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Abi Biology 2016 > Cells, Microscope And Mitosis > Flashcards

Cells, Microscope And Mitosis Flashcards

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1
Q

What are Prokaryotes?

A

Before the nucleus was invented

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2
Q

What is a nucleus?

A

The “control centre” of a cell

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3
Q

What are nuclear pores?

A

They are holes in the nuclear membrane

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4
Q

What are nuclear pores for?

A

To control the movement of materials through the nucleus

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5
Q

What are mitochondria?

A

It is the “power house” of the cell

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6
Q

What do mitochondria do?

A

They break down glucose in the cell

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7
Q

What do plant cells have?

A

Cell walls
A fixed shape
A cell wall
A large vacuole

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8
Q

What do animal cells have?

A

A cell membrane
An unfixed shape
Minute vacuoles

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9
Q

What are cilia?

A

They are small projections on a cell

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10
Q

What is mitosis?

A

Cell division

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11
Q

What does the filter in a microscope do?

A

It diffuses the light in every direction

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12
Q

What does the condenser lens in a microscope do?

A

It bends the light into a straight line

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13
Q

How do you increase the magnification of a light microscope?

A

Putting special oil on the slide. Oil immersion microscopy

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14
Q

What does the body tube in a microscope do?

A

It directs the light to the eye

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15
Q

What does the rotating nose piece in a microscope do?

A

To hold the objectives and allow you to select a magnification

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16
Q

What do objective lenses in a microscope do?

A

Provide most of the magnification

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17
Q

What do stage clips in a microscope do?

A

Hold the specimen in place

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18
Q

What do the diaphragm and iris in a microscope do?

A

Controls the amount of light that comes through

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19
Q

What does a light source in a microscope do?

A

Illuminate the specimen

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20
Q

What does the ocular lens in a microscope do?

A

It magnifies the image produced by the objective lens

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21
Q

What are Eukaryotes?

A

They have a true nucleus

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22
Q

What are all living organisms made up of?

A

Cells

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23
Q

What is a unicellular organism?

A

An organism consisting of one cell

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24
Q

What is an example of a unicellular organism?

A

Amoeba

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25
Q

What is a multicellular organism?

A

An organism that has more than one cell

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26
Q

What is an example of a multicellular organism?

A

Human

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27
Q

What is an organism?

A

Something that performs the seven processes of life

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28
Q

What are the seven processes of life?

A 
Movement
Respiration
Stimuli (response to)
Growth
Reproduction
Excretion
Nutrition
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29
Q

When does your body work efficiently?

A

When your cells are doing their jobs well

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30
Q

Why is a cell like a factory?

A

It has a control centre that tells it what to do
It generates energy
Different parts make products and perform services
It takes in materials and excretes finished products and waste

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31
Q

How do you grow?

A

Through a process called mitosis

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32
Q

What is mitosis?

A

It is when your cells multiply by division

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33
Q

What are the types of telescopes?

A

Compound light microscope

Electron microscopes

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34
Q

What is a compound light microscope?

A

A machine that uses beams of light to magnify an image

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35
Q

What are the types of electron microscopes?

A

Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)

Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)

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36
Q

What is an electron microscope?

A

A machine that uses a beam of electrons to magnify an image

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37
Q

What does a SEM do?

A

It shows the outside of cells (3D)

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38
Q

What does a TEM do?

A

It magnifies the inside of a cell (2D)

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39
Q

What is a micrograph?

A

A photograph taken of a cell

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40
Q

What can limit magnification?

A

Resolution

Quality of microscope lenses

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41
Q

What can increase the magnification?

A

Smaller wavelengths

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42
Q

What is resolution?

A

The distance visible between two dots before they become impossible to discern

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43
Q

Where is the scale of the micrograph found?

A

In the bottom right hand corner

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44
Q

What is scale?

A

It enables us to calculate the actual size of a cell

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45
Q

What are cells measured in?

A

Micrometers (μm)

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46
Q

What are organelles?

A

They are the parts inside a cell

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47
Q

What are organelles measured in?

A

Nanometers (nm)

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48
Q

How do you work out the scale of the cell?

A

Measure the cell in mm
Measure the scale bar in mm
Put the length of the cell over the length of the scale bar
Multiply that by the number written by the scale bar
Convert to μm

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49
Q

What is microscopy?

A

Microscope work

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50
Q

What do you have to include on a diagram of a cell?

A

The magnification

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51
Q

What is magnification?

A

The number of times the object has been enlarged

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52
Q

What are the two magnification lenses on a compound light microscope?

A

The eye piece lens (10x)

Objective lens

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53
Q

How do you calculate magnification?

A

Multiply the objective lens by the eye piece lens

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54
Q

What does the body (microscope) tube do?

A

It connects the ocular (eye piece) to the nose piece

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55
Q

What does the nose piece do?

A

It holds the objectives and rotates

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56
Q

What do the objective lenses do?

A

Magnify the specimens

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57
Q

What do the stage clips do?

A

They hold the microscope slide in place

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58
Q

What does the diaphragm (Irish) do?

A

It controls the amount of light passing through the specimen

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59
Q

What does the light source do?

A

It passes light through the specimen

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60
Q

What does the ocular (eye piece) lens do?

A

It enables you to see the specimen

It magnifies the specimen

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61
Q

What does the arm do?

A

It forms the structure that faces the user on a microscope

It is used for carrying the microscope

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62
Q

What does the stage do?

A

It supports the specimen, normally on a microscope slide

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63
Q

What does the coarse focus knob do?

A

It largely adjust the focus by moving the stage up and down

It is to be used first on the smallest objective lens

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64
Q

What does the fine focus knob do?

A

It focuses details on a specimen

It is to be used with the rest of the objective lenses

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65
Q

What does the base do?

A

It supports the microscope

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66
Q

What happens when you move the specimen “up” on a microscope, and vice versa?

A

It looks like it is moving “down” not “up” and vice versa

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67
Q

What happens when you move the slide “left” on a microscope, and vice versa?

A

It looks like it is moving “right” instead of “left

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68
Q

How does a specimen appear under a microscope?

A

It will be viewed in reverse

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69
Q

What is tissue?

A

Tissue is when similar cells group together to perform a common function

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70
Q

What are organs?

A

Organs are made up of tissue that groups together to perform a common function

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71
Q

What is an organ system?

A

A group of organs working to get her to provide the organism with life

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72
Q

What is epithelial tissue?

A

It lines surfaces in the body

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73
Q

What is muscle tissue?

A

It is made up of fibres that contract to control movement

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74
Q

What is nervous tissue?

A

It consists of cells with projections to transmit electrical signals to the brain

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75
Q

What is connective tissue?

A

Loose connective tissue acts as padding under skin and elsewhere

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76
Q

What is bone?

A

Bone and cartilage are connective tissues made up of cells in a hard or stiff extracellular matrix

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77
Q

What is blood?

A

Blood is a connective tissue made up of cells in a liquid matrix

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78
Q

What systems can be found in the human body?

A 
Muscular
Skeletal
Circulatory
Respiratory
Endocrine
Digestive
Nervous
Lymphatic (immune)
Excretory
Reproductive
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79
Q

What is the muscular system?

A

They contract and relax to produce movement. They stretch over bones and joints.

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80
Q

What is the skeletal system?

A

It provides support for the body through a flexible, strong structure of bones, cartilage and connective tissue.

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81
Q

What is the circulatory system?

A

It supplies oxygen and nutrients to cells by circulating blood through the heart and other vessels.

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82
Q

What is the respiratory system?

A

Using the lungs, this system gives oxygen to the body and gets rid of carbon dioxide.

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83
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

This system controls the release of hormones.

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84
Q

What is the digestive system?

A

It is responsible for breaking down food.

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85
Q

What is the nervous system?

A

It is the control system. It consists of the brain, the spinal cord and a network of nerves.

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86
Q

What is the excretory system?

A

It is responsible for ridding the body of waste.

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87
Q

What is the lymphatic (immune) system?

A

It is responsible for inserting fluid back into the blood stream and preventing infection.

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88
Q

What is the reproductive system?

A

It is responsible for creating a new organism

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89
Q

What are the two types of cells?

A

Prokaryotic

Eukaryotic

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90
Q

What is a prokaryotic cell?

A

A cell without a true nucleus

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91
Q

What is an example of a prokaryotic cell?

A

Bacteria

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92
Q

What is an example of a eukaryotic cell?

A

A cell that contains a true nucleus

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93
Q

What are the two types of eukaryotic cells?

A

Animal

Plant

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94
Q

What does a eukaryotic cell contain?

A

Protoplasm
Cell membrane
Cell wall (plant only)

95
Q

What does protoplasm contain?

A

Cytoplasm

Nucleus

96
Q

What does cytoplasm contain?

A

Organic compounds

Inorganic compounds

97
Q

What are inorganic compounds?

A 
Water
Sodium
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Iron
Calcium
98
Q

What are organic compounds?

A

Lipids
Proteins
Carbohydrates

99
Q

What is an example of a lipid?

A

Oil

100
Q

What is an example of a protein?

A

Collagen

101
Q

What is an example of a carbohydrate?

A

Sugar

102
Q

What shape is an animal cell?

A

It has an irregular shape

103
Q

What shape is a plant cell?

A

It has a rigid rectangular shape

104
Q

What is the vacuole of a plant cell like?

A

It has a large fluid filled vacuole

105
Q

What is the vacuole of a plant cell like?

A

They tend to be small, untrue food vacuoles

106
Q

Where can centrioles be found?

A

Only in animal cells

107
Q

Where can plastids be found?

A

Only in plant cells

108
Q

What is another name for a cell membrane?

A

A plasma membrane

109
Q

What does the plasma membrane consist of?

A

A bi-layer of phospholipids

Protein molecules

110
Q

What forms the matrix of the plasma membrane?

A

Lipids (oils and fats)

111
Q

What do the proteins in the plasma membrane do?

A

They carry out functions, such as moving substances through the membrane

112
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

It acts as a gate

It only allows some molecules to pass through it: semi-permeable

113
Q

What is the lipid bi-layer made up of?

A

It is made of transport proteins that touch both the inside and outside of the cell
It has a double layer of lipids
The fat cells have hydrophilic heads
The fat cells have hydrophobic tails

114
Q

What is hydrophobic?

A

Water hating

115
Q

What is hydrophilic?

A

Water loving

116
Q

What is cytoplasm?

A

It is a clear, semi-fluid medium (jellylike)

117
Q

What is a sol?

A

A more “liquid jelly” cytoplasm

118
Q

What is a gel?

A

A more “solid jelly” cytoplasm

119
Q

What does the cytoplasm consist of?

A

Mostly water

Dissolved nutrients and gases

120
Q

Where can cytoplasm be found?

A

It fills the inside of cells

121
Q

What is cyclosis?

A

When chloroplasts and other organelles are moved within a cell by cytoplasmic streaming

122
Q

What is an organelle?

A

They are specialised structures found inside cells

123
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

It is the control centre of a cell

It contains hereditary information (genes) on the chromatin network (chromosomes)

124
Q

What is the nuclear envelope?

A

It surrounds the nucleus with a double membrane for extra protection
It is semi-permeable

125
Q

What is nucleoplasm?

A

It is like cytoplasm

It fills the nucleus

126
Q

What is a nuclear pore?

A

It allows only certain molecules into the nucleus

127
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A

It contains RNA (ribonulceic acid)

It produces proteins

128
Q

What is the chromatin network?

A

It contains DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

129
Q

How many chromosomes does a human cell have?

A

46 arranged in pairs

130
Q

What is the function of the mitochondrion?

A

It is the power house of a cell
It is where respiration takes place
Produces energy for the cell. It breaks down glucose and transforms it into Adenosine triphosphate

131
Q

What are cristae?

A

They are the folds of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion

132
Q

What is the matrix of a mitochondrion?

A

It is the substance in the inner membrane

133
Q

Why does the cristae invaginate (fold in on itself)?

A

To increase the surface area

134
Q

What is ATP?

A

Adenosine triphosphate

It provides chemical energy for the cell

135
Q

Where does digested food come from?

A

Absorbed by small intestine

Transported by blood

136
Q

Where does the air entering your body go?

A

Absorbed by the lungs
Transported by blood
Carbon dioxide removed
Transported back to lungs

137
Q

What is the function of a ribosome?

A

It is where protein synthesis happens

138
Q

Why are proteins important?

A

proteins form the basis of enzymes and hormones

139
Q

What is the function of a lysosome?

A

They are filled with digestive enzymes which digest proteins

140
Q

What is the function of the Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A

It aids in cell communication
Transportation of molecules
Site for ribosomes to translate RNA into proteins

141
Q

What is the function for the Golgi body (apparatus?

A

Protein storage and packaging

Secretory function

142
Q

What is the function of centrioles?

A

To assist with cell division (mitosis)

ONLY IN ANIMAL CELLS

143
Q

What is a vacuole?

A

Fluid filled cavities inside the cytoplasm

144
Q

What is a tonoplast?

A

The semi-permeable membrane surrounding the vacuole

145
Q

What are the animal cell vacuoles like?

A

They are very small food vacuoles

146
Q

What are the plant cell vacuoles like?

A

Large central vacuole

147
Q

What is a plant cell vacuole filled with?

A

Cell sap

148
Q

What does cell sap consist of?

A 
water
mineral salts
sugars
proteins
waste products
other inorganic
substances
149
Q

What does turgid mean?

A

Full of cell sap

150
Q

What does flaccid mean?

A

Not full of cell sap

151
Q

What is the function of a vacuole?

A

Provide structure to the plant
Store chemicals for the cell
Break down complex molecules

152
Q

What is the function of a cell wall?

A

To provide structure, strength and protection to the plant

153
Q

What does the primary cell wall consist of?

A

Cellulose

154
Q

What is cellulose?

A

It is a carbohydrate

It has little nutritional value to carnivores, but herbivores can digest it.

155
Q

What does the secondary cell wall consist of?

A

Lignin

156
Q

What does the cell wall allow through it?

A

Any molecule-totally permeable

157
Q

What are the pits of a cell wall?

A

They are thinner areas of the cell wall

They allow communication between cells

158
Q

What are plasmodesmata?

A

They are channels in the wall

They allow cytoplasmic strands to move between cells to communicate

159
Q

What is the middle lamella?

A

It joins two adjacent cells (acts as cement)

160
Q

What is the middle lamella made of?

A

Pectin

161
Q

Where do plants get their green colour?

A

From the chlorophyll in chloroplasts

162
Q

What is the function of chloroplasts?

A

To perform photosynthesis

ONLY IN PLANT CELLS

163
Q

What does chloroplast mean?

A

Chloro=> Chlorine

Plast=> plastid

164
Q

What are the reactants of photosynthesis?

A

Carbon dioxide

Water

165
Q

What are the products of photosynthesis?

A

Glucose

Oxygen

166
Q

What needs to be present for photosynthesis to take place?

A

Chlorophyll

Light energy

167
Q

What is stroma?

A

It fills chloroplasts

It is filled with enzymes that speed up CO2 fixation and starch synthesis

168
Q

What is the Thylakoid membrane?

A

It surrounds the thylakoids in a chloroplast
It helps absorb light
It helps synthesise ATP
It helps transport electrons

169
Q

What is a granum?

A

A group of thylakoids

170
Q

What is the lamella in a chloroplast?

A

It connects the granum

171
Q

What is a chromoplast?

A

It gives colour to the plant

172
Q

What are the five phases of a cell?

A 
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
173
Q

Why is colour important for plants?

A

It attracts animals for pollination

174
Q

What happens when a fruit ripens?

A

The chloroplasts change to chromoplasts

175
Q

What is a leucoplast?

A

The main starch storing plastid

176
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

Contains RNA and proteins

177
Q

What is the function of a vacuole?

A

It is to provide structure to the plant, store chemicals for the cell and break down complex molecules

178
Q

What is the function of a chloroplast?

A

To transform light energy, carbon dioxide and water into glucose

179
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

It gives the plant cell structure, support and its rigid shape

180
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

Surrounds the cell and only allows certain substances in

181
Q

What is the function of cytoplasm?

A

It fills cells

It is what organelles float around in

182
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

Contains DNA, which instructs the cell in how it should function. Also contains the nucleolus, which aids in production of proteins and ribosomes.

183
Q

What is a zygote?

A

A single fertilised cell

184
Q

What do all multi-cellular organisms originate from?

A

A zygote

185
Q

What does a zygote do?

A

It divides into many new cells which eventually specialise to form tissues and organs

186
Q

Do cells live forever?

A

No

187
Q

How do cells replicate?

A

They replace themselves through mitosis

188
Q

What is a parent cell?

A

A cell that is about to divide

189
Q

What is a daughter cell?

A

One of two cells that emerge after mitosis

190
Q

How many phases of mitosis are there?

A

6

191
Q

What are the six phases of mitosis?

A 
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis
192
Q

What happens in the interphase?

A

Cell grows until it is big enough to become two cells

The DNA begins to replicate

193
Q

What does each daughter cell need?

A

At least one of each organelle

These organelles can replicate themselves after mitosis

194
Q

What happens during the prophase?

A 
Chromatin network shortens and thickens
The chromosomes become visible
The nuclear membrane will disintegrate 
The nucleolus will disintegrate 
The organelles will move to the sides
Centrioles duplicate
Centrioles form spindle fibers and move to opposite poles (animal cell)
In a plant cell: cytoplasm forms spindle fibers
195
Q

What happens during the metaphase?

A

The chromosomes will line up in the middle of the cell

The spindle fibres of the centrioles will attach themselves to the centromeres

196
Q

What is the middle of the cell called?

A

The equatorial plate

197
Q

What is a centromere?

A

The middle part of the chromatids

198
Q

What is a chromatid?

A

The two longitudinal halves of a chromosome

199
Q

What happens in the anaphase?

A

The spindle fibers shorten, pulling the chromatids apart
The chromatids move to opposite poles
The centrioles push against the sides of the cell (animal cell)

200
Q

What happens in the telophase?

A

The daughter chromosomes uncoil to form a chromatin network
The DNA is identical
Two new nuclear membranes form around the groups of chromosomes
The nucleolus reappears

201
Q

What happens during cytokinesis?

A

The cytoplasm and the cell membrane “cut” the two cells apart

202
Q

What age group does cancer affect the most?

A

Older people

203
Q

How does cancer occur?

A

When cells do not stop growing, and keep dividing out of control

204
Q

Why is cancer dangerous?

A

They can kill the normal, useful cells around them

205
Q

What is a tumour?

A

A group of cancer cells that clump together

206
Q

What is metastasis?

A

When some cancer cells break away from the original tumour and travel to other parts of the body to form new tumours

207
Q

Is cancer contagious?

A

No

208
Q

What causes cancer?

A

Nobody knows

209
Q

What can increase the risk of getting cancer?

A

Smoking

Drinking

210
Q

What are some symptoms of cancer?

A 
Weight loss
Fever
Swollen glands
Over tiredness
Weakened immune system
211
Q

What can be done to diagnose cancer?

A

X-Ray

Blood tests

212
Q

What is an oncologist?

A

Someone who treats cancer

213
Q

What is a biopsy?

A

When a piece of tissue is removed to determine if a person has cancer

214
Q

What are three ways to treat cancer?

A

Surgery
Chemotherapy
Radiation

215
Q

How can the type of treatment for cancer be determined?

A

The type of cancer that someone has the stage of the tumour

216
Q

What is meant by the stage of the tumour?

A

How much the tumour has spread, if at all

217
Q

How does surgery, as a treatment for cancer, work?

A

The doctor will physically cut out the cancer tissue

218
Q

What is chemotherapy?

A

When cancer-killing drugs are given to a person

219
Q

What does IV stand for?

A

An intravenous line

220
Q

What is an IV?

A

A small plastic catheter that flows into a vein and therefore a blood stream

221
Q

What is a catheter?

A

A plastic tube

222
Q

What is sometimes done when a patient has to undergo prolonged chemotherapy?

A

A permanent catheter is placed into a larger blood vessel in the chest, so that the person doesn’t have to get a new IV every time

223
Q

What is radiation?

A

A cancer treatment that uses high-energy waves to damage and destroy cancer cells

224
Q

What is a side effect?

A

An extra problem that occurs while receiving medication

225
Q

What can radiation or chemotherapy cause?

A

Side effects

226
Q

What side effects can occur because of radiation and chemotherapy?

A

Loss of appetite
Tiredness
Vomiting
Hair loss

227
Q

Why can side effects occur?

A

Sometimes healthy cells are killed too

228
Q

What is a side effect that can be caused by radiation?

A

Red, irritated skin

229
Q

Why does a cancer patient need to stay home?

A

To fight off infection

230
Q

What is remission?

A

It means all signs of cancer are gone from the body

231
Q

What do chromosomes look like?

A

2 chromatids joined by a centromere

232
Q

What state is the cytoplasm in during the prophase?

A

The jel phase

233
Q

What do plant cells have that animal cells do not?

A 
Cell wall
Large vacuole
No centrioles
Has plastids
Has chromatin network
Has a rigid rectangular shape
234
Q

What is an animal cell like? (Compared to plant cells)

A 
Only cell membrane
Small, untrue vacuole
Centrioles
No plastids
No chromatin network
Irregular shape

Abi Biology 2016 (10 decks)

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