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Abi Biology 2016 > Excretory System > Flashcards

Excretory System Flashcards

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1
Q

What is excretion?

A

Any process which gets rid of unwanted metabolic waste

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2
Q

What products do we excrete?

A

Carbon dioxide
Water
Mineral salts
Nitrogenous compounds

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3
Q

What are nitrogenous compounds?

A

Ammonia
Urea
Uris acid
Creatinine

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4
Q

What kinds of excretion does carbon dioxide use?

A

Aerobic

The lungs

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5
Q

How is water excreted?

A

Aerobic respiration, lungs

Osmoregulation, kidneys

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6
Q

How are mineral salts excreted?

A

Osmoregulation
Kidneys
Skin

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7
Q

How are nitrogenous compounds excreted?

A

During the production of urine

Kidneys

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8
Q

What are the four components of the excretory system?

A

Kidneys
Ureter
Bladder
Urethra

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9
Q

What is a kidney?

A

A bean shaped organ situated in the pelvis. It filters waste products from the body

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10
Q

What is the function of the kidney?

A 
Regulates the blood:pH
Electrolytes
Pressure
Amount of oxygen (production of RBC)
Volume
Filters waste products out of the blood (nitrogenous)
Form urine
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11
Q

What is the function of the ureter?

A

To carry urine to the bladder

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12
Q

What is the function of the bladder?

A

A temporary storage area for urine, after it has been filtered by the kidney, but before it leaves the body

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13
Q

What is the function of the urethra?

A

Carries urine outside of the body

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14
Q

What is filtrate?

A

The first stage of urine

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15
Q

What is the first stage when filtering through the nephrons?

A

Through the membrane of the glomerulus

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16
Q

What is the second stage of filtration through the nephrons?

A

The useful substances that were filtered out of the blood in the first stage I.e. Glucose, some amino acids, and other useful dissolved things are reabsorbed

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17
Q

Where does dirty blood enter the nephron from?

A

Afferent arteriole

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18
Q

Where does clean blood exit the nephron from?

A

Efferent arteriole

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19
Q

What is a podocyte?

A

Cells in the membrane of a nephron
They have gaps in between them
Called filtration slits

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20
Q

How is the first filtration system in a nephron made more efficient?

A

Increase the surface area
Thin membrane
Low pressure in nephron
High pressure in capillary

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21
Q

How do the nephrons create the correct pressure?

A

The efferent arteriole has a small diameter

The pressure behind the efferent arteriole increases

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22
Q

What does convoluted mean?

A

Curved, bent, twisted

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23
Q

What is the cortex?

A

The outer layer of the kidney

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24
Q

What does the cortex contain?

A

About 1 million Malpighian bodies

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25
Q

What is the medulla?

A

The inner layer of the kidney

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26
Q

What does the medulla look like?

A

It is divided into cone shaped pyramids

They have a striated appearance

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27
Q

Why do these pyramids have a striated appearance?

A

From the shape of the nephrons

28
Q

What are these cone-shaped pyramids called?

A

Renal pyramids

29
Q

How many renal pyramids does each kidney have?

A

8-18

30
Q

What are the greater and lesser calyx?

A

They collect the urine

They lead to the pelvis

31
Q

How does the ureter work?

A

Through gravity and peristalsis

32
Q

What is the pelvis?

A

A funnel which collects the urine from the calyces

33
Q

What is the renal artery?

A

It transports blood from the aorta to the kidney for purification

34
Q

What kind of blood does the renal artery transport?

A

Oxygen rich blood, rich in waste products

35
Q

What is the renal vein?

A

The vein that carries blood from the kidney to the heart

36
Q

What kind of blood does the renal vein transport?

A

Purified, CO2 rich blood

37
Q

What percentage of the blood pumped from the heart goes to the kidneys?

A

25% of aortic blood

38
Q

What is the relationship between the blood pressure and the amount of urine produced?

A

Direct

Blood pressure decreases, less urine is produced

39
Q

What is the capsule?

A

The protective layer of connective tissue that surrounds the kidney

40
Q

What are the nine components of the kidney?

A 
Capsule
Cortex
Medulla
Greater calyx
Lesser calyx
Ureter
Pelvis
Renal artery
Renal vein
42
Q

What are the seven components of nephrons?

A 
Arterioles 
Malpighian body
Proximal tubule
Loop of Henle
Distal tubule
Collecting tube
Duct of Bellini
Renal papilla
42
Q

What are the two kinds of arterioles?

A

Afferent

Efferent

42
Q

Which arteriole is wider?

A

Afferent arteriole

43
Q

What are the components of the Malpighian body?

A

Glomerulus

Bowman’s capsule

44
Q

What is the glomerulus?

A

The “filter” through which blood is processed

45
Q

What is Bowman’s capsule?

A

The area into which blood filters after leaving the glomerulus

46
Q

Why is the afferent arteriole wider than the efferent arteriole?

A

To create a high pressure zone between them

47
Q

Why does a high pressure zone need to be created?

A

So that particles will move from the arterioles (high pressure zone) into Bowman’s capsule (low pressure zone)

48
Q

What is the function of the Malpighian body?

A

Ultra-filtration takes place here.

49
Q

What happens in the first stage of filtration through the nephrons?

A

Large particles remain in the blood

The rest of the particles- good and bad- are passed into Bowman’s capsule

50
Q

How does the glomerulus filter small particles?

A

Podocytes allow only certain particles through

They filter through the filtration slits

51
Q

What kinds of things don’t fit through the filtration slits?

A

Red blood cells

Large proteins

52
Q

What is the fluid that exists Bowman’s capsule called?

A

Filtrate

53
Q

What is the proximal tubule like?

A

Convoluted

Has capillaries surrounding it

54
Q

What is the proximal tubule used for?

A

Reabsorption of useful substances into the blood capillaries

55
Q

What reabsorption happens in the proximal tubule?

A

Some water
All glucose
All amino acids

56
Q

What is the substance called after it leaves the proximal tubule?

A

Dilute urine

57
Q

What happens in the loop of Henle?

A

Osmoregulation

58
Q

How does Osmoregulation occur in the loop of Henle?

A

Through the use of a sodium pump

59
Q

How does the sodium pump work?

A

Sodium is added to he medulla
There is now a low concentration of water in the medulla, and a high concentration of water in the dilute urine
The water will move towards the medulla
The water is absorbed by the capillary

60
Q

When will sodium be pushed into the medulla?

A

When the body needs to conserve water

61
Q

What two things happen in the distal tubule?

A

Reabsorption of water and salts into the capillary

Tubular excretion of waste products

62
Q

What is tubular excretion?

A

It is when unwanted substances (ammonia and salts) are excreted, from the capillaries and medulla, into the tubules

63
Q

What is the fluid called after it has left the distal tubule?

A

Urine

65
Q

What are the ducts of Bellini?

A

They lead from the distal tubule to the collecting tubule

66
Q

What is the composition of urine?

A

96% water
2% urea
1.5% salts

67
Q

What happens in the collecting tubule?

A

Urine is transported to the calyces of the kidney

During Osmoregulation water is released into the tissue fluid of the medulla

Abi Biology 2016 (10 decks)

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