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Abi Biology 2016 > Reproductive System > Flashcards

Reproductive System Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the major function of the reproductive system?

A

To ensure survival of the species

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2
Q

What are the four functions of the reproductive system?

A

Produce egg and sperm cells
Transport and sustain these cells
Nurture the developing offspring
Produce hormones

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3
Q

How are the four functions of the reproductive organs classified?

A

Into primary and secondary reproductive organs

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4
Q

What are the primary reproductive organs?

A

Gonads. They consist of the ovaries and testes

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5
Q

What are the primary reproductive organs responsible for?

A

Producing the egg and sperm cells

Producing hormones

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6
Q

What is the collective term for the egg and sperm cells?

A

Gametes

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7
Q

What is the function of reproductive hormones?

A

Maturation of the reproductive system

Development of sexual characteristics

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8
Q

What are the secondary reproductive organs?

A

All other organs, ducts and glands in the reproductive system

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9
Q

What is the function of the secondary reproductive organs?

A

Transport and sustain the gametes

Nurture the developing offspring

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10
Q

What are the two main methods of reproduction?

A

Asexual

Sexual

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11
Q

What is asexual reproduction?

A

Formation of new individuals from the cell(s) of a single parent

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12
Q

Where is asexual reproduction common?

A

In plants

Some small animals

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13
Q

What is sexual reproduction?

A

Formation of a new individual with the genes of two separate gametes

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14
Q

What gametes are present in sexual reproduction?

A

One male and one female

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15
Q

What are the gametes in plants referred to as?

A

Pollen

Ovules

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16
Q

Which gametes in plants are male?

A

Pollen

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17
Q

Which gametes in plants are female?

A

Ovules

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18
Q

What are the gametes in animals referred to as?

A

Sperm

Egg

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19
Q

Which gametes in animals are male?

A

Sperm

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20
Q

Which gametes in animals are female?

A

Egg

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21
Q

What happens during fertilisation?

A

The nuclei of the two gametes fuse

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22
Q

What are two gametes fused together called?

A

Zygote

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23
Q

Does sexual reproduction involve sexual intercourse?

A

No, not always

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24
Q

How do humans reproduce?

A

Sexually

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25
Q

What do gametes contain?

A

Genetic material required to make a new individual

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26
Q

How many chromosomes does a gamete have?

A

23

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27
Q

How many chromosomes does a zygote have?

A

46

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28
Q

How many components of the male reproductive system are there?

A

14

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29
Q

What are the 14 components of the male reproductive system?

A 
Scrotum
Testis
Epididymis 
Vas deferens
Seminal vesicle 
Prostate gland
Ejaculatory duct
Cowper' gland
Pubic bone 
Urethra
Erectile tissue
Penis
Glans penis
Foreskin
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30
Q

What are the testes?

A

Male gonads

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31
Q

Where are the testes situated?

A

They develop in the abdominal cavity
Move into the scrotum at birth
Exist outside of the body

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32
Q

Why are the testes outside of the body?

A

Internal body temperature is too high for sperm production

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33
Q

What complications with the testes can cause a male to be sterile?

A

The testes don’t move into the scrotum at birth

Tight pants alter positioning of testes- lower sperm production

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34
Q

How many testes does a male have?

A

2

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35
Q

What do the testes look like?

A

Oval
Contain lots of small tubules
These tubules are coiled to fit a long tube into a small space

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36
Q

What are the tubules in the testes called?

A

Seminiferous tubules

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37
Q

What do the testes do?

A

Produce sperm

Produce hormones

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38
Q

What hormones do the testes produce?

A

Testosterone

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39
Q

How many sperm do the testes produce?

A

40-1800 million per day

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40
Q

What is the epididymis?

A

A mass of tightly coiled tubes

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41
Q

Where is the epididymis located?

A

Just outside the testes

The tubes exit the testes

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42
Q

What is the function of the epididymis?

A

Sperm matures here (so it can swim)

Also for storage of sperm

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43
Q

How does the epididymis end?

A

All tubules join to form 1 that leaves the epididymis and becomes the vas deferens

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44
Q

What is another name for the vas deferens?

A

Sperm duct

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45
Q

What is the spermatic cord?

A 
A system consisting of:
Vas deferens
Blood vessels
Nerves
Muscle layer
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46
Q

Where is the vas deferens located?

A

In the abdominal cavity

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47
Q

How many vas deferenses are there?

A

2 (1 from each testis)

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48
Q

What is the function of the vas deferens?

A

To carry the sperm from the epididymis

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49
Q

Where does the vas deferens end?

A

Joins the seminal vesicle

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50
Q

Where is the seminal vesicle?

A

At the base of the bladder

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51
Q

What does the seminal vesicle do?

A

Secretes semen

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52
Q

What is semen?

A

A thick, pale yellow fluid

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53
Q

What is the function of semen?

A

To nourish and move sperm

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54
Q

Where is the ejaculatory duct?

A

It begins where the vas deferens and seminal vesicle join

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55
Q

Where does the ejaculatory duct end?

A

When it joins the urethra

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56
Q

What is the function of the ejaculatory duct?

A

To carry sperm

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57
Q

Where is the prostrate gland situated?

A

At the base of the bladder

Underneath the seminal vesicle

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58
Q

What does the prostrate gland do?

A

It secretes and alkaline fluid

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59
Q

What is the function of this alkaline fluid?

A

To neutralise any acids and to move the sperm

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60
Q

How can the prostrate gland become a problem?

A

Prostrate cancer

In older men, the gland enlarges and pushes against the urethra and makes it difficult to urinate

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61
Q

What is the urethra?

A

The tube that leads out of the penis

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62
Q

What is the function of the urethra?

A

To conduct sperm and urine out of the penis (but not at the same time)

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63
Q

What does the penis look like?

A

It is a cylindrical organ that hangs in front of the scrotum

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64
Q

What does the penis consist of?

A

Connective tissue and spongy erectile tissue (has blood spaces)
Shaft
Glans penis
Foreskin

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65
Q

What is the shaft of the penis?

A

It is the body of the penis

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66
Q

What is the glans penis?

A

The tip of the penis

It is slightly enlarged

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67
Q

What is the foreskin?

A

The loose skin that covers the penis

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68
Q

What is the function of the penis?

A

To release sperm during sexual intercpurse

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69
Q

What is the release of sperm called?

A

Ejaculation

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70
Q

What happens when a male is sexually aroused?

A

The penis becomes erect

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71
Q

How does erection happen?

A

Blood flow to the reptile tissue increases
It fills the blood spaces
The penis becomes stiff and increases in size

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72
Q

What is the meaning of impotent?

A

When a male is unable to have an erection or orgasm

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73
Q

What is the hole at the tip of the glans penis called?

A

Urogenital opening

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74
Q

What are the components of semen?

A

Sperm (gametes) and various secretions

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75
Q

What are the secretions in semen?

A

Secretions form the:
Seminal vesicle
Prostrate glands
Cowper’s glands

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76
Q

What happens to the penis after ejaculation?

A

It becomes flaccid again

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77
Q

What percentage of semen is produced by the seminal vesicle?

A

60%

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78
Q

What percentage of the semen is produced by the prostrate glands?

A

30-35%

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79
Q

What percentage of semen is actually sperm?

A

5%

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80
Q

How does semen fuel the sperm?

A 
It contains:
Citric acid
Amino acids
Fructose 
Minerals
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81
Q

How much semen is released during an ejaculation?

A

2-5 ml

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82
Q

On average, how much sperm is released in an ejaculation?

A

40-600 million

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83
Q

What can affect the amount of sperm released during an ejaculation?

A

The volume of the ejaculation

The length of time since the last ejaculation

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84
Q

What are the three main components of a single sperm?

A

The head
Mid piece
And tail

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85
Q

What are the components of the head of sperm?

A

Acrosome
Nucleus (contains chromosomes)
Little cytoplasm

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86
Q

What are the components of the mid piece?

A

Mitochondria

Centrioles

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87
Q

What are the components of the tail of sperm?

A

The flagellum

The tail sheath

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88
Q

How mig is a single sperm?

A

50 μm

0,05 mm

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89
Q

How many cells make up a single sperm?

A

One cell

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90
Q

What are the components of the acrosome?

A

It contains a sac of enzymes

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91
Q

What is the function of the acrosome?

A

Important for the penetration of the egg

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92
Q

What is the mid-piece of sperm?

A

It is the anterior (top part) of tail surrounded by a sac filled with mitochondria

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93
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria in sleep?

A

To provide energy for the sperm

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94
Q

What does the tail contain?

A

Microtubules- mostly proteins

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95
Q

What is the function of the tail?

A

To help the sperm swim

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96
Q

What are the two main effects of testosterone?

A

Essential for maturing of sperm

Secondary sexual characteristics

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97
Q

When do secondary sexual characteristics develop?

A

At puberty

98
Q

What are secondary sexual characteristics?

A 
Growth of hair
Voice deepens
Strong muscles
Sex drive
Aggression
Baldness
99
Q

Where does hair growth increase in males during puberty?

A

Facial hair- beard & moustache
Armpits
Pubic area

100
Q

How many components of the female reproductive system are there?

A

12

101
Q

What are the 12 components of the female reproductive system?

A 
Ovary
Oviduct
Fimbriae
Fallopian tube
Uterus
Fortix
Cervix
Pubic bone
Clitoris
Vagina
Labium minora
Labium majora
102
Q

Where are the ovaries situated?

A

The develop in the abdominal cavity (gonads)

103
Q

What do the ovaries look like?

A

Oval

104
Q

How many ovaries does a human female have?

A

2

105
Q

How do the ovaries stay in place?

A

They are held in place with ligaments (ovarian ligaments) in the pelvis

106
Q

What do the ovaries consist of?

A

Connective tissue

Germ cells

107
Q

What is a germ cell?

A

Immature ova

108
Q

What is an ovum?

A

A germ cell that matures. This happens once a month

109
Q

What other functions can germ cells fulfill?

A

They can function as glands to produce female reproductive hormones

110
Q

What are the female reproductive hormones?

A

Oestrogen and progresterone

111
Q

What is another name for the Fallopian tube?

A

Oviduct

112
Q

Where are the oviducts situated?

A

They extend from the ovaries to the uterus

113
Q

How do the fallopian tubes end?

A

They end in funnel-shaped infundubulum

114
Q

Are the Fallopian tubes connected to the ovaries?

A

No

115
Q

What are fimbriae?

A

They are finger-like projections at the end of the Fallopian tubes

116
Q

What is the function of the fimbriae?

A

To sweep over the ovaries and pick up the ovum that is released from the ovary

117
Q

What important event occurs in the Fallopian tubes?

A

Fertilisation

118
Q

How is the ovum moved along the Fallopian tube?

A

Through ciliary movement and tubular muscle contraction

119
Q

What is the uterus?

A

The thick-walled muscular organ

120
Q

How large is the uterus?

A

The size of an inverted pear

121
Q

What is the inner lining of the uterus called?

A

The endometrium

122
Q

What is the function of the endometrium?

A

To build up into a thick, spongy, blood-rich lining in order to nurture the ovum

123
Q

What does the embryo do once it has reached the uterus?

A

It embeds in the endometrium

The foetus develops here

124
Q

What is menstruation?

A

If the ovum is not fertilised, then the lining will release its thick, blood-rich layer and begin to build up a new one. This process has a monthly cycle

125
Q

What is the cervix?

A

The narrow, bottom end of the uterus

126
Q

What is the hymen?

A

A flap of skin that stretches across the cervix. It is taken to be a mark of your virginity

127
Q

Where does the cervix lead to?

A

The vagina

128
Q

What is another name for the vagina?

A

The birth canal

129
Q

What is the vagina?

A

The opening to the outside of the body

130
Q

What is the vaginal lining?

A

It is folded and secretes mucous

131
Q

What is the function of the vagina?

A

To receive the penis during intercourse

To transport the baby during birth

132
Q

What are the external organs of the female reproductive system?

A

The labium minus
The labium majus
The clitoris

133
Q

What is another name for the labium minus?

A

Labia minora

134
Q

What is another name for the labium majus?

A

Labia majora

135
Q

What is the labium minus?

A

The inner lips of the pubic area

136
Q

What is the labium majus?

A

The outer lips of the pubic area

137
Q

What is the clitors made of?

A

The same tissue as the penis

138
Q

What is the function of the clitoris?

A

It is important for sexual stimulation

139
Q

What are the female hormones?

A

Oestrogen and progesterone

140
Q

What are the four main functions of oestrogen and preposterous?

A

The development of secondary sexual characteristics during puberty
Prepare the uterus for the implantation of the embryo
To maintain pregnancy
To regulate menstruation

141
Q

What are the secondary sexual characteristics in females?

A 
Breaths
Growth of milk-duct system in breasts
Growth of hair in the armpits and the pubic area
Widening of hips
Menstruation
142
Q

When do girls start menstruating?

A

During puberty

143
Q

When does puberty begin in females?

A

Between the ages of 11 and 14

144
Q

How long is the menstrual cycle on average?

A

28 days

145
Q

When does menstruation stop?

A

During pregnancy

During menopause

146
Q

When does menopause occur?

A

When a woman enters into her fifties

147
Q

What are the two main processes of the menstrual cycle?

A

Ovulation

Menstruation

148
Q

What is ovulation?

A

When a mature ovum is released from an ovary

149
Q

What is the definition of menstruation?

A

When the endometrium comes away from the uterus and passes out of the body through the vagina

150
Q

What are the conditions of menstruation?

A

No embryo is implanted in the endometrium

151
Q

What are the two main stages of the menstrual cycle?

A

Follicular phase

Luteal phase

152
Q

What does the follicular phase consist of?

A

Menstruation- the endometrium lining breaks down

The uterus lining thickens again

153
Q

What does the luteal phase consist of?

A

The later stages of ovulation

The uterus lining continues to thicken

154
Q

When do females get their eggs?

A

At birth

155
Q

Where does the placenta develop?

A

Anywhere in the uterus

156
Q

When can the placenta be dangerous?

A

When it develops across the cervix

157
Q

How can you die from AIDS?

A

Your immune system does not function

A common cold can kill you

158
Q

What is the strength of the HIV virus?

A

It is quite fragile. It can be destroyed by oxygen/UV light

159
Q

What are the first five stages of birth?

A 
Ovulation
Fertilisation
Cleavage 
Blastocyst
Implantation
160
Q

What happens during ovulation?

A

An egg is released from the ovaries into the Fallopian Tubes

161
Q

What happens during fertilisation?

A

The sperm cell enters the egg cell

162
Q

What happens during cleavage?

A

The single cell divides into two cells, then four cells, then eight cells

163
Q

What is a blastocyst?

A

A stage of pregnancy

It consists of an inner cell mass, a cavity and an outer layer, called a trophoblast

164
Q

What happens during implantation?

A

The blastocyst will attach itself to the endometrium layer

165
Q

How long does pregnancy in a human being last?

A 
40 weeks (9 months)
280 days
166
Q

When does the blastocyst attach itself to the endometrium?

A

After about one week (7 days)

167
Q

What is an embryo?

A

A developing baby.

168
Q

How is an embryo supplied with nutrients?

A

A yolk sac develops

169
Q

When does an embryo occur?

A

After 4 weeks (28 days)

170
Q

How big is an embryo?

A

About 7 mm

171
Q

What is a fetus?

A

A developing baby

It occurs after an embryo

172
Q

When has a fetus developed?

A

After about 8 weeks (56 days)

173
Q

How big is a fetus?

A

About 4 cm

174
Q

What does the uterus look like after 12 weeks (56 days)?

A

The placenta has developed
There is an umbilical cord
It is filled with amniotic fluid

175
Q

How big is the baby after 12 weeks?

A

10 cm

176
Q

How big is the baby after 24 weeks (168 days)?

A

33 cm

177
Q

How big is the baby during the last stage of pregnancy?

A

55 cm

178
Q

What is the optimal position of the baby at birth?

A

Head facing the vagina

The baby should be facing the mother’s spine

179
Q

What happens to the mother’s body during pregnancy?

A

Her organs and spine will shift to provide room for the growing baby
The placenta will develop to provide nourishment
The mother’s breasts will swell and prepare to produce milk

180
Q

What happens when the mother is ready to give birth?

A

Muscular contractions of the uterus

Water breaking

181
Q

What do contractions do?

A

Dilate the cervix (make it wider)

Efface the cervix (make it thinner)

182
Q

What happens when a mother’s water breaks?

A

The amniotic sac will burst, releasing the fluid

183
Q

How big does the cervix need to dilate to?

A

10 cm

184
Q

What is the afterbirth?

A

When the mother delivers the amniotic sac and the placenta

185
Q

What are the three types of births?

A

Natural
Epidural
Caesarian

186
Q

What happens during a natural birth?

A

The baby is pushed out of the vagina

187
Q

What is an epidural?

A

When a mother gives birth under an anaesthetic

188
Q

How is an epidural administered?

A

An injection is made into the lower spine

189
Q

What is a Caesarian?

A

When a baby is cut of the mother

190
Q

What are the dangers of a natural birth?

A

It is difficult for doctors to monitor whether something goes wrong
The baby could be the wrong way around

191
Q

What are the dangers of an epidural?

A

Same as a natural birth

The anaesthetic could affect the baby

192
Q

What are the disadvantages of a Caesarian?

A

Recovery time is much longer

193
Q

What are twins?

A

Two babies that are genetically the same

194
Q

What are the two main types of twins?

A

Identical

Fraternal

195
Q

What is another term for identical twins?

A

Monozygotic

196
Q

What is another term for fraternal twins?

A

Dizygotic

197
Q

What are identical twins?

A

One zygote that splits into two

198
Q

What are fraternal twins?

A

Two zygotes that develop at the same time

199
Q

What are STI’s?

A

Sexually Transmitted Diseases

200
Q

What are four examples of STI’s?

A

HIV AIDS
Herpes
Gonorrhoea
Syphilis

201
Q

What does HIV stand for?

A

Human Immuno-deficiency virus

202
Q

What does HIV do?

A

Attacks the human immune system

Attacks white blood cells

203
Q

What are the three stages of HIV?

A

Asymptomatic carrier
First wave of symptoms
Second wave of symptoms

204
Q

What is the first wave of symptoms?

A 
Lymph nodes swell
Weight loss
Night sweat
Fatigue
Fever
Diarrhoea
205
Q

What is the second wave of symptoms?

A

Nervous disorders
Pneumonia
Body can’t fight infections

206
Q

Where is the HIV virus carried?

A

In body fluids

207
Q

What body fluids is HIV carried in?

A

Blood
Semen
Vagina secretions
Breast milk

208
Q

How can a baby be born with HIV?

A

It can cross the placenta

209
Q

How do people die from HIV?

A

They can die from a common cold, because they can no longer fight it

210
Q

What is Herpes related to?

A

The chickenpox virus

211
Q

Does someone who has Herpes always show symptoms?

A

No, they can have no symptoms

212
Q

What are the symptoms of Herpes (if they occur)?

A

Painful ulcers on genitals (they can heal and reappear)
Fever
Painful urination
Swollen lymph nodes

213
Q

What can happen if a baby is contaminated with Herpes at birth?

A

The baby can be infected with neurological disorders and eventually death will occur

214
Q

What type of infection is Herpes?

A

A virus

215
Q

What type of infection is gonorrhoea?

A

Bacterial

216
Q

What are the symptoms of gonorrhoea in males?

A

Painful urination

Thick greenish-yellow discharge

217
Q

What can gonorrhoea lead to?

A

Pelvic inflammatory disease

218
Q

What can pelvic inflammatory disease do?

A

It can influence the vas deferens or Fallopian tubes

219
Q

How could gonorrhoea lead to infertility?

A

The scar tissue could block tubes

220
Q

What can happen if a woman is pregnant and has gonorrhoea?

A

If left untreated the baby could be born blind

221
Q

What kind of an infection is syphilis?

A

Bacterial

222
Q

What are the three stages of syphilis?

A

Ulcer on genitals
Rash
Cardiovascular and nervous system influenced

223
Q

What kind of rash occurs due to syphilis?

A

A copper-coloured rash all over the body

224
Q

What can syphilis cause?

A

Mental retardation
Blindness
Walking with a shuffle
Signs of insanity

225
Q

What effect does syphilis have on pregnancy?

A

It can cross the placenta and damage the baby Beethoven’s father had it, and Beethoven was born deaf. It could also cause a stillbirth

226
Q

Why is syphilis so dangerous?

A

No blood tests are available to test whether or not someone has it

227
Q

How are STI’s spread?

A

Sexual intercourse
Sexual contact
From mother to child
Sharing of blood products and tissue transfers

228
Q

What is another dangerous condition that occurs because of sexual intercourse?

A

Cervical cancer

It is the second most common cancer in women

229
Q

What is a stillbirth?

A

When a baby is born, but it is already dead

230
Q

What three organisms cause STI’s?

A

Bacteria
Virus
Fungi

231
Q

What is the purpose of contraception?

A

Prevent fertile sperm from coming into contact with a fertile egg

232
Q

What are the three methods of contraception?

A

Barrier
Hormonal
Surgical

233
Q

What are the five barrier methods of contraception?

A 
Make condom
Female condom
Diaphragm
Sponge with spermicide
Interuterine device
234
Q

What are the five hormonal methods of contraception?

A 
Contraceptive pill
Transdermal contraceptive patch
Vaginal ring
Interuterine device
Emergency contraceptive pill
235
Q

What are the three surgical methods of contraception?

A

Tubule ligation
Vasectomy
Hysterectomy

236
Q

What is a tubule ligation?

A

When the Fallopian tubes are cut

237
Q

What is a vasectomy?

A

When the vas deferens is cut

238
Q

What are the three types of vasterectomy?

A

Total
Total with salpingo-oophorectomy
Radical

239
Q

What is a total hysterectomy?

A

When the uterus is cut out of the body

240
Q

What is a total hysterectomy with a salpingo-oophorectomy?

A

When the uterus and ovary (ies) are cut out

241
Q

What is a radical hysterectomy?

A

When the uterus, both ovaries and part of the birth canal and nearby tissue are cut out

Abi Biology 2016 (10 decks)

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