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Abi Biology 2016 > Cells, Microscope And Mitosis > Flashcards

Cells, Microscope And Mitosis Flashcards

1
Q

What are Prokaryotes?

A

Before the nucleus was invented

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2
Q

What is a nucleus?

A

The “control centre” of a cell

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3
Q

What are nuclear pores?

A

They are holes in the nuclear membrane

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4
Q

What are nuclear pores for?

A

To control the movement of materials through the nucleus

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5
Q

What are mitochondria?

A

It is the “power house” of the cell

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6
Q

What do mitochondria do?

A

They break down glucose in the cell

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7
Q

What do plant cells have?

A

Cell walls
A fixed shape
A cell wall
A large vacuole

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8
Q

What do animal cells have?

A

A cell membrane
An unfixed shape
Minute vacuoles

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9
Q

What are cilia?

A

They are small projections on a cell

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10
Q

What is mitosis?

A

Cell division

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11
Q

What does the filter in a microscope do?

A

It diffuses the light in every direction

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12
Q

What does the condenser lens in a microscope do?

A

It bends the light into a straight line

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13
Q

How do you increase the magnification of a light microscope?

A

Putting special oil on the slide. Oil immersion microscopy

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14
Q

What does the body tube in a microscope do?

A

It directs the light to the eye

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15
Q

What does the rotating nose piece in a microscope do?

A

To hold the objectives and allow you to select a magnification

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16
Q

What do objective lenses in a microscope do?

A

Provide most of the magnification

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17
Q

What do stage clips in a microscope do?

A

Hold the specimen in place

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18
Q

What do the diaphragm and iris in a microscope do?

A

Controls the amount of light that comes through

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19
Q

What does a light source in a microscope do?

A

Illuminate the specimen

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20
Q

What does the ocular lens in a microscope do?

A

It magnifies the image produced by the objective lens

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21
Q

What are Eukaryotes?

A

They have a true nucleus

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22
Q

What are all living organisms made up of?

A

Cells

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23
Q

What is a unicellular organism?

A

An organism consisting of one cell

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24
Q

What is an example of a unicellular organism?

A

Amoeba

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25
What is a multicellular organism?
An organism that has more than one cell
26
What is an example of a multicellular organism?
Human
27
What is an organism?
Something that performs the seven processes of life
28
What are the seven processes of life?
``` Movement Respiration Stimuli (response to) Growth Reproduction Excretion Nutrition ```
29
When does your body work efficiently?
When your cells are doing their jobs well
30
Why is a cell like a factory?
It has a control centre that tells it what to do It generates energy Different parts make products and perform services It takes in materials and excretes finished products and waste
31
How do you grow?
Through a process called mitosis
32
What is mitosis?
It is when your cells multiply by division
33
What are the types of telescopes?
Compound light microscope | Electron microscopes
34
What is a compound light microscope?
A machine that uses beams of light to magnify an image
35
What are the types of electron microscopes?
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) | Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
36
What is an electron microscope?
A machine that uses a beam of electrons to magnify an image
37
What does a SEM do?
It shows the outside of cells (3D)
38
What does a TEM do?
It magnifies the inside of a cell (2D)
39
What is a micrograph?
A photograph taken of a cell
40
What can limit magnification?
Resolution | Quality of microscope lenses
41
What can increase the magnification?
Smaller wavelengths
42
What is resolution?
The distance visible between two dots before they become impossible to discern
43
Where is the scale of the micrograph found?
In the bottom right hand corner
44
What is scale?
It enables us to calculate the actual size of a cell
45
What are cells measured in?
Micrometers (μm)
46
What are organelles?
They are the parts inside a cell
47
What are organelles measured in?
Nanometers (nm)
48
How do you work out the scale of the cell?
Measure the cell in mm Measure the scale bar in mm Put the length of the cell over the length of the scale bar Multiply that by the number written by the scale bar Convert to μm
49
What is microscopy?
Microscope work
50
What do you have to include on a diagram of a cell?
The magnification
51
What is magnification?
The number of times the object has been enlarged
52
What are the two magnification lenses on a compound light microscope?
The eye piece lens (10x) | Objective lens
53
How do you calculate magnification?
Multiply the objective lens by the eye piece lens
54
What does the body (microscope) tube do?
It connects the ocular (eye piece) to the nose piece
55
What does the nose piece do?
It holds the objectives and rotates
56
What do the objective lenses do?
Magnify the specimens
57
What do the stage clips do?
They hold the microscope slide in place
58
What does the diaphragm (Irish) do?
It controls the amount of light passing through the specimen
59
What does the light source do?
It passes light through the specimen
60
What does the ocular (eye piece) lens do?
It enables you to see the specimen | It magnifies the specimen
61
What does the arm do?
It forms the structure that faces the user on a microscope | It is used for carrying the microscope
62
What does the stage do?
It supports the specimen, normally on a microscope slide
63
What does the coarse focus knob do?
It largely adjust the focus by moving the stage up and down | It is to be used first on the smallest objective lens
64
What does the fine focus knob do?
It focuses details on a specimen | It is to be used with the rest of the objective lenses
65
What does the base do?
It supports the microscope
66
What happens when you move the specimen "up" on a microscope, and vice versa?
It looks like it is moving "down" not "up" and vice versa
67
What happens when you move the slide "left" on a microscope, and vice versa?
It looks like it is moving "right" instead of "left
68
How does a specimen appear under a microscope?
It will be viewed in reverse
69
What is tissue?
Tissue is when similar cells group together to perform a common function
70
What are organs?
Organs are made up of tissue that groups together to perform a common function
71
What is an organ system?
A group of organs working to get her to provide the organism with life
72
What is epithelial tissue?
It lines surfaces in the body
73
What is muscle tissue?
It is made up of fibres that contract to control movement
74
What is nervous tissue?
It consists of cells with projections to transmit electrical signals to the brain
75
What is connective tissue?
Loose connective tissue acts as padding under skin and elsewhere
76
What is bone?
Bone and cartilage are connective tissues made up of cells in a hard or stiff extracellular matrix
77
What is blood?
Blood is a connective tissue made up of cells in a liquid matrix
78
What systems can be found in the human body?
``` Muscular Skeletal Circulatory Respiratory Endocrine Digestive Nervous Lymphatic (immune) Excretory Reproductive ```
79
What is the muscular system?
They contract and relax to produce movement. They stretch over bones and joints.
80
What is the skeletal system?
It provides support for the body through a flexible, strong structure of bones, cartilage and connective tissue.
81
What is the circulatory system?
It supplies oxygen and nutrients to cells by circulating blood through the heart and other vessels.
82
What is the respiratory system?
Using the lungs, this system gives oxygen to the body and gets rid of carbon dioxide.
83
What is the endocrine system?
This system controls the release of hormones.
84
What is the digestive system?
It is responsible for breaking down food.
85
What is the nervous system?
It is the control system. It consists of the brain, the spinal cord and a network of nerves.
86
What is the excretory system?
It is responsible for ridding the body of waste.
87
What is the lymphatic (immune) system?
It is responsible for inserting fluid back into the blood stream and preventing infection.
88
What is the reproductive system?
It is responsible for creating a new organism
89
What are the two types of cells?
Prokaryotic | Eukaryotic
90
What is a prokaryotic cell?
A cell without a true nucleus
91
What is an example of a prokaryotic cell?
Bacteria
92
What is an example of a eukaryotic cell?
A cell that contains a true nucleus
93
What are the two types of eukaryotic cells?
Animal | Plant
94
What does a eukaryotic cell contain?
Protoplasm Cell membrane Cell wall (plant only)
95
What does protoplasm contain?
Cytoplasm | Nucleus
96
What does cytoplasm contain?
Organic compounds | Inorganic compounds
97
What are inorganic compounds?
``` Water Sodium Oxygen Nitrogen Iron Calcium ```
98
What are organic compounds?
Lipids Proteins Carbohydrates
99
What is an example of a lipid?
Oil
100
What is an example of a protein?
Collagen
101
What is an example of a carbohydrate?
Sugar
102
What shape is an animal cell?
It has an irregular shape
103
What shape is a plant cell?
It has a rigid rectangular shape
104
What is the vacuole of a plant cell like?
It has a large fluid filled vacuole
105
What is the vacuole of a plant cell like?
They tend to be small, untrue food vacuoles
106
Where can centrioles be found?
Only in animal cells
107
Where can plastids be found?
Only in plant cells
108
What is another name for a cell membrane?
A plasma membrane
109
What does the plasma membrane consist of?
A bi-layer of phospholipids | Protein molecules
110
What forms the matrix of the plasma membrane?
Lipids (oils and fats)
111
What do the proteins in the plasma membrane do?
They carry out functions, such as moving substances through the membrane
112
What is the function of the cell membrane?
It acts as a gate | It only allows some molecules to pass through it: semi-permeable
113
What is the lipid bi-layer made up of?
It is made of transport proteins that touch both the inside and outside of the cell It has a double layer of lipids The fat cells have hydrophilic heads The fat cells have hydrophobic tails
114
What is hydrophobic?
Water hating
115
What is hydrophilic?
Water loving
116
What is cytoplasm?
It is a clear, semi-fluid medium (jellylike)
117
What is a sol?
A more "liquid jelly" cytoplasm
118
What is a gel?
A more "solid jelly" cytoplasm
119
What does the cytoplasm consist of?
Mostly water | Dissolved nutrients and gases
120
Where can cytoplasm be found?
It fills the inside of cells
121
What is cyclosis?
When chloroplasts and other organelles are moved within a cell by cytoplasmic streaming
122
What is an organelle?
They are specialised structures found inside cells
123
What is the function of the nucleus?
It is the control centre of a cell | It contains hereditary information (genes) on the chromatin network (chromosomes)
124
What is the nuclear envelope?
It surrounds the nucleus with a double membrane for extra protection It is semi-permeable
125
What is nucleoplasm?
It is like cytoplasm | It fills the nucleus
126
What is a nuclear pore?
It allows only certain molecules into the nucleus
127
What is the nucleolus?
It contains RNA (ribonulceic acid) | It produces proteins
128
What is the chromatin network?
It contains DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
129
How many chromosomes does a human cell have?
46 arranged in pairs
130
What is the function of the mitochondrion?
It is the power house of a cell It is where respiration takes place Produces energy for the cell. It breaks down glucose and transforms it into Adenosine triphosphate
131
What are cristae?
They are the folds of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion
132
What is the matrix of a mitochondrion?
It is the substance in the inner membrane
133
Why does the cristae invaginate (fold in on itself)?
To increase the surface area
134
What is ATP?
Adenosine triphosphate | It provides chemical energy for the cell
135
Where does digested food come from?
Absorbed by small intestine | Transported by blood
136
Where does the air entering your body go?
Absorbed by the lungs Transported by blood Carbon dioxide removed Transported back to lungs
137
What is the function of a ribosome?
It is where protein synthesis happens
138
Why are proteins important?
proteins form the basis of enzymes and hormones
139
What is the function of a lysosome?
They are filled with digestive enzymes which digest proteins
140
What is the function of the Endoplasmic Reticulum?
It aids in cell communication Transportation of molecules Site for ribosomes to translate RNA into proteins
141
What is the function for the Golgi body (apparatus?
Protein storage and packaging | Secretory function
142
What is the function of centrioles?
To assist with cell division (mitosis) | ONLY IN ANIMAL CELLS
143
What is a vacuole?
Fluid filled cavities inside the cytoplasm
144
What is a tonoplast?
The semi-permeable membrane surrounding the vacuole
145
What are the animal cell vacuoles like?
They are very small food vacuoles
146
What are the plant cell vacuoles like?
Large central vacuole
147
What is a plant cell vacuole filled with?
Cell sap
148
What does cell sap consist of?
``` water mineral salts sugars proteins waste products other inorganic substances ```
149
What does turgid mean?
Full of cell sap
150
What does flaccid mean?
Not full of cell sap
151
What is the function of a vacuole?
Provide structure to the plant Store chemicals for the cell Break down complex molecules
152
What is the function of a cell wall?
To provide structure, strength and protection to the plant
153
What does the primary cell wall consist of?
Cellulose
154
What is cellulose?
It is a carbohydrate | It has little nutritional value to carnivores, but herbivores can digest it.
155
What does the secondary cell wall consist of?
Lignin
156
What does the cell wall allow through it?
Any molecule-totally permeable
157
What are the pits of a cell wall?
They are thinner areas of the cell wall | They allow communication between cells
158
What are plasmodesmata?
They are channels in the wall | They allow cytoplasmic strands to move between cells to communicate
159
What is the middle lamella?
It joins two adjacent cells (acts as cement)
160
What is the middle lamella made of?
Pectin
161
Where do plants get their green colour?
From the chlorophyll in chloroplasts
162
What is the function of chloroplasts?
To perform photosynthesis | ONLY IN PLANT CELLS
163
What does chloroplast mean?
Chloro=> Chlorine | Plast=> plastid
164
What are the reactants of photosynthesis?
Carbon dioxide | Water
165
What are the products of photosynthesis?
Glucose | Oxygen
166
What needs to be present for photosynthesis to take place?
Chlorophyll | Light energy
167
What is stroma?
It fills chloroplasts | It is filled with enzymes that speed up CO2 fixation and starch synthesis
168
What is the Thylakoid membrane?
It surrounds the thylakoids in a chloroplast It helps absorb light It helps synthesise ATP It helps transport electrons
169
What is a granum?
A group of thylakoids
170
What is the lamella in a chloroplast?
It connects the granum
171
What is a chromoplast?
It gives colour to the plant
172
What are the five phases of a cell?
``` Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase ```
173
Why is colour important for plants?
It attracts animals for pollination
174
What happens when a fruit ripens?
The chloroplasts change to chromoplasts
175
What is a leucoplast?
The main starch storing plastid
176
What is the function of ribosomes?
Contains RNA and proteins
177
What is the function of a vacuole?
It is to provide structure to the plant, store chemicals for the cell and break down complex molecules
178
What is the function of a chloroplast?
To transform light energy, carbon dioxide and water into glucose
179
What is the function of the cell wall?
It gives the plant cell structure, support and its rigid shape
180
What is the function of the cell membrane?
Surrounds the cell and only allows certain substances in
181
What is the function of cytoplasm?
It fills cells | It is what organelles float around in
182
What is the function of the nucleus?
Contains DNA, which instructs the cell in how it should function. Also contains the nucleolus, which aids in production of proteins and ribosomes.
183
What is a zygote?
A single fertilised cell
184
What do all multi-cellular organisms originate from?
A zygote
185
What does a zygote do?
It divides into many new cells which eventually specialise to form tissues and organs
186
Do cells live forever?
No
187
How do cells replicate?
They replace themselves through mitosis
188
What is a parent cell?
A cell that is about to divide
189
What is a daughter cell?
One of two cells that emerge after mitosis
190
How many phases of mitosis are there?
6
191
What are the six phases of mitosis?
``` Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis ```
192
What happens in the interphase?
Cell grows until it is big enough to become two cells | The DNA begins to replicate
193
What does each daughter cell need?
At least one of each organelle | These organelles can replicate themselves after mitosis
194
What happens during the prophase?
``` Chromatin network shortens and thickens The chromosomes become visible The nuclear membrane will disintegrate The nucleolus will disintegrate The organelles will move to the sides Centrioles duplicate Centrioles form spindle fibers and move to opposite poles (animal cell) In a plant cell: cytoplasm forms spindle fibers ```
195
What happens during the metaphase?
The chromosomes will line up in the middle of the cell | The spindle fibres of the centrioles will attach themselves to the centromeres
196
What is the middle of the cell called?
The equatorial plate
197
What is a centromere?
The middle part of the chromatids
198
What is a chromatid?
The two longitudinal halves of a chromosome
199
What happens in the anaphase?
The spindle fibers shorten, pulling the chromatids apart The chromatids move to opposite poles The centrioles push against the sides of the cell (animal cell)
200
What happens in the telophase?
The daughter chromosomes uncoil to form a chromatin network The DNA is identical Two new nuclear membranes form around the groups of chromosomes The nucleolus reappears
201
What happens during cytokinesis?
The cytoplasm and the cell membrane "cut" the two cells apart
202
What age group does cancer affect the most?
Older people
203
How does cancer occur?
When cells do not stop growing, and keep dividing out of control
204
Why is cancer dangerous?
They can kill the normal, useful cells around them
205
What is a tumour?
A group of cancer cells that clump together
206
What is metastasis?
When some cancer cells break away from the original tumour and travel to other parts of the body to form new tumours
207
Is cancer contagious?
No
208
What causes cancer?
Nobody knows
209
What can increase the risk of getting cancer?
Smoking | Drinking
210
What are some symptoms of cancer?
``` Weight loss Fever Swollen glands Over tiredness Weakened immune system ```
211
What can be done to diagnose cancer?
X-Ray | Blood tests
212
What is an oncologist?
Someone who treats cancer
213
What is a biopsy?
When a piece of tissue is removed to determine if a person has cancer
214
What are three ways to treat cancer?
Surgery Chemotherapy Radiation
215
How can the type of treatment for cancer be determined?
The type of cancer that someone has the stage of the tumour
216
What is meant by the stage of the tumour?
How much the tumour has spread, if at all
217
How does surgery, as a treatment for cancer, work?
The doctor will physically cut out the cancer tissue
218
What is chemotherapy?
When cancer-killing drugs are given to a person
219
What does IV stand for?
An intravenous line
220
What is an IV?
A small plastic catheter that flows into a vein and therefore a blood stream
221
What is a catheter?
A plastic tube
222
What is sometimes done when a patient has to undergo prolonged chemotherapy?
A permanent catheter is placed into a larger blood vessel in the chest, so that the person doesn't have to get a new IV every time
223
What is radiation?
A cancer treatment that uses high-energy waves to damage and destroy cancer cells
224
What is a side effect?
An extra problem that occurs while receiving medication
225
What can radiation or chemotherapy cause?
Side effects
226
What side effects can occur because of radiation and chemotherapy?
Loss of appetite Tiredness Vomiting Hair loss
227
Why can side effects occur?
Sometimes healthy cells are killed too
228
What is a side effect that can be caused by radiation?
Red, irritated skin
229
Why does a cancer patient need to stay home?
To fight off infection
230
What is remission?
It means all signs of cancer are gone from the body
231
What do chromosomes look like?
2 chromatids joined by a centromere
232
What state is the cytoplasm in during the prophase?
The jel phase
233
What do plant cells have that animal cells do not?
``` Cell wall Large vacuole No centrioles Has plastids Has chromatin network Has a rigid rectangular shape ```
234
What is an animal cell like? (Compared to plant cells)
``` Only cell membrane Small, untrue vacuole Centrioles No plastids No chromatin network Irregular shape ```

Abi Biology 2016 (10 decks)

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