra energy

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42
Q

What is the definition of Exocytosis?

A

When a cell releases a substance by the vacuole membrane merging with the cell membrane.

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43
Q

What is the definition of an isotonic solution?

A

A solution that has an equal water concentration to that of the inside of a cell

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44
Q

What is the definition of a hypotonic solution?

A

A solution that has a lower concentration of solute but a higher concentration of water than that of the inside of a cell.

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45
Q

What is the definition of a hypertonic solution?

A

A solution that has a higher concentration of solute but a lower concentration of water than that of the inside of a cell.

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46
Q

What is the definition of Osmoregulation?

A

Maintaining the correct water balance in the body

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47
Q

What is the definition of dynamic diffusion?

A

When the water concentration inside and outside the cell equalises and the particles now flow in equal amounts in both directions

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48
Q

What is the definition of high water potential?

A

When something has a high water concentration, and is therefore more likely to give up water particles

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49
Q

What is the definition of low water potential?

A

When something has a high concentration of solute particles, and so it is less likely to give up its own water particles

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50
Q

What is the definition of a bolus?

A

A ball of chewed food created by the tongue and is pushed down the oesophagus

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51
Q

What is the definition of a sphincter?

A

A ring of muscle tissue that closes a tube

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52
Q

What is the definition of an accessory gland?

A

An organ that is not directly involved with digestion, but still assists

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53
Q

What is this formula for?

CO2 + H2O + radiant energy -> C6H12O6 + O2

A

Photosynthesis

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53
Q

What is the definition of an organ?

A

A group of tissues performing a specific function

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53
Q

What is the definition of cytoplasm?

A

Contains the cell’s organelles

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53
Q

What is the definition of a tonoplast?

A

The membrane surrounding a vacuole

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53
Q

What is the definition of replication?

A

DNA makes an exact copy of itself

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53
Q

What is the definition of the nucleus?

A

The organelle that contains hereditary information

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53
Q

What is this formula for?

C6H12O6 + O2 -> CO2 + H2O + ATP energy

A

Cellular respiration

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54
Q

What is the definition of a ribosome?

A

An organelle responsible for protein synthesis

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55
Q

What is the definition of a semi permeable / selectively permeable membrane?

A

A membrane which only allows certain substances through

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56
Q

What is the definition of a cell wall?

A

Provides strength to plant cells

The non-living portion of a cell

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57
Q

What is the definition of tissue?

A

A group of similar cells working together

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58
Q

What is the definition of the mitochondrion?

A

The “power house” of the cell

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59
Q

What is the definition of the nucleus?

A

The organelle that controls cellular activity

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60
Q

What is the definition of multicellular?

A

An organism consisting of many different cells

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61
Q

What is the definition of a vacuole?

A

A storage area for water and dissolved salts and nutrients

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62
Q

What is the definition of a chloroplast?

A

The organelle responsible for photosynthesis

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63
Q

What is the definition of mitosis?

A

Two identical daughter cells that are formed from a single cell

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64
Q

What is the definition of unicellular?

A

A single cell that can survive on its own

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65
Q

What is the definition of a micrograph?

A

A photograph of a structure through a microscope

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66
Q

What is the definition of a cell?

A

The smallest unit of life

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67
Q

What is the definition of unicellular/bacteria/prokaryotic?

A

A cell that represents the simplest form of life

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68
Q

What is the definition of eukaryotic?

A

A cell with a true nucleus

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69
Q

What is the definition of cyclosis?

A

The movement of cytoplasm around the cell

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70
Q

What is the definition of turgid?

A

The state a cell is in when the vacuole is full of water

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71
Q

What is the definition of lignin?

A

The substance that ensures the cell wall is waterproof

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72
Q

What is the definition of pits?

A

Thinned area of cell walls for communication between cells

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73
Q

What is the definition of a Transmission Electron Microscope?

A

The microscope that shows us 2D

74
Q

What is the definition of a system?

A

A set of organs that work together to perform a common function

75
Q

What is the definition of flaccid?

A

The state the cell is in when the vacuole lacks water

76
Q

What is the definition of the plasmodesmata?

A

Channels in the cell wLl where cytoplasmic stands go through from one cell to the next

77
Q

What is the definition of cellulose?

A

The substance that strengthens the cell wall of plant cells, but is indigestible to humans
It is important to the human digestive system

78
Q

What is the definition of the chromoplast?

A

The plastid that gives colour to petals and fruits

79
Q

What is the definition of the middle lamella?

A

The “cement” that holds two plant cells together

80
Q

What is the definition of a Scanning Electron Microscope?

A

The microscope that shows us 3D

81
Q

What is the definition of protoplasm?

A

Part of the cell that includes cytoplasm, organelles and the cell membrane

82
Q

What is the definition of an organism?

A

A set of cells, tissues, organs and systems that work together to give and sustain life

83
Q

What is the definition of the cell membrane?

A

The structure that is semipermeable and that protects a cell

84
Q

Chromosomes form …

A

DNA

85
Q

What is the definition of a zygote?

A

The result of the fusion of a sperm and an egg cell

86
Q

What is the definition of the concentration gradient?

A

The difference between a high and low concentration of molecules

87
Q

What is the definition of a hypotonic solution?

A

A solution with a low number of solute particles

88
Q

What is the definition of Osmoregulation/homeostasis?

A

Maintaining the correct water balance in the body

89
Q

What is the definition of an isotonic solution?

A

A solution of equal concentrations on either side of the membrane

90
Q

What is the definition of passive transport/facilitated transport?

A

Cellular transport which does not require energy

91
Q

What is the definition of a solution?

A

The mixture of a solute and a solvent

92
Q

What is the definition of active transport?

A

Cellular transport which requires energy

93
Q

What is the definition of water potential/water concentration?

A

The amount of water a solution contains

94
Q

What is the definition of a hypertonic solution?

A

A solution with a high number of solute particles

95
Q

What is the definition of universal solvent?

A

The liquid that dissolves substances

96
Q

What is the definition of facilitated transport?

A

Transport of molecules across a membrane with the help of proteins

97
Q

What is the definition of a solute?

A

A substance that dissolves in a liquid

98
Q

What is the definition of diffusion?

A

The random movement of molecules until equilibrium is reached

99
Q

What is the definition of a kidney?

A

The organ which ensures that the blood is an isotonic solution

100
Q

What is the definition of digestion?

A

The mechanical and chemical breaking down of food particles into water soluble molecules that can be absorbed by the bloodstream

101
Q

What is the definition of salivary amylase?

A

The enzyme that is found in saliva

It digests starch

102
Q

What is the definition of mechanical digestion?

A

Chewing
Peristalsis
Churning

103
Q

What is the definition of peristalsis?

A

Contraction and relaxation of muscles which propagates in a wave down the muscular tube

104
Q

What is the definition of the anus?

A

The structure that releases faeces

105
Q

What is the main function of fats and oils?

A

To provide energy

106
Q

What is the definition of bile?

A

The substance that emulsified fats

107
Q

What is the definition of the epiglottis?

A

The flap that covers the trachea when swallowing

108
Q

What is the definition of the trachea?

A

The series of cartilage rings that extend down the windpipe

109
Q

What is the definition of the duodenum?

A

The first part of the small intestine

110
Q

What is the definition of the gall bladder?

A

The organ that stores bile

111
Q

What is the definition of a gastric gland?

A

The gland in the stomach that secretes acid and enzymes

112
Q

What is the definition of assimilation?

A

The movement of soluble food particles from the blood stream into the cells and tissues of the body, wherever it is required

113
Q

What is the definition of villi / microvilli?

A

The structures that increase the surface area for maximum absorption of nutrients

114
Q

What is the definition of autotrophic plants?

A

A green organism that makes its own food

115
Q

What is the definition of a lacteal?

A

The structure that absorbs excess fats from the small intestine

116
Q

What is the main function of proteins?

A

Build

Repair

117
Q

What is the definition of the lumen?

A

The channel in which the digested foodstuffs travel in the small intestine

118
Q

What is the definition of amino acids?

A

The smallest unit of proteins

119
Q

What is the definition of egestion / defaecation?

A

The removal of un digested waste products from the body

120
Q

What is the definition of faeces?

A

Undigested waste products

121
Q

What is the definition of chyme?

A

The substance that enters the small intestine from the stomach

122
Q

What is the definition of ingestion?

A

The physical intake of food into the mouth

123
Q

What is the definition of the liver?

A

The organ that produces bile. It is the largest gland in the body.

124
Q

What is the definition of the colon?

A

Another name for the large intestine

125
Q

What is the definition of fatty acids?

A

The smallest unit of lipids

126
Q

What is the definition of absorption?

A

The movement of soluble food particles from the small intestine into the blood stream

127
Q

What is the definition of a heterotroph?

A

An organism that cannot make its own food

128
Q

What is the definition of glucose?

A

The smallest unit of carbohydrates

129
Q

What is the size of a human heart?

A

A clenched fist

130
Q

What is the definition of the atria?

A

The top chambers of the heart. They are the thin-walled chambers

131
Q

What is the definition of ventricles?

A

Bottom chambers of the heart

132
Q

Which heart chamber has the thickest muscle wall?

A

The left ventricle

133
Q

What is the definition of the bicuspid/mitral valve?

A

The name of the valve with 2 flaps. It separates the left atrium and ventricle

134
Q

What is the definition of the tricuspid valve?

A

The name of the valve with 3 flaps. It separates the right atrium and ventricle

135
Q

What is the definition of the aortic semilunar valve?

A

The valve that separates the aorta from the left ventricle

136
Q

What is the definition of the pulmonary semilunar valve?

A

The valve that separates the pulmonary artery and the right ventricle

137
Q

What is the definition of the septum?

A

The wall that divides the right and left hand sides of the heart

138
Q

What is the definition of the coronary arteries?

A

Arteries that supply the heart with blood

139
Q

What is the definition of cardiac arrest?

A

Another term for a heart attack

140
Q

What is the definition of atherosclerosis?

A

Collection of fat and cholesterol in the walls of arteries

141
Q

What is the definition of the pulmonary circuit?

A

The circulation system that takes blood to the lungs and back

142
Q

What is the definition of the systemic circuit?

A

The circulation system that takes blood to the body cells and back

143
Q

What is the definition of blood vessels?

A

The tubes/ducts that carry blood

144
Q

What is the definition of a closed blood system?

A

The blood does not leave the vessels

145
Q

What is the definition of veins?

A

Vessels that carry blood to the heart

146
Q

What is the definition of arteries?

A

Vessels that carry blood away from the heart

147
Q

What is the definition of capillaries?

A

Vessels that are only one cell thick

148
Q

What is the definition of red blood cells?

A

Erythrocytes

Blood cells that contain haemoglobin

149
Q

What is the definition of haemoglobin?

A

The substance that carries oxygen around the body

150
Q

What is the definition of plasma?

A

The liquid component of cells

151
Q

What is the definition of leukocytes?

A

White blood cells

152
Q

What is the definition of platelets?

A

Thrombocytes

Blood cell fragments involved in clotting

153
Q

What is the definition of a transfusion?

A

Giving one’s blood to another person

154
Q

What is the definition of temporal?

A

The lobe of the brain found near the temples

155
Q

What is the definition of occipital?

A

The lobe

156
Q

What is the definition of pituitary?

A

The section of the brain responsible for releasing hormones

157
Q

What is the definition of cerebellum?

A

The area of the brain that controls movement and balance

158
Q

What is the definition of the frontal lobe?

A

The front section of the brain

159
Q

What is the definition of the cornea?

A

The clear, thin layer covering the front of the eye

160
Q

What is the definition of the pupil?

A

The structure in the eye that allows light to enter

161
Q

What is the definition of the sclerotic layer?

A

The protective layer that surrounds the eye and helps it to maintain shape

162
Q

What is the definition of the vitreous humour?

A

The jelly that maintains the shape of the eye

163
Q

What is the definition of the retina?

A

The layer of the eye that contains the light-sensitive cells

164
Q

What is the definition of the yellow spot?

A

The section of the eye that contains colour-sensitive cells

165
Q

What is the definition of the optic nerve?

A

The nerve that joins the eye to the brain

166
Q

What is the definition of the iris?

A

The component of the eye that gives it its colour

167
Q

What is the definition of the lens?

A

Jelly-like window that helps focus an image on the back of the eye

168
Q

What is the definition of the suspensory ligaments?

A

The structure that changes size to control the size of the pupil

169
Q

What is the definition of dilated?

A

The term used when the pupil becomes large in dim light

170
Q

What is the definition of the ossicles?

A

The 3 bones found in the middle ear

171
Q

What is the definition of the pinna?

A

The visible part of the ear

172
Q

What is the definition of the auditory canal?

A

Another term for the ear canal

173
Q

What is the definition of the eardrum?

A

A thin sheet of muscle and skin between the outer and middle ear

174
Q

What is the definition of the cochlea?

A

The coiled, fluid filled tube found in the inner ear

175
Q

What is the definition of auditory nerve?

A

The nerve that sends messages to the brain which are interpreted as sounds

176
Q

Where is the area of the tongue where bitter can be tasted?

A

The back

177
Q

What is the area of the tongue where sweet can be tasted?

A

The tip/the front of the tongue

178
Q

What is the area of the tongue where salty can be tasted?

A

The sides

179
Q

What is the definition of taste buds?

A

The structures on the tongue that assist in taste

180
Q

What is the definition of the olfactory nerve?

A

The nerve that connects the olfactory bulb in the nose to the brain

181
Q

What is the definition of the skin?

A

The largest organ in the body

182
Q

What is the definition of the epidermis?

A

The outermost layer of the skin

183
Q

What is the definition of the dermis?

A

The layer of the skin that contains the hair follicles and sweat glands

184
Q

What is the definition of the adipose?

A

The deeper subcutaneous tissue layer in the skin

185
Q

What is the definition of melanin?

A

The pigment in the skin that gives it its colour

186
Q

What is the definition of thermoreceptors?

A

The receptor in the skin that feels temperature

187
Q

What is the definition of merkel?

A

The receptor in the skin that is for touch

188
Q

What is the definition of free nerve endings?

A

The receptor in the skin that feels pain

189
Q

What is the definition of ruffini?

A

The receptor in the skin that feels pressure

190
Q

What is the definition of facilitated diffusion?

A

Movement of molecules from a high to a low concentration, over a membrane, with the help of transporter proteins

191
Q

What is the definition of active transport?

A

Movement of molecules from a low to high concentration (against a concentration gradient). Energy is required

Abi Biology 2016 (10 decks)

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