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Abi Biology 2016 > Excretory System > Flashcards

Excretory System Flashcards

1
Q

What is excretion?

A

Any process which gets rid of unwanted metabolic waste

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2
Q

What products do we excrete?

A

Carbon dioxide
Water
Mineral salts
Nitrogenous compounds

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3
Q

What are nitrogenous compounds?

A

Ammonia
Urea
Uris acid
Creatinine

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4
Q

What kinds of excretion does carbon dioxide use?

A

Aerobic

The lungs

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5
Q

How is water excreted?

A

Aerobic respiration, lungs

Osmoregulation, kidneys

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6
Q

How are mineral salts excreted?

A

Osmoregulation
Kidneys
Skin

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7
Q

How are nitrogenous compounds excreted?

A

During the production of urine

Kidneys

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8
Q

What are the four components of the excretory system?

A

Kidneys
Ureter
Bladder
Urethra

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9
Q

What is a kidney?

A

A bean shaped organ situated in the pelvis. It filters waste products from the body

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10
Q

What is the function of the kidney?

A 
Regulates the blood:pH
Electrolytes
Pressure
Amount of oxygen (production of RBC)
Volume
Filters waste products out of the blood (nitrogenous)
Form urine
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11
Q

What is the function of the ureter?

A

To carry urine to the bladder

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12
Q

What is the function of the bladder?

A

A temporary storage area for urine, after it has been filtered by the kidney, but before it leaves the body

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13
Q

What is the function of the urethra?

A

Carries urine outside of the body

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14
Q

What is filtrate?

A

The first stage of urine

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15
Q

What is the first stage when filtering through the nephrons?

A

Through the membrane of the glomerulus

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16
Q

What is the second stage of filtration through the nephrons?

A

The useful substances that were filtered out of the blood in the first stage I.e. Glucose, some amino acids, and other useful dissolved things are reabsorbed

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17
Q

Where does dirty blood enter the nephron from?

A

Afferent arteriole

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18
Q

Where does clean blood exit the nephron from?

A

Efferent arteriole

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19
Q

What is a podocyte?

A

Cells in the membrane of a nephron
They have gaps in between them
Called filtration slits

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20
Q

How is the first filtration system in a nephron made more efficient?

A

Increase the surface area
Thin membrane
Low pressure in nephron
High pressure in capillary

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21
Q

How do the nephrons create the correct pressure?

A

The efferent arteriole has a small diameter

The pressure behind the efferent arteriole increases

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22
Q

What does convoluted mean?

A

Curved, bent, twisted

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23
Q

What is the cortex?

A

The outer layer of the kidney

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24
Q

What does the cortex contain?

A

About 1 million Malpighian bodies

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25
What is the medulla?
The inner layer of the kidney
26
What does the medulla look like?
It is divided into cone shaped pyramids | They have a striated appearance
27
Why do these pyramids have a striated appearance?
From the shape of the nephrons
28
What are these cone-shaped pyramids called?
Renal pyramids
29
How many renal pyramids does each kidney have?
8-18
30
What are the greater and lesser calyx?
They collect the urine | They lead to the pelvis
31
How does the ureter work?
Through gravity and peristalsis
32
What is the pelvis?
A funnel which collects the urine from the calyces
33
What is the renal artery?
It transports blood from the aorta to the kidney for purification
34
What kind of blood does the renal artery transport?
Oxygen rich blood, rich in waste products
35
What is the renal vein?
The vein that carries blood from the kidney to the heart
36
What kind of blood does the renal vein transport?
Purified, CO2 rich blood
37
What percentage of the blood pumped from the heart goes to the kidneys?
25% of aortic blood
38
What is the relationship between the blood pressure and the amount of urine produced?
Direct | Blood pressure decreases, less urine is produced
39
What is the capsule?
The protective layer of connective tissue that surrounds the kidney
40
What are the nine components of the kidney?
``` Capsule Cortex Medulla Greater calyx Lesser calyx Ureter Pelvis Renal artery Renal vein ```
42
What are the seven components of nephrons?
``` Arterioles Malpighian body Proximal tubule Loop of Henle Distal tubule Collecting tube Duct of Bellini Renal papilla ```
42
What are the two kinds of arterioles?
Afferent | Efferent
42
Which arteriole is wider?
Afferent arteriole
43
What are the components of the Malpighian body?
Glomerulus | Bowman's capsule
44
What is the glomerulus?
The "filter" through which blood is processed
45
What is Bowman's capsule?
The area into which blood filters after leaving the glomerulus
46
Why is the afferent arteriole wider than the efferent arteriole?
To create a high pressure zone between them
47
Why does a high pressure zone need to be created?
So that particles will move from the arterioles (high pressure zone) into Bowman's capsule (low pressure zone)
48
What is the function of the Malpighian body?
Ultra-filtration takes place here.
49
What happens in the first stage of filtration through the nephrons?
Large particles remain in the blood | The rest of the particles- good and bad- are passed into Bowman's capsule
50
How does the glomerulus filter small particles?
Podocytes allow only certain particles through | They filter through the filtration slits
51
What kinds of things don't fit through the filtration slits?
Red blood cells | Large proteins
52
What is the fluid that exists Bowman's capsule called?
Filtrate
53
What is the proximal tubule like?
Convoluted | Has capillaries surrounding it
54
What is the proximal tubule used for?
Reabsorption of useful substances into the blood capillaries
55
What reabsorption happens in the proximal tubule?
Some water All glucose All amino acids
56
What is the substance called after it leaves the proximal tubule?
Dilute urine
57
What happens in the loop of Henle?
Osmoregulation
58
How does Osmoregulation occur in the loop of Henle?
Through the use of a sodium pump
59
How does the sodium pump work?
Sodium is added to he medulla There is now a low concentration of water in the medulla, and a high concentration of water in the dilute urine The water will move towards the medulla The water is absorbed by the capillary
60
When will sodium be pushed into the medulla?
When the body needs to conserve water
61
What two things happen in the distal tubule?
Reabsorption of water and salts into the capillary | Tubular excretion of waste products
62
What is tubular excretion?
It is when unwanted substances (ammonia and salts) are excreted, from the capillaries and medulla, into the tubules
63
What is the fluid called after it has left the distal tubule?
Urine
65
What are the ducts of Bellini?
They lead from the distal tubule to the collecting tubule
66
What is the composition of urine?
96% water 2% urea 1.5% salts
67
What happens in the collecting tubule?
Urine is transported to the calyces of the kidney | During Osmoregulation water is released into the tissue fluid of the medulla

Abi Biology 2016 (10 decks)

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