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Abi Biology 2016 > Sense Organs > Flashcards

Sense Organs Flashcards

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1
Q

How many main senses do humans have?

A

5

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2
Q

What are the five senses?

A 
Touch
Sight
Smell
Taste
Hearing
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3
Q

Which organ assists with the sense of touch?

A

The skin

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4
Q

Which organ assists with the sense of sight?

A

The eyes

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5
Q

Which organ assists with the sense of smell?

A

The nose

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6
Q

Which organ assists with the sense of taste?

A

Tongue

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7
Q

Which organ assists with the sense of hearing?

A

Ears

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8
Q

Which organ controls all of the senses?

A

The brain

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9
Q

What are the five main areas of the brain?

A 
The frontal lobe
The parietal lobe
The temporal lobe
The occipital lobe
The cerebellum
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10
Q

What are some of the things that the frontal lobe controls?

A 
Problem solving
Morality
Personality
Social skills
Regulating emotions
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11
Q

What are some of the things that the parietal lobe controls?

A

Recognising sensations
Sense of time
Reading and comprehension
Recognising body position

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12
Q

What are some of the things that the temporal lobe controls?

A 
Understanding
Language
Hearing
Speech
Memory
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13
Q

What are some of the things that the occipital lobe controls?

A

Vision and integrating visual information
Colour
Shape
Distance

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14
Q

What are the things that the cerebellum controls?

A

Balance
Muscular coordination
Unconscious functions

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15
Q

What is the brain stem?

A

It connects the brain to the spine

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16
Q

What are the things that the brain stem controls?

A

Regulation of heart beats
Respiration
Body temperature
Essential body functions

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17
Q

What is the cerebral hemisphere?

A

It acts as the integrating centre for high complex functions such as learning, memory and emotions

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18
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A

It maintains homeostasis
COORDINATING the nervous and endocrine systems
Secretes HORMONES of the posterior pituitary
Releases factors that regulate the anterior pituitary

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19
Q

What does the pituitary gland do?

A

The posterior lobe stores and RELEASES HORMONES produced by the hypothalamus and the anterior lobe
It produces and secretes hormones regulating many body functions

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20
Q

What does the medulla oblongata do?

A

It CONTROLS AUTOMATIC and homeostatic activities, such as swallowing, DIGESTION AND VOMITING,
Controls breathing and heart activity

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21
Q

How many components make up the eye?

A

15

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22
Q

What are the 15 components of the eye?

A 
Sclerotic layer
Conjunctiva
Cornea
Pupil
Aqueous humour
Iris
Ciliary muscles
Suspensory ligaments
Lens
Optic nerve
Blind spot
Yellow spot 
Retina 
Choroid
Vitreous humour
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23
Q

What is another name for the yellow spot?

A

Fovea

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24
Q

What is the sclerotic layer?

A

A protective layer that surrounds the eye

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25
Q

What is the sclerotic layer like?

A

It is white coloured and tough

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26
Q

What is the function of the sclerotic layer?

A

It helps to maintain the shape of the eye

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27
Q

What is the conjunctiva?

A

A clear thin layer covering the front of the eye

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28
Q

What is an infection of the conjunctiva called?

A

Conjunctivitis

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29
Q

What is the cornea?

A

It is a clear “window”

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30
Q

Where is the cornea?

A

In the sclerotic layer

Underneath the conjunctiva

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31
Q

What is the function of the cornea?

A

It allows light to enter the eye

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32
Q

What is the pupil?

A

It is a hole in the center of the iris

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33
Q

What does the pupil do in dim light?

A

It expands to let more light in

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34
Q

What does the pupil do in bright light?

A

It shrinks down to a small hole

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35
Q

What does it mean when the pupil is dilated?

A

It has expanded to let more light in

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36
Q

What is the aqueous humour?

A

A watery liquid that fills the space between the cornea and the lens

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37
Q

What does the aqueous humour do?

A

It helps to maintain the shape of the eye

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38
Q

Where is the iris?

A

It is just in front of the lens

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39
Q

What does the iris do?

A

It changes size to control the size of the pupil

It also gives eyes their colour

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40
Q

What do the ciliary muscles do?

A

They change the shape of the lens to bring an image into focus

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41
Q

What do the suspensory ligaments do?

A

Hold the lens in place

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42
Q

What is the lens?

A

A clear jelly-like ‘window’ that helps focus an image on the back surface of the eye

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43
Q

What does the optic nerve do?

A

It joins the eye to the brain

It passes information about the image to the Brian for processing so that the image is seen the right way up

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44
Q

What is the blind spot?

A

The place where blood vessels and the optic nerve connect to the eyeball

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45
Q

Why is it called the blind spot?

A

There are no light-sensitive cells here to detect image information

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46
Q

What is the yellow spot?

A

The part of the eye that contains many colour-sensitive cells

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47
Q

Where is the fovea?

A

As a part of the retina

Directly behind the pupil

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48
Q

How can you see the colour of something more clearly?

A

Look directly at it so that the light passing through the pupil can hit this spot

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49
Q

What is the retina?

A

A layer containing light sensitive cells

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50
Q

What does the retina do?

A

It transmits messages to the brain

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51
Q

How many light sensitive cells are in the retina?

A

Over 100 million

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52
Q

What is the choroid?

A

A black layer behind the lens

It forms a lining around the eye

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53
Q

What does the choroid do?

A

It prevents light from reflecting all around the eye

Supplies the eye with blood and oxygen

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54
Q

What is the vitreous humour?

A

A jelly

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55
Q

What does the vitreous humour do?

A

It helps to maintain the shape of the eye

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56
Q

What controls the size of the pupil?

A

Two sets of muscles in the iris

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57
Q

What are the two sets of muscles in the iris?

A

Radial muscles

Circular muscles

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58
Q

What do the circular muscles do in bright light?

A

They contract

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59
Q

Where are the circular muscles?

A

They form the inner ring of muscles in the iris

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60
Q

Where are the radial muscles?

A

They form the outer ring of the muscles in the iris

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61
Q

What do the radial muscles do in bright light?

A

They relax

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62
Q

What does the relaxation of the radial muscles and the contraction of the circular muscles do?

A

It constricts the pupil

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63
Q

What do the radial muscles do in dim light?

A

They contract

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64
Q

What do the circular muscles do in dim light?

A

They relax

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65
Q

What does the relaxation of the circular muscles and the contraction of the radial muscles do?

A

It causes the pupil to dilate

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66
Q

How does the eye adjust for far and near sight?

A

It changes the shape of the lens

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67
Q

What happens to the ciliary muscles when looking at something far away?

A

They contract

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68
Q

What does the contraction of the ciliary muscles do to the lens?

A

The lens will flatten

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69
Q

What do the ciliary muscles do when looking at something near?

A

They relax

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70
Q

What does the relaxation of the ciliary muscles do to the lens?

A

The lens will become more rounded

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71
Q

How many components of the ear are there?

A

9

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72
Q

What are the nine components of the ear?

A 
The ossicles
The pin a
Auditory canal
Eardrum
Eustachian rube
Cochlea
Auditory nerves
Semicircular canals
Oval window
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73
Q

What are the three areas of the ear?

A

Outer ear
Middle ear
Inner ear

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74
Q

What are the three ossicles?

A

Hammer
Anvil
Stirrup

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75
Q

What are the ossicles?

A

A group of three tiny bones

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76
Q

How loud is a sound once it has reached the stirrup?

A

30 times louder than at the eardrum

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77
Q

What is the pinna?

A

The visible part of the ear

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78
Q

How do we see?

A

Your eyes’ photoreceptors covert light energy into nerve impulses that the brain can understand

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79
Q

Why do sound waves need to be amplified?

A

So that the vibration can move through fluid

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80
Q

What is the function of the pinna?

A

It is specifically shaped to focus sound into the ear

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81
Q

What is another name for the auditory canal?

A

Ear canal

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82
Q

What does the auditory canal do?

A

It connects the outer ear with the eardrum

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83
Q

What is another name for the eardrum?

A

Tympanic membrane

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84
Q

What is the eardrum?

A

Made of a thin sheet of muscle and skin

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85
Q

Where is the eardrum?

A

It is the start of the middle

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86
Q

What does the eardrum do?

A

It vibrates in response to sounds. These vibrations move the ossicles

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87
Q

What are the ossicles?

A

They are three small bones in the middle ear. They are the three smallest bones in the body.

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88
Q

What do the ossicles do?

A

They move in response the vibrations from the eardrum. The hammer connects to the anvil, which connects to the stirrup, which beats against the oval window.

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89
Q

What is the eustachian tube?

A

It is a tunnel that connects to the throat.

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90
Q

Where is the auditory canal?

A

The outer ear

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91
Q

What does the Eustachian tube do?

A

It helps maintain pressure between the middle and inner ear

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92
Q

Where is the Eustachian tube?

A

In the middle ear

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93
Q

What is the cochlea?

A

It is a fluid-filled, coiled tube

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94
Q

Where is the cochlea?

A

It is in the inner ear

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95
Q

What is the function of the inner ear?

A

It passes vibrations on to a series of tiny hairs. These hairlike structures respond to different sounds, and send signals to the auditory nerve

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96
Q

What are auditory nerves?

A

They are nerves that send signals to the brain, which are interpreted as sounds

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97
Q

What are semicircular canals?

A

Three curved sections of the inner ear. They are each perpendicular to each other

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98
Q

What is the function of the semi-circular canals?

A

They respond to the vibrations caused by the movement of your body. They send signals to the brain, which in turn sends signals to your muscles to help you maintain balance

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99
Q

What is the oval window?

A

This is what the stirrup vibrates against.

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100
Q

Where is the oval window?

A

It marks the boundary between the middle and inner ear

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101
Q

What is the function of the oval window?

A

It transfers the vibrations form the middle ear into the cochlea

102
Q

What are the different functions of the tongue?

A 
Help swallow- pushes bolus of food down the oesophagus
Pushes food underneath the teeth
Taste organ
Keeps teeth clean
Helps with speech
103
Q

What is the main function of the tongue?

A

To taste

104
Q

What assists the tongue with taste?

A

Taste buds

105
Q

How many types of taste buds are there?

A

3

106
Q

What are the three types of tastebuds?

A

Circumvallate
Foliate
Fungiform

107
Q

Where are circumvallate projections found?

A

At the back of the tongue

108
Q

Where are the foliate projections found?

A

On the sides of the tongue

109
Q

Where are the fungi form projections found?

A

At the front of the tongue

110
Q

What is the cavity of the nose lined with?

A

Mucous membranes

111
Q

What do the mucous membranes contain?

A

Smell receptors

112
Q

What do smell receptors connect to?

A

The olfactory nerve

113
Q

What are smells made of?

A

Vapours from various substances

114
Q

How do smell receptors recognise smells?

A

They interact with vapours in a certain way, then they send messages based on these interactions to the brain

115
Q

What is the suspected function of the vomer nasal organ?

A

It is suspected of being sensitive to pheromones

116
Q

What do pheromones do?

A

They influence the reproductive cycle

117
Q

How many types of smells are our noses sensitive to?

A

7

118
Q

What are the seven types of smells?

A 
Camphor
Musk
Flower
Mint
Ether
Acrid
Putrid
119
Q

When is the sense of smell temporarily lost?

A

When a person has a cold

120
Q

What animal has a stronger sense of smell than a human?

A

A dog

121
Q

Why can dogs smell better than humans?

A

Their olfactory epithelium is larger

122
Q

How many olfactory receptor neurons do we have?

A

About 40 million

123
Q

What do smells associate with?

A

Emotions.

124
Q

Why are some smells good to some people and bad to other people?

A

Smells are associated with emotions and memories, so if someone smelt salt and then was hurt, they will like the smell of slat less that someone who had a good memory associated with a salty smell.

125
Q

What assists the sense of taste?

A

The sense of smell

126
Q

Why is smell important?

A

It can alert us to danger, and helps us to trigger memories and emotions

127
Q

Where are tastebuds found?

A

Beneath the taste pores

128
Q

What is the largest organ in the body?

A

The skin

129
Q

What is the total surface area of your skin?

A

About 2m^2

130
Q

What are the functions of the skin?

A

It protects us from microbes and the elements
Helps regulate body temperature
Permits the sensations of touch, heat and cold

131
Q

How many layers of skin are there?

A

3

132
Q

What are the three layers of skin?

A

Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis

133
Q

What are the two types of epidermis?

A

Thick skin

Thin skin

134
Q

Where does thick skin occur?

A

On your palms and the soles of your feet

135
Q

How many layers does thick skin have?

A

5

136
Q

How many layers does thin skin have?

A

4

137
Q

What’s are the five layers of thick skin?

A 
Stratum corneum 
Stratum lucidum 
Stratum granulosm 
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basale
138
Q

Which layer is missing from your thin skin?

A

Stratum lucidum

139
Q

What helps you to touch?

A

Cutaneous sensory receptors

140
Q

How many main senses do humans have?

A

5

141
Q

What are the five senses?

A 
Touch
Sight
Smell
Taste
Hearing
142
Q

Which organ assists with the sense of touch?

A

The skin

143
Q

Which organ assists with the sense of sight?

A

The eyes

144
Q

Which organ assists with the sense of smell?

A

The nose

145
Q

Which organ assists with the sense of taste?

A

Tongue

146
Q

Which organ assists with the sense of hearing?

A

Ears

147
Q

Which organ controls all of the senses?

A

The brain

148
Q

What are the five main areas of the brain?

A 
The frontal lobe
The parietal lobe
The temporal lobe
The occipital lobe
The cerebellum
149
Q

What are some of the things that the frontal lobe controls?

A 
Problem solving
Morality
Personality
Social skills
Regulating emotions
150
Q

What are some of the things that the parietal lobe controls?

A

Recognising sensations
Sense of time
Reading and comprehension
Recognising body position

151
Q

What are some of the things that the temporal lobe controls?

A 
Understanding
Language
Hearing
Speech
Memory
152
Q

What are some of the things that the occipital lobe controls?

A

Vision and integrating visual information
Colour
Shape
Distance

153
Q

What are the things that the cerebellum controls?

A

Balance
Muscular coordination
Unconscious functions

154
Q

What is the brain stem?

A

It connects the brain to the spine

155
Q

What are the things that the brain stem controls?

A

Regulation of heart beats
Respiration
Body temperature
Essential body functions

156
Q

What is the cerebral hemisphere?

A

It acts as the integrating centre for high complex functions such as learning, memory and emotions

157
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A

It maintains homeostasis
COORDINATING the nervous and endocrine systems
Secretes HORMONES of the posterior pituitary
Releases factors that regulate the anterior pituitary

158
Q

What does the pituitary gland do?

A

The posterior lobe stores and RELEASES HORMONES produced by the hypothalamus and the anterior lobe
It produces and secretes hormones regulating many body functions

159
Q

What does the medulla oblongata do?

A

It CONTROLS AUTOMATIC and homeostatic activities, such as swallowing, DIGESTION AND VOMITING,
Controls breathing and heart activity

160
Q

How many components make up the eye?

A

15

161
Q

What are the 15 components of the eye?

A 
Sclerotic layer
Conjunctiva
Cornea
Pupil
Aqueous humour
Iris
Ciliary muscles
Suspensory ligaments
Lens
Optic nerve
Blind spot
Yellow spot 
Retina 
Choroid
Vitreous humour
162
Q

What is another name for the yellow spot?

A

Fovea

163
Q

What is the sclerotic layer?

A

A protective layer that surrounds the eye

164
Q

What is the sclerotic layer like?

A

It is white coloured and tough

165
Q

What is the function of the sclerotic layer?

A

It helps to maintain the shape of the eye

166
Q

What is the conjunctiva?

A

A clear thin layer covering the front of the eye

167
Q

What is an infection of the conjunctiva called?

A

Conjunctivitis

168
Q

What is the cornea?

A

It is a clear “window”

169
Q

Where is the conjunctiva?

A

In the sclerotic layer

Underneath the conjunctiva

170
Q

What is the function of the cornea?

A

It allows light to enter the eye

171
Q

What is the pupil?

A

It is a hole in the center of the iris

172
Q

What does the pupil do in dim light?

A

It expands to let more light in

173
Q

What does the pupil do in bright light?

A

It shrinks down to a small hole

174
Q

What does it mean when the pupil is dilated?

A

It has expanded to let more light in

175
Q

What is the aqueous humour?

A

A watery liquid that fills the space between the cornea and the lens

176
Q

What does the aqueous humour do?

A

It helps to maintain the shape of the eye

177
Q

Where is the iris?

A

It is just in front of the lens

178
Q

What does the iris do?

A

It changes size to control the size of the pupil

It also gives eyes their colour

179
Q

What do the ciliary muscles do?

A

They change the shape of the lens to bring an image into focus

180
Q

What do the suspensory ligaments do?

A

Hold the lens in place

181
Q

What is the lens?

A

A clear jelly-like ‘window’ that helps focus an image on the back surface of the eye

182
Q

What does the optic nerve do?

A

It joins the eye to the brain

It passes information about the image to the Brian for processing so that the image is seen the right way up

183
Q

What is the blind spot?

A

The place where blood vessels and the optic nerve connect to the eyeball

184
Q

Why is it called the blind spot?

A

There are no light-sensitive cells here to detect image information

185
Q

What is the yellow spot?

A

The part of the eye that contains many colour-sensitive cells

186
Q

Where is the fovea?

A

As a part of the retina

Directly behind the pupil

187
Q

How can you see the colour of something more clearly?

A

Look directly at it so that the light passing through the pupil can hit this spot

188
Q

What is the retina?

A

A layer containing light sensitive cells

189
Q

What does the retina do?

A

It transmits messages to the brain

190
Q

How many light sensitive cells are in the retina?

A

Over 100 million

191
Q

What is the choroid?

A

A black layer behind the lens

It forms a lining around the eye

192
Q

What does the choroid do?

A

It prevents light from reflecting all around the eye

Supplies the eye with blood and oxygen

193
Q

What is the vitreous humour?

A

A jelly

194
Q

What does the vitreous humour do?

A

It helps to maintain the shape of the eye

195
Q

What controls the size of the pupil?

A

Two sets of muscles in the iris

196
Q

What are the two sets of muscles in the iris?

A

Radial muscles

Circular muscles

197
Q

What do the circular muscles do in bright light?

A

They contract

198
Q

Where are the circular muscles?

A

They form the inner ring of muscles in the iris

199
Q

Where are the radial muscles?

A

They form the outer ring of the muscles in the iris

200
Q

What do the radial muscles do in bright light?

A

They relax

201
Q

What does the relaxation of the radial muscles and the contraction of the circular muscles do?

A

It constricts the pupil

202
Q

What do the radial muscles do in dim light?

A

They contract

203
Q

What do the circular muscles do in dim light?

A

They relax

204
Q

What does the relaxation of the circular muscles and the contraction of the radial muscles do?

A

It causes the pupil to dilate

205
Q

How does the eye adjust for far and near sight?

A

It changes the shape of the lens

206
Q

What happens to the ciliary muscles when looking at something far away?

A

They contract

207
Q

What does the contraction of the ciliary muscles do to the lens?

A

The lens will flatten

208
Q

What do the ciliary muscles do when looking at something near?

A

They relax

209
Q

What does the relaxation of the ciliary muscles do to the lens?

A

The lens will become more rounded

210
Q

How many components of the ear are there?

A

9

211
Q

What are the nine components of the ear?

A 
The ossicles
The pin a
Auditory canal
Eardrum
Eustachian rube
Cochlea
Auditory nerves
Semicircular canals
Oval window
212
Q

What are the three areas of the ear?

A

Outer ear
Middle ear
Inner ear

213
Q

What are the three ossicles?

A

Hammer
Anvil
Stirrup

214
Q

What are the ossicles?

A

A group of three tiny bones

215
Q

How loud is a sound once it has reached the stirrup?

A

30 times louder than at the eardrum

216
Q

What is the pinna?

A

The visible part of the ear

217
Q

How do we see?

A

Your eyes’ photoreceptors covert light energy into nerve impulses that the brain can understand

218
Q

What is the largest organ in your body?

A

Your skin

219
Q

How large is your skin?

A

About 2 metres squared

220
Q

What is the largest organ in your body?

A

Your skin

221
Q

How large is your skin?

A

About 2 metres squared

222
Q

How many main functions does the skin have?

A

3

223
Q

What are the three main functions of the skin?

A

It protects us from microbes and the elements
Helps regulate body temperature
Permits the sensations of touch and temperature

224
Q

How many layers does skin have?

A

3

225
Q

What are the three layers of the skin?

A

Epidermis
Dermis
Hypodermis

226
Q

What is the epidermis?

A

The outer most layer of skin
Provides a waterproof barrier
Creates our skin tone

227
Q

What is the dermis?

A

The layer below the epidermis
Contains tough, connective tissue
Contains hair follicles
Contains sweat glands

228
Q

What is the hypodermis?

A

The deeper subcutaneous tissue

Made of fat and connective tissue

229
Q

How is the skin’s colour created?

A

Through the pigment melanin

230
Q

What is another name for melanin?

A

Melanocytes

231
Q

Where are melanocytes located?

A

In the epidermis

232
Q

How many types of rectors are there?

A

6

233
Q

What are the six skin receptors?

A 
Meissner corpuscle
Pacinian corpuscle
Ruffini organ
Merkel disks
Free nerve endings
Thermoreceptors
234
Q

What do meissner corpuscles do?

A

Sense changes in texture

Sense slow vibrations

235
Q

What does the pacinian corpuscle do?

A

It senses deep pressure

Senses fast vibrations

236
Q

What does the ruffini organ do?

A

It senses sustained pressure

237
Q

What do the merkel disks do?

A

They sense sustained touch

They also sense sustain pressure

238
Q

What do free nerve endings do?

A

They sense pain and itches

239
Q

What do thermoreceptors do?

A

They sense temperature

240
Q

How many main parts are there in the nose?

A

10

241
Q

What are the ten main parts of the nose?

A 
Frontal sinus
Nasal bone
Cartilage
Nasal cavity
Lip muscle
Teeth
Tongue
Tonsil
Sphenoidal sinus
Olfactory bulb
242
Q

What is the nasal cavity lined with?

A

Mucous membranes

243
Q

What have the mucous membranes in the nose got?

A

Smell receptors connected to the olfactory nerve

244
Q

What are smells made of?

A

Vapours from various substances

245
Q

How do we smell?

A

Individual smell receptors interact with particles inhaled into the nasal cavity
These reactions send signals to the brain along the olfactory nerve
The brain interprets these signals as smells

246
Q

What is the function of the vomer nasal organ?

A

It has not been determined

It is suspected to interpret pheromones

247
Q

What do pheromones do?

A

They influence the reproductive system

248
Q

How many types of smells are there?

A

7

249
Q

What are the seven types of smells?

A 
Camphor
Musk
Flower
Mint
Ether
Acrid
Putrid
250
Q

Which animal has a stronger sense of smell than a human?

A

A dog

251
Q

Why does a dog have a better sense of smell?

A

They have larger olfactory bulbs

Abi Biology 2016 (10 decks)

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