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Abi Biology 2016 > Digestion And Healthy Eating > Flashcards

Digestion And Healthy Eating Flashcards

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1
Q

How is the small intestine suited to its job?

A

It is long and thin as well as being folded to increase the surface area, thereby increasing the absorption
These folds are called villi. The cells that make up villi also have small projections called microvilli

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2
Q

What is the singular form of villi?

A

Vilus

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3
Q

What are held in the pits between the villi?

A

Secretory glands to secrete mucous and enzymes

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4
Q

How does the food move along the small intestine?

A

Peristaltic movements that slowly push the food along the tube

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5
Q

What is the purpose of the lacteal?

A

To transport fat through your lymph system

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6
Q

What is emulsified fat?

A

It is fat that has been surrounded by bile (a detergent layer)

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7
Q

How is emulsified fat transported?

A

Hydrophilic outer layer loves water, so is water soluble. The fat will travel through your system until it gets to the liver where it is processed

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8
Q

What is the common bile duct?

A

The place where the tubes from the gall bladder, liver and pancreas meet. The tube injects bile and pancreatic juice into the first part of your small intestine

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9
Q

What is chyme?

A

The dissolved foodstuffs that is moving from the stomach to the small intestine

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10
Q

What kind of muscles perform peristalsis?

A

Circular muscles

Longtitude all muscles

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11
Q

What is digestion?

A

The process whereby food is broken down- by mechanical and chemical means- into water soluble molecules so that they can be used to create nutrients that can be assimilated into the blood stream

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12
Q

What is mechanical digestion?

A

When food is churned or squashed in order to break it down

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13
Q

What are examples of mechanical digestion?

A

Chewing in the mouth
Cheeks hold the food in place
Churning in the stomach (to mix the food)
Peristalsis- oesophagus/intestine (to move the food)

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14
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

When muscles contract and expand to push food down a tube

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15
Q

What is chemical digestion?

A

When the chemical composition of food is changed to break it down

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16
Q

What are examples of chemical digestion?

A

Enzymes in saliva
Hydrochloric acid in stomach
Enzymes are proteins made by amino acids

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17
Q

What is amylase?

A

The enzyme that breaks down starch

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18
Q

What is starch?

A

Amylose

Carbohydrates

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19
Q

What are the eleven organs of digestion?

A 
Oral cavity
Pancreas
Large intestine
Appendix
Oesophagus
Liver
Stomach
Gall bladder
Small intestine
Rectum
Anus
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20
Q

What is the pharynx?

A

The valve that is between the oesophagus and windpipe

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21
Q

What does the pharynx do?

A

It prevents food from going down the windpipe

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22
Q

What is a bolus?

A

A ball of food that is pushed down the oesophagus into the stomach

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23
Q

What is in the oral cavity?

A

Teeth
Salivary glands
Tongue

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24
Q

What do the teeth do?

A

They grind food

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25
Q

What does the tongue do?

A 
It pushes food underneath the teeth
Forms a bolus
Pushes the bolus down the throat
Tastes the food
Cleans teeth
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26
Q

What kind of digestion happens in the oral cavity?

A 
Mostly mechanical 
Some chemical (amylase)
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27
Q

What happens in the oral cavity?

A

Moisture is added to the food

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28
Q

What are the three salivary glands?

A

Parotid gland
Sublingual
Submandibular

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29
Q

What does the pancreas do?

A

Secretes:
Hormones
Digestive enzymes

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30
Q

What do the hormones-secreted by the pancreas- do?

A

Control blood sugar levels

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31
Q

What does the large intestine do?

A

Extracts moisture and any nutrients that are left after the food has passed through the small intestine
Absorbs vitamin k

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32
Q

What does the appendix do?

A

Nobody knows…

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33
Q

What does the oesophagus do?

A

Tube that pushes food from the mouth to the stomach

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34
Q

How does the oesophagus move the bolus from the mouth to the stomach?

A

Through peristalsis

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35
Q

What does the liver do?

A

Secretes bile and digestive enzymes
Bile helps to emulsify fats
Liver is responsible for filtering toxins from the bloodstream

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36
Q

What does the stomach do?

A

Mixes food with hydrochloric acid
Hydrochloric acid breaks down proteins
Stomach churns the food

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37
Q

What kind of digestion happens in the stomach?

A

Mechanical-churning

Chemical-acid

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38
Q

What does the gall bladder do?

A

Stores the bile and enzymes that are secreted by the liver

It will release this mixture when it is needed by the stomach

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39
Q

What does the small intestine do?

A

It is responsible for digestion
Absorbs nutrients, lipids and other useful substances
Sends necessary substances to be assimilated into the bloodstream

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40
Q

What does the rectum do?

A

Stores waste products (faeces that need to be removed)

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41
Q

What does the anus do?

A

Expels waste products

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42
Q

What is the function of saliva?

A

Contains enzymes that help to break down food
Help to make food water soluble
Lubricates the mouth-helps with swallowing and chewing

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43
Q

How does emulsify fats?

A

Surrounds the fat molecule with a “detergent”
The outer layer of the bile is hydrophilic -likes to be in water
This enables fat to be assimilated into the bloodstream

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44
Q

What is the cecum?

A

The part of the large intestine that connects to the small intestine

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45
Q

What is the colon?

A

Another name for the large intestine

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46
Q

What is the cardiac sphincter?

A

The muscle at the top of the stomach

47
Q

What does the cardiac sphincter do?

A

It stops hydrochloric acid from exiting the stomach and flowing up the oesophagus

48
Q

What is the pyloric sphincter?

A

It is the muscle between the stomach and the small intestine

49
Q

What does the pyloric sphincter do?

A

It stops hydrochloric acid from exiting the stomach and flowing into the small intestine

50
Q

What does the stomach wall consist of?

A

Multiple layers

51
Q

What is the duodenum?

A

The part of the small intestine that connects to the stomach

52
Q

What is the pylorus?

A

The part of the stomach that connects to the duodenum

53
Q

What is the fundus?

A

The top part of the stomach

54
Q

What are rugae?

A

Folds in the wall of the stomach

55
Q

What are gastric pits?

A

They are “dents” in the lining of the stomach that contain the gastric glands

56
Q

What are mucous cells?

A

They secrete mucous to protect the stomach from its own digestive secretions
It also helps to lubricate the inside of the stomach

57
Q

What are the gastric glands?

A

The glands in the lining of the stomach that secrete digestive enzymes and hydrochloric acid (gastric juice) into the lumen of the stomach

58
Q

How has the small intestine adapted to its function?

A

It has increased its surface area

59
Q

What are villi?

A

Minute elongated projections on the inside of the small intestine that absorb nutrients from food after it leaves the stomach

60
Q

Why does the small intestine have villi?

A

To increase the surface area

61
Q

What is the lumen?

A

The central cavity of the stomach and intestine

62
Q

What is the function of the lumen?

A

To allow the chyme and water to pass through them

63
Q

What is the function of muscle layers?

A

To assist with the mixing and the moving of nutrients (peristalsis)

64
Q

What is the lacteal?

A

The lymphatic vessels of the small intestine at absorb digested fats

65
Q

What is the capillary bed?

A

It transports nutrients, amino acids, lipids and carbohydrates in the small intestine to the bloodstream

66
Q

What are microvilli?

A

Minute projections on the villi

67
Q

What do the microvilli do?

A

They increase the surface area even more, thereby increasing the absorption

68
Q

What are the five stages of digestion?

A 
Ingestion
Digestion
Absorption
Assimilation
Egestion/elimination/defaecation
69
Q

What is ingestion?

A

The first stage in the digestive system. It is when food enters the mouth and is broken down by the teeth and enzymes in saliva.

70
Q

What is digestion?

A

The second stage of the digestive system. It is when food is broken down into substances that can be used by the body with the use of mechanical and chemical action in the stomach.

71
Q

What is absorption?

A

The third stage of the digestive system where the digested food passes through the intestines and nutrients (carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals) are absorbed into the bloodstream.

72
Q

What is assimilation?

A

The fourth stage of the digestive system where the nutrients in the blood stream are moved into cells and are utilised there.

73
Q

What is egestion?

A

The fifth stage in the digestive system where waste products are formed and stored in the rectum until expelled out of the body through the anus.

74
Q

What is a balanced diet?

A

A way of eating that provides an organism with the correct amount of nutrients to keep the organism functioning at full capacity.

75
Q

What are autotrophs?

A

Organisms that can produce food for themselves

76
Q

What are heterotrophs?

A

Organisms that need to ingest food to gain energy

77
Q

What are examples of autotrophs?

A

Plants

Phytoplankton

78
Q

What are examples of heterotrophs?

A

Consumers
Detrivores
Decomposers

79
Q

What is a monomer?

A

The smallest unit of polymer

80
Q

What is a polymer?

A

A substance that consists of many similar molecules

81
Q

What is the monomer of a protein?

A

Amino acids

82
Q

What is the monomer of a carbohydrate?

A

Glucose

83
Q

What is the monomer of lipids?

A

A glycerol molecule bonded to three fatty acid chains

84
Q

What is glycerol derived from?

A

Alcohol

85
Q

How many levels are there in the stereotypical food pyramid?

A

5

86
Q

What is the basis of the food pyramid?

A

Carbohydrates

87
Q

What is the second layer of the food pyramid?

A

Fruit and vegetables

88
Q

What is the third layer of the food pyramid?

A

Dairy products

89
Q

What is the fourth layer of the food pyramid?

A

Proteins, such as meat and fish

90
Q

What is at the top of the food pyramid?

A

Fats and sugars

91
Q

What is fibre?

A

A type of carbohydrate

92
Q

What are the functions of carbohydrates?

A

Fuel that is used to carry out daily activities and exercise

Help to carry out the correct working of our brains, hearts, nervous, digestive and immune systems

93
Q

What is the function of fibre?

A

Helps with the elimination of waste material and toxins

Cleans the intestines

94
Q

What is the function of protein?

A

Building and repair of tissues (including muscles)
Creates enzymes, hormones and many immune molecules
Body processes
Protein helps keep hair, skin and nails healthy

95
Q

What body processes does protein perform?

A

Water balancing
Nutrient transport
Muscle contractions

96
Q

What function do fruits and vegetables perform?

A 
They provide vitamins
They provide folic acid
They provide potassium
They provide some fibre and carbohydrates
They provide some trace minerals
They provide a little protein
97
Q

What is the function of dairy products?

A

They supply many nutrients with few calories

98
Q

What nutrients do dairy products provide?

A 
Calcium
Phosphorous
Magnesium
Protein
Zinc
99
Q

What does calcium do?

A

Bone and tooth growth

100
Q

What does phosphorous do?

A

Energy release

101
Q

What does magnesium do?

A

Muscle function

102
Q

What does zinc do?

A

Helps with the immune system

103
Q

What do fats do?

A 
Provide a source of energy
Form structural materials
Carry fat soluble vitamins
Help with absorption of vitamins
Provide fatty acids
Provide protection and insulation
104
Q

What happens to excess energy sources? (Proteins, fats & carbohydrates)

A

They get stored

105
Q

What is subcutaneous fat?

A

Excess fat that is stored underneath our skin

106
Q

What vitamins do fats transport?

A

A
D
E
K

107
Q

How do fats help proteins?

A

They save proteins from having to convert to energy, so that proteins can perform more important functions

108
Q

What are Cis fats?

A

Fats that your body’s enzymes recognise

These are fats that your body can easily utilise

109
Q

What are considered healthy fats?

A

Natural fats

110
Q

What are considered unhealthy fats?

A

Trans fats

111
Q

Why are trans fats unhealthy?

A

They aren’t recognised by your body, so they go to the wrong places

112
Q

What kind of fat is omega 3?

A

A healthy Cis fat

113
Q

What kind of fat is omega 6?

A

Unhealthy

Abi Biology 2016 (10 decks)

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