Terminology Flashcards
1
Q
What is the definition of mitosis?
A
A type of cell division
2
Q
What is the definition of microscopic?
A
When something is too small to be seen by the human eye
3
Q
What is the definition of a microscope?
A
A machine that magnifies objects
4
Q
What is the definition of a compound light microscope?
A
A microscope that uses light and two lenses to magnify an image
5
Q
What is the definition of an electron microscope?
A
A microscope that uses electron beams instead of light to magnify an image
6
Q
What is the definition of a TEM?
A
Transmission Electron Microscope
It magnifies the inside of cells (2D)
7
Q
What is the definition of an SEM?
A
Scanning Electron Microscope
It magnifies the outside of a cell (3D)
8
Q
What is the definition of resolution?
A
The distance between two dots before they appear to merge into one dot
9
Q
What is the definition of scale of a micrograph?
A
It is a line in the bottom right hand corner that enables you to calculate the actual size of a cell
10
Q
What is the definition of micrometers? (μ)
A
The unit of measurement used to measure cells
11
Q
What is the definition of nanometers? (n)
A
The unit of measurement used to measure organelles
12
Q
What is the definition of microscopy?
A
The use of microscopes
13
Q
What is the definition of magnification?
A
The amount of times the object has been enlarged
14
Q
What is the definition of a cell?
A
The smallest unit of life
15
Q
What is the definition of prokaryotic?
A
Before nucleus
16
Q
What is the definition of eukaryotic?
A
Contains nucleus
17
Q
What is the definition of a cell wall?
A
The cell wall is a thick, rigid layer that surrounds the plant cell
18
Q
What is the definition of a cell membrane?
A
The cell (or plasma) membrane monitors and selectively controls entry into and out of the cell.
19
Q
What is the definition of the Endoplasmic Reticulum?
A
The Endoplasmic Reticulum aids in the transport of proteins made by ribosomes.
20
Q
What is the definition of a lysosome?
A
Lysosomes are the digestive system of a cell. They help break down old and unneeded parts of the cell, and substances that have been brought into the cell from the outside.
21
Q
What is the definition of the nucleus?
A
The nucleus holds the genetic material (DNA) of the cell.
22
Q
What is the definition of the nucleolus?
A
The nucleolus is the part of the nucleus where the parts that are needed to make ribosomes are.
23
Q
What is the definition of the chloroplast?
A
The chloroplast is the food producer for the plant cell. It coverts the energy of the sun into sugar.
24
Q
What is the definition of the mitochondrion?
A
The mitochondrion is known as the “power house” of the cell and produces energy to fuel the cell’s activities.
25
What is the definition of the vacuole?
The vacuole is a large fluid filled space inside the cell.
26
What is the definition of the Golgi body?
The Golgi body or Golgi apparatus aids in the modification, packaging and distribution of proteins in the cell.
27
What is the definition of centrioles?
The centrioles assist in cell division
28
What is the definition of a lipid?
Organic oils and fats
29
What is the definition of semi-permeable/selectively permeable?
Only certain substances are allowed to penetrate the layer
30
What is the definition of the lipid bilayer?
A double layer of lipids that surrounds a cell
31
What is the definition of cyclosis?
A streaming flow of jelly wishing the cytoplasm
32
What is the definition of diffusion?
Movement from a highly concentrated area to an area of low concentration
33
What is the definition of osmosis?
Movement of WATER particles across a semi permeable membrane from an area of high WATER concentration to an area of low WATER concentration
34
What is the definition of active transport?
Transport in a cell that requires extra energy (ATP). It moves up the concentration gradient.
35
What is the definition of the concentration gradient?
The direction that particles move.
36
What is the definition of net movement?
The difference between two directions of movement
37
What does it mean to go down the concentration gradient?
To move from an area of high concentration to low concentration
38
What does it mean to go up the concentration gradient?
To move from an area of low concentration to high concentration
39
What is the definition of passive transport?
Transport in a cell that requires no extra energy. The particles move down the concentration gradient.
40
What is the definition of facilitated diffusion?
Diffusion that happens with the aid of transport proteins
| Usually the movement of larger molecules
41
What is the definition of endocytosis?
When a living cell takes in matter by folding its membrane around the substance to form a vacuole. It requires extra energy
42
What is the definition of Exocytosis?
When a cell releases a substance by the vacuole membrane merging with the cell membrane.
43
What is the definition of an isotonic solution?
A solution that has an equal water concentration to that of the inside of a cell
44
What is the definition of a hypotonic solution?
A solution that has a lower concentration of solute but a higher concentration of water than that of the inside of a cell.
45
What is the definition of a hypertonic solution?
A solution that has a higher concentration of solute but a lower concentration of water than that of the inside of a cell.
46
What is the definition of Osmoregulation?
Maintaining the correct water balance in the body
47
What is the definition of dynamic diffusion?
When the water concentration inside and outside the cell equalises and the particles now flow in equal amounts in both directions
48
What is the definition of high water potential?
When something has a high water concentration, and is therefore more likely to give up water particles
49
What is the definition of low water potential?
When something has a high concentration of solute particles, and so it is less likely to give up its own water particles
50
What is the definition of a bolus?
A ball of chewed food created by the tongue and is pushed down the oesophagus
51
What is the definition of a sphincter?
A ring of muscle tissue that closes a tube
52
What is the definition of an accessory gland?
An organ that is not directly involved with digestion, but still assists
53
What is this formula for?
| CO2 + H2O + radiant energy -> C6H12O6 + O2
Photosynthesis
53
What is the definition of an organ?
A group of tissues performing a specific function
53
What is the definition of cytoplasm?
Contains the cell's organelles
53
What is the definition of a tonoplast?
The membrane surrounding a vacuole
53
What is the definition of replication?
DNA makes an exact copy of itself
53
What is the definition of the nucleus?
The organelle that contains hereditary information
53
What is this formula for?
| C6H12O6 + O2 -> CO2 + H2O + ATP energy
Cellular respiration
54
What is the definition of a ribosome?
An organelle responsible for protein synthesis
55
What is the definition of a semi permeable / selectively permeable membrane?
A membrane which only allows certain substances through
56
What is the definition of a cell wall?
Provides strength to plant cells
| The non-living portion of a cell
57
What is the definition of tissue?
A group of similar cells working together
58
What is the definition of the mitochondrion?
The "power house" of the cell
59
What is the definition of the nucleus?
The organelle that controls cellular activity
60
What is the definition of multicellular?
An organism consisting of many different cells
61
What is the definition of a vacuole?
A storage area for water and dissolved salts and nutrients
62
What is the definition of a chloroplast?
The organelle responsible for photosynthesis
63
What is the definition of mitosis?
Two identical daughter cells that are formed from a single cell
64
What is the definition of unicellular?
A single cell that can survive on its own
65
What is the definition of a micrograph?
A photograph of a structure through a microscope
66
What is the definition of a cell?
The smallest unit of life
67
What is the definition of unicellular/bacteria/prokaryotic?
A cell that represents the simplest form of life
68
What is the definition of eukaryotic?
A cell with a true nucleus
69
What is the definition of cyclosis?
The movement of cytoplasm around the cell
70
What is the definition of turgid?
The state a cell is in when the vacuole is full of water
71
What is the definition of lignin?
The substance that ensures the cell wall is waterproof
72
What is the definition of pits?
Thinned area of cell walls for communication between cells
73
What is the definition of a Transmission Electron Microscope?
The microscope that shows us 2D
74
What is the definition of a system?
A set of organs that work together to perform a common function
75
What is the definition of flaccid?
The state the cell is in when the vacuole lacks water
76
What is the definition of the plasmodesmata?
Channels in the cell wLl where cytoplasmic stands go through from one cell to the next
77
What is the definition of cellulose?
The substance that strengthens the cell wall of plant cells, but is indigestible to humans
It is important to the human digestive system
78
What is the definition of the chromoplast?
The plastid that gives colour to petals and fruits
79
What is the definition of the middle lamella?
The "cement" that holds two plant cells together
80
What is the definition of a Scanning Electron Microscope?
The microscope that shows us 3D
81
What is the definition of protoplasm?
Part of the cell that includes cytoplasm, organelles and the cell membrane
82
What is the definition of an organism?
A set of cells, tissues, organs and systems that work together to give and sustain life
83
What is the definition of the cell membrane?
The structure that is semipermeable and that protects a cell
84
Chromosomes form …
DNA
85
What is the definition of a zygote?
The result of the fusion of a sperm and an egg cell
86
What is the definition of the concentration gradient?
The difference between a high and low concentration of molecules
87
What is the definition of a hypotonic solution?
A solution with a low number of solute particles
88
What is the definition of Osmoregulation/homeostasis?
Maintaining the correct water balance in the body
89
What is the definition of an isotonic solution?
A solution of equal concentrations on either side of the membrane
90
What is the definition of passive transport/facilitated transport?
Cellular transport which does not require energy
91
What is the definition of a solution?
The mixture of a solute and a solvent
92
What is the definition of active transport?
Cellular transport which requires energy
93
What is the definition of water potential/water concentration?
The amount of water a solution contains
94
What is the definition of a hypertonic solution?
A solution with a high number of solute particles
95
What is the definition of universal solvent?
The liquid that dissolves substances
96
What is the definition of facilitated transport?
Transport of molecules across a membrane with the help of proteins
97
What is the definition of a solute?
A substance that dissolves in a liquid
98
What is the definition of diffusion?
The random movement of molecules until equilibrium is reached
99
What is the definition of a kidney?
The organ which ensures that the blood is an isotonic solution
100
What is the definition of digestion?
The mechanical and chemical breaking down of food particles into water soluble molecules that can be absorbed by the bloodstream
101
What is the definition of salivary amylase?
The enzyme that is found in saliva
| It digests starch
102
What is the definition of mechanical digestion?
Chewing
Peristalsis
Churning
103
What is the definition of peristalsis?
Contraction and relaxation of muscles which propagates in a wave down the muscular tube
104
What is the definition of the anus?
The structure that releases faeces
105
What is the main function of fats and oils?
To provide energy
106
What is the definition of bile?
The substance that emulsified fats
107
What is the definition of the epiglottis?
The flap that covers the trachea when swallowing
108
What is the definition of the trachea?
The series of cartilage rings that extend down the windpipe
109
What is the definition of the duodenum?
The first part of the small intestine
110
What is the definition of the gall bladder?
The organ that stores bile
111
What is the definition of a gastric gland?
The gland in the stomach that secretes acid and enzymes
112
What is the definition of assimilation?
The movement of soluble food particles from the blood stream into the cells and tissues of the body, wherever it is required
113
What is the definition of villi / microvilli?
The structures that increase the surface area for maximum absorption of nutrients
114
What is the definition of autotrophic plants?
A green organism that makes its own food
115
What is the definition of a lacteal?
The structure that absorbs excess fats from the small intestine
116
What is the main function of proteins?
Build
| Repair
117
What is the definition of the lumen?
The channel in which the digested foodstuffs travel in the small intestine
118
What is the definition of amino acids?
The smallest unit of proteins
119
What is the definition of egestion / defaecation?
The removal of un digested waste products from the body
120
What is the definition of faeces?
Undigested waste products
121
What is the definition of chyme?
The substance that enters the small intestine from the stomach
122
What is the definition of ingestion?
The physical intake of food into the mouth
123
What is the definition of the liver?
The organ that produces bile. It is the largest gland in the body.
124
What is the definition of the colon?
Another name for the large intestine
125
What is the definition of fatty acids?
The smallest unit of lipids
126
What is the definition of absorption?
The movement of soluble food particles from the small intestine into the blood stream
127
What is the definition of a heterotroph?
An organism that cannot make its own food
128
What is the definition of glucose?
The smallest unit of carbohydrates
129
What is the size of a human heart?
A clenched fist
130
What is the definition of the atria?
The top chambers of the heart. They are the thin-walled chambers
131
What is the definition of ventricles?
Bottom chambers of the heart
132
Which heart chamber has the thickest muscle wall?
The left ventricle
133
What is the definition of the bicuspid/mitral valve?
The name of the valve with 2 flaps. It separates the left atrium and ventricle
134
What is the definition of the tricuspid valve?
The name of the valve with 3 flaps. It separates the right atrium and ventricle
135
What is the definition of the aortic semilunar valve?
The valve that separates the aorta from the left ventricle
136
What is the definition of the pulmonary semilunar valve?
The valve that separates the pulmonary artery and the right ventricle
137
What is the definition of the septum?
The wall that divides the right and left hand sides of the heart
138
What is the definition of the coronary arteries?
Arteries that supply the heart with blood
139
What is the definition of cardiac arrest?
Another term for a heart attack
140
What is the definition of atherosclerosis?
Collection of fat and cholesterol in the walls of arteries
141
What is the definition of the pulmonary circuit?
The circulation system that takes blood to the lungs and back
142
What is the definition of the systemic circuit?
The circulation system that takes blood to the body cells and back
143
What is the definition of blood vessels?
The tubes/ducts that carry blood
144
What is the definition of a closed blood system?
The blood does not leave the vessels
145
What is the definition of veins?
Vessels that carry blood to the heart
146
What is the definition of arteries?
Vessels that carry blood away from the heart
147
What is the definition of capillaries?
Vessels that are only one cell thick
148
What is the definition of red blood cells?
Erythrocytes
| Blood cells that contain haemoglobin
149
What is the definition of haemoglobin?
The substance that carries oxygen around the body
150
What is the definition of plasma?
The liquid component of cells
151
What is the definition of leukocytes?
White blood cells
152
What is the definition of platelets?
Thrombocytes
| Blood cell fragments involved in clotting
153
What is the definition of a transfusion?
Giving one's blood to another person
154
What is the definition of temporal?
The lobe of the brain found near the temples
155
What is the definition of occipital?
The lobe
156
What is the definition of pituitary?
The section of the brain responsible for releasing hormones
157
What is the definition of cerebellum?
The area of the brain that controls movement and balance
158
What is the definition of the frontal lobe?
The front section of the brain
159
What is the definition of the cornea?
The clear, thin layer covering the front of the eye
160
What is the definition of the pupil?
The structure in the eye that allows light to enter
161
What is the definition of the sclerotic layer?
The protective layer that surrounds the eye and helps it to maintain shape
162
What is the definition of the vitreous humour?
The jelly that maintains the shape of the eye
163
What is the definition of the retina?
The layer of the eye that contains the light-sensitive cells
164
What is the definition of the yellow spot?
The section of the eye that contains colour-sensitive cells
165
What is the definition of the optic nerve?
The nerve that joins the eye to the brain
166
What is the definition of the iris?
The component of the eye that gives it its colour
167
What is the definition of the lens?
Jelly-like window that helps focus an image on the back of the eye
168
What is the definition of the suspensory ligaments?
The structure that changes size to control the size of the pupil
169
What is the definition of dilated?
The term used when the pupil becomes large in dim light
170
What is the definition of the ossicles?
The 3 bones found in the middle ear
171
What is the definition of the pinna?
The visible part of the ear
172
What is the definition of the auditory canal?
Another term for the ear canal
173
What is the definition of the eardrum?
A thin sheet of muscle and skin between the outer and middle ear
174
What is the definition of the cochlea?
The coiled, fluid filled tube found in the inner ear
175
What is the definition of auditory nerve?
The nerve that sends messages to the brain which are interpreted as sounds
176
Where is the area of the tongue where bitter can be tasted?
The back
177
What is the area of the tongue where sweet can be tasted?
The tip/the front of the tongue
178
What is the area of the tongue where salty can be tasted?
The sides
179
What is the definition of taste buds?
The structures on the tongue that assist in taste
180
What is the definition of the olfactory nerve?
The nerve that connects the olfactory bulb in the nose to the brain
181
What is the definition of the skin?
The largest organ in the body
182
What is the definition of the epidermis?
The outermost layer of the skin
183
What is the definition of the dermis?
The layer of the skin that contains the hair follicles and sweat glands
184
What is the definition of the adipose?
The deeper subcutaneous tissue layer in the skin
185
What is the definition of melanin?
The pigment in the skin that gives it its colour
186
What is the definition of thermoreceptors?
The receptor in the skin that feels temperature
187
What is the definition of merkel?
The receptor in the skin that is for touch
188
What is the definition of free nerve endings?
The receptor in the skin that feels pain
189
What is the definition of ruffini?
The receptor in the skin that feels pressure
190
What is the definition of facilitated diffusion?
Movement of molecules from a high to a low concentration, over a membrane, with the help of transporter proteins
191
What is the definition of active transport?
Movement of molecules from a low to high concentration (against a concentration gradient). Energy is required
