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Abi Biology 2016 > Reproductive System > Flashcards

Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the major function of the reproductive system?

A

To ensure survival of the species

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2
Q

What are the four functions of the reproductive system?

A

Produce egg and sperm cells
Transport and sustain these cells
Nurture the developing offspring
Produce hormones

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3
Q

How are the four functions of the reproductive organs classified?

A

Into primary and secondary reproductive organs

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4
Q

What are the primary reproductive organs?

A

Gonads. They consist of the ovaries and testes

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5
Q

What are the primary reproductive organs responsible for?

A

Producing the egg and sperm cells

Producing hormones

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6
Q

What is the collective term for the egg and sperm cells?

A

Gametes

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7
Q

What is the function of reproductive hormones?

A

Maturation of the reproductive system

Development of sexual characteristics

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8
Q

What are the secondary reproductive organs?

A

All other organs, ducts and glands in the reproductive system

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9
Q

What is the function of the secondary reproductive organs?

A

Transport and sustain the gametes

Nurture the developing offspring

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10
Q

What are the two main methods of reproduction?

A

Asexual

Sexual

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11
Q

What is asexual reproduction?

A

Formation of new individuals from the cell(s) of a single parent

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12
Q

Where is asexual reproduction common?

A

In plants

Some small animals

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13
Q

What is sexual reproduction?

A

Formation of a new individual with the genes of two separate gametes

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14
Q

What gametes are present in sexual reproduction?

A

One male and one female

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15
Q

What are the gametes in plants referred to as?

A

Pollen

Ovules

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16
Q

Which gametes in plants are male?

A

Pollen

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17
Q

Which gametes in plants are female?

A

Ovules

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18
Q

What are the gametes in animals referred to as?

A

Sperm

Egg

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19
Q

Which gametes in animals are male?

A

Sperm

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20
Q

Which gametes in animals are female?

A

Egg

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21
Q

What happens during fertilisation?

A

The nuclei of the two gametes fuse

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22
Q

What are two gametes fused together called?

A

Zygote

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23
Q

Does sexual reproduction involve sexual intercourse?

A

No, not always

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24
Q

How do humans reproduce?

A

Sexually

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25
What do gametes contain?
Genetic material required to make a new individual
26
How many chromosomes does a gamete have?
23
27
How many chromosomes does a zygote have?
46
28
How many components of the male reproductive system are there?
14
29
What are the 14 components of the male reproductive system?
``` Scrotum Testis Epididymis Vas deferens Seminal vesicle Prostate gland Ejaculatory duct Cowper' gland Pubic bone Urethra Erectile tissue Penis Glans penis Foreskin ```
30
What are the testes?
Male gonads
31
Where are the testes situated?
They develop in the abdominal cavity Move into the scrotum at birth Exist outside of the body
32
Why are the testes outside of the body?
Internal body temperature is too high for sperm production
33
What complications with the testes can cause a male to be sterile?
The testes don't move into the scrotum at birth | Tight pants alter positioning of testes- lower sperm production
34
How many testes does a male have?
2
35
What do the testes look like?
Oval Contain lots of small tubules These tubules are coiled to fit a long tube into a small space
36
What are the tubules in the testes called?
Seminiferous tubules
37
What do the testes do?
Produce sperm | Produce hormones
38
What hormones do the testes produce?
Testosterone
39
How many sperm do the testes produce?
40-1800 million per day
40
What is the epididymis?
A mass of tightly coiled tubes
41
Where is the epididymis located?
Just outside the testes | The tubes exit the testes
42
What is the function of the epididymis?
Sperm matures here (so it can swim) | Also for storage of sperm
43
How does the epididymis end?
All tubules join to form 1 that leaves the epididymis and becomes the vas deferens
44
What is another name for the vas deferens?
Sperm duct
45
What is the spermatic cord?
``` A system consisting of: Vas deferens Blood vessels Nerves Muscle layer ```
46
Where is the vas deferens located?
In the abdominal cavity
47
How many vas deferenses are there?
2 (1 from each testis)
48
What is the function of the vas deferens?
To carry the sperm from the epididymis
49
Where does the vas deferens end?
Joins the seminal vesicle
50
Where is the seminal vesicle?
At the base of the bladder
51
What does the seminal vesicle do?
Secretes semen
52
What is semen?
A thick, pale yellow fluid
53
What is the function of semen?
To nourish and move sperm
54
Where is the ejaculatory duct?
It begins where the vas deferens and seminal vesicle join
55
Where does the ejaculatory duct end?
When it joins the urethra
56
What is the function of the ejaculatory duct?
To carry sperm
57
Where is the prostrate gland situated?
At the base of the bladder | Underneath the seminal vesicle
58
What does the prostrate gland do?
It secretes and alkaline fluid
59
What is the function of this alkaline fluid?
To neutralise any acids and to move the sperm
60
How can the prostrate gland become a problem?
Prostrate cancer | In older men, the gland enlarges and pushes against the urethra and makes it difficult to urinate
61
What is the urethra?
The tube that leads out of the penis
62
What is the function of the urethra?
To conduct sperm and urine out of the penis (but not at the same time)
63
What does the penis look like?
It is a cylindrical organ that hangs in front of the scrotum
64
What does the penis consist of?
Connective tissue and spongy erectile tissue (has blood spaces) Shaft Glans penis Foreskin
65
What is the shaft of the penis?
It is the body of the penis
66
What is the glans penis?
The tip of the penis | It is slightly enlarged
67
What is the foreskin?
The loose skin that covers the penis
68
What is the function of the penis?
To release sperm during sexual intercpurse
69
What is the release of sperm called?
Ejaculation
70
What happens when a male is sexually aroused?
The penis becomes erect
71
How does erection happen?
Blood flow to the reptile tissue increases It fills the blood spaces The penis becomes stiff and increases in size
72
What is the meaning of impotent?
When a male is unable to have an erection or orgasm
73
What is the hole at the tip of the glans penis called?
Urogenital opening
74
What are the components of semen?
Sperm (gametes) and various secretions
75
What are the secretions in semen?
Secretions form the: Seminal vesicle Prostrate glands Cowper's glands
76
What happens to the penis after ejaculation?
It becomes flaccid again
77
What percentage of semen is produced by the seminal vesicle?
60%
78
What percentage of the semen is produced by the prostrate glands?
30-35%
79
What percentage of semen is actually sperm?
5%
80
How does semen fuel the sperm?
``` It contains: Citric acid Amino acids Fructose Minerals ```
81
How much semen is released during an ejaculation?
2-5 ml
82
On average, how much sperm is released in an ejaculation?
40-600 million
83
What can affect the amount of sperm released during an ejaculation?
The volume of the ejaculation | The length of time since the last ejaculation
84
What are the three main components of a single sperm?
The head Mid piece And tail
85
What are the components of the head of sperm?
Acrosome Nucleus (contains chromosomes) Little cytoplasm
86
What are the components of the mid piece?
Mitochondria | Centrioles
87
What are the components of the tail of sperm?
The flagellum | The tail sheath
88
How mig is a single sperm?
50 μm | 0,05 mm
89
How many cells make up a single sperm?
One cell
90
What are the components of the acrosome?
It contains a sac of enzymes
91
What is the function of the acrosome?
Important for the penetration of the egg
92
What is the mid-piece of sperm?
It is the anterior (top part) of tail surrounded by a sac filled with mitochondria
93
What is the function of the mitochondria in sleep?
To provide energy for the sperm
94
What does the tail contain?
Microtubules- mostly proteins
95
What is the function of the tail?
To help the sperm swim
96
What are the two main effects of testosterone?
Essential for maturing of sperm | Secondary sexual characteristics
97
When do secondary sexual characteristics develop?
At puberty
98
What are secondary sexual characteristics?
``` Growth of hair Voice deepens Strong muscles Sex drive Aggression Baldness ```
99
Where does hair growth increase in males during puberty?
Facial hair- beard & moustache Armpits Pubic area
100
How many components of the female reproductive system are there?
12
101
What are the 12 components of the female reproductive system?
``` Ovary Oviduct Fimbriae Fallopian tube Uterus Fortix Cervix Pubic bone Clitoris Vagina Labium minora Labium majora ```
102
Where are the ovaries situated?
The develop in the abdominal cavity (gonads)
103
What do the ovaries look like?
Oval
104
How many ovaries does a human female have?
2
105
How do the ovaries stay in place?
They are held in place with ligaments (ovarian ligaments) in the pelvis
106
What do the ovaries consist of?
Connective tissue | Germ cells
107
What is a germ cell?
Immature ova
108
What is an ovum?
A germ cell that matures. This happens once a month
109
What other functions can germ cells fulfill?
They can function as glands to produce female reproductive hormones
110
What are the female reproductive hormones?
Oestrogen and progresterone
111
What is another name for the Fallopian tube?
Oviduct
112
Where are the oviducts situated?
They extend from the ovaries to the uterus
113
How do the fallopian tubes end?
They end in funnel-shaped infundubulum
114
Are the Fallopian tubes connected to the ovaries?
No
115
What are fimbriae?
They are finger-like projections at the end of the Fallopian tubes
116
What is the function of the fimbriae?
To sweep over the ovaries and pick up the ovum that is released from the ovary
117
What important event occurs in the Fallopian tubes?
Fertilisation
118
How is the ovum moved along the Fallopian tube?
Through ciliary movement and tubular muscle contraction
119
What is the uterus?
The thick-walled muscular organ
120
How large is the uterus?
The size of an inverted pear
121
What is the inner lining of the uterus called?
The endometrium
122
What is the function of the endometrium?
To build up into a thick, spongy, blood-rich lining in order to nurture the ovum
123
What does the embryo do once it has reached the uterus?
It embeds in the endometrium | The foetus develops here
124
What is menstruation?
If the ovum is not fertilised, then the lining will release its thick, blood-rich layer and begin to build up a new one. This process has a monthly cycle
125
What is the cervix?
The narrow, bottom end of the uterus
126
What is the hymen?
A flap of skin that stretches across the cervix. It is taken to be a mark of your virginity
127
Where does the cervix lead to?
The vagina
128
What is another name for the vagina?
The birth canal
129
What is the vagina?
The opening to the outside of the body
130
What is the vaginal lining?
It is folded and secretes mucous
131
What is the function of the vagina?
To receive the penis during intercourse | To transport the baby during birth
132
What are the external organs of the female reproductive system?
The labium minus The labium majus The clitoris
133
What is another name for the labium minus?
Labia minora
134
What is another name for the labium majus?
Labia majora
135
What is the labium minus?
The inner lips of the pubic area
136
What is the labium majus?
The outer lips of the pubic area
137
What is the clitors made of?
The same tissue as the penis
138
What is the function of the clitoris?
It is important for sexual stimulation
139
What are the female hormones?
Oestrogen and progesterone
140
What are the four main functions of oestrogen and preposterous?
The development of secondary sexual characteristics during puberty Prepare the uterus for the implantation of the embryo To maintain pregnancy To regulate menstruation
141
What are the secondary sexual characteristics in females?
``` Breaths Growth of milk-duct system in breasts Growth of hair in the armpits and the pubic area Widening of hips Menstruation ```
142
When do girls start menstruating?
During puberty
143
When does puberty begin in females?
Between the ages of 11 and 14
144
How long is the menstrual cycle on average?
28 days
145
When does menstruation stop?
During pregnancy | During menopause
146
When does menopause occur?
When a woman enters into her fifties
147
What are the two main processes of the menstrual cycle?
Ovulation | Menstruation
148
What is ovulation?
When a mature ovum is released from an ovary
149
What is the definition of menstruation?
When the endometrium comes away from the uterus and passes out of the body through the vagina
150
What are the conditions of menstruation?
No embryo is implanted in the endometrium
151
What are the two main stages of the menstrual cycle?
Follicular phase | Luteal phase
152
What does the follicular phase consist of?
Menstruation- the endometrium lining breaks down | The uterus lining thickens again
153
What does the luteal phase consist of?
The later stages of ovulation | The uterus lining continues to thicken
154
When do females get their eggs?
At birth
155
Where does the placenta develop?
Anywhere in the uterus
156
When can the placenta be dangerous?
When it develops across the cervix
157
How can you die from AIDS?
Your immune system does not function | A common cold can kill you
158
What is the strength of the HIV virus?
It is quite fragile. It can be destroyed by oxygen/UV light
159
What are the first five stages of birth?
``` Ovulation Fertilisation Cleavage Blastocyst Implantation ```
160
What happens during ovulation?
An egg is released from the ovaries into the Fallopian Tubes
161
What happens during fertilisation?
The sperm cell enters the egg cell
162
What happens during cleavage?
The single cell divides into two cells, then four cells, then eight cells
163
What is a blastocyst?
A stage of pregnancy | It consists of an inner cell mass, a cavity and an outer layer, called a trophoblast
164
What happens during implantation?
The blastocyst will attach itself to the endometrium layer
165
How long does pregnancy in a human being last?
``` 40 weeks (9 months) 280 days ```
166
When does the blastocyst attach itself to the endometrium?
After about one week (7 days)
167
What is an embryo?
A developing baby.
168
How is an embryo supplied with nutrients?
A yolk sac develops
169
When does an embryo occur?
After 4 weeks (28 days)
170
How big is an embryo?
About 7 mm
171
What is a fetus?
A developing baby | It occurs after an embryo
172
When has a fetus developed?
After about 8 weeks (56 days)
173
How big is a fetus?
About 4 cm
174
What does the uterus look like after 12 weeks (56 days)?
The placenta has developed There is an umbilical cord It is filled with amniotic fluid
175
How big is the baby after 12 weeks?
10 cm
176
How big is the baby after 24 weeks (168 days)?
33 cm
177
How big is the baby during the last stage of pregnancy?
55 cm
178
What is the optimal position of the baby at birth?
Head facing the vagina | The baby should be facing the mother's spine
179
What happens to the mother's body during pregnancy?
Her organs and spine will shift to provide room for the growing baby The placenta will develop to provide nourishment The mother's breasts will swell and prepare to produce milk
180
What happens when the mother is ready to give birth?
Muscular contractions of the uterus | Water breaking
181
What do contractions do?
Dilate the cervix (make it wider) | Efface the cervix (make it thinner)
182
What happens when a mother's water breaks?
The amniotic sac will burst, releasing the fluid
183
How big does the cervix need to dilate to?
10 cm
184
What is the afterbirth?
When the mother delivers the amniotic sac and the placenta
185
What are the three types of births?
Natural Epidural Caesarian
186
What happens during a natural birth?
The baby is pushed out of the vagina
187
What is an epidural?
When a mother gives birth under an anaesthetic
188
How is an epidural administered?
An injection is made into the lower spine
189
What is a Caesarian?
When a baby is cut of the mother
190
What are the dangers of a natural birth?
It is difficult for doctors to monitor whether something goes wrong The baby could be the wrong way around
191
What are the dangers of an epidural?
Same as a natural birth | The anaesthetic could affect the baby
192
What are the disadvantages of a Caesarian?
Recovery time is much longer
193
What are twins?
Two babies that are genetically the same
194
What are the two main types of twins?
Identical | Fraternal
195
What is another term for identical twins?
Monozygotic
196
What is another term for fraternal twins?
Dizygotic
197
What are identical twins?
One zygote that splits into two
198
What are fraternal twins?
Two zygotes that develop at the same time
199
What are STI's?
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
200
What are four examples of STI's?
HIV AIDS Herpes Gonorrhoea Syphilis
201
What does HIV stand for?
Human Immuno-deficiency virus
202
What does HIV do?
Attacks the human immune system | Attacks white blood cells
203
What are the three stages of HIV?
Asymptomatic carrier First wave of symptoms Second wave of symptoms
204
What is the first wave of symptoms?
``` Lymph nodes swell Weight loss Night sweat Fatigue Fever Diarrhoea ```
205
What is the second wave of symptoms?
Nervous disorders Pneumonia Body can't fight infections
206
Where is the HIV virus carried?
In body fluids
207
What body fluids is HIV carried in?
Blood Semen Vagina secretions Breast milk
208
How can a baby be born with HIV?
It can cross the placenta
209
How do people die from HIV?
They can die from a common cold, because they can no longer fight it
210
What is Herpes related to?
The chickenpox virus
211
Does someone who has Herpes always show symptoms?
No, they can have no symptoms
212
What are the symptoms of Herpes (if they occur)?
Painful ulcers on genitals (they can heal and reappear) Fever Painful urination Swollen lymph nodes
213
What can happen if a baby is contaminated with Herpes at birth?
The baby can be infected with neurological disorders and eventually death will occur
214
What type of infection is Herpes?
A virus
215
What type of infection is gonorrhoea?
Bacterial
216
What are the symptoms of gonorrhoea in males?
Painful urination | Thick greenish-yellow discharge
217
What can gonorrhoea lead to?
Pelvic inflammatory disease
218
What can pelvic inflammatory disease do?
It can influence the vas deferens or Fallopian tubes
219
How could gonorrhoea lead to infertility?
The scar tissue could block tubes
220
What can happen if a woman is pregnant and has gonorrhoea?
If left untreated the baby could be born blind
221
What kind of an infection is syphilis?
Bacterial
222
What are the three stages of syphilis?
Ulcer on genitals Rash Cardiovascular and nervous system influenced
223
What kind of rash occurs due to syphilis?
A copper-coloured rash all over the body
224
What can syphilis cause?
Mental retardation Blindness Walking with a shuffle Signs of insanity
225
What effect does syphilis have on pregnancy?
It can cross the placenta and damage the baby Beethoven's father had it, and Beethoven was born deaf. It could also cause a stillbirth
226
Why is syphilis so dangerous?
No blood tests are available to test whether or not someone has it
227
How are STI's spread?
Sexual intercourse Sexual contact From mother to child Sharing of blood products and tissue transfers
228
What is another dangerous condition that occurs because of sexual intercourse?
Cervical cancer | It is the second most common cancer in women
229
What is a stillbirth?
When a baby is born, but it is already dead
230
What three organisms cause STI's?
Bacteria Virus Fungi
231
What is the purpose of contraception?
Prevent fertile sperm from coming into contact with a fertile egg
232
What are the three methods of contraception?
Barrier Hormonal Surgical
233
What are the five barrier methods of contraception?
``` Make condom Female condom Diaphragm Sponge with spermicide Interuterine device ```
234
What are the five hormonal methods of contraception?
``` Contraceptive pill Transdermal contraceptive patch Vaginal ring Interuterine device Emergency contraceptive pill ```
235
What are the three surgical methods of contraception?
Tubule ligation Vasectomy Hysterectomy
236
What is a tubule ligation?
When the Fallopian tubes are cut
237
What is a vasectomy?
When the vas deferens is cut
238
What are the three types of vasterectomy?
Total Total with salpingo-oophorectomy Radical
239
What is a total hysterectomy?
When the uterus is cut out of the body
240
What is a total hysterectomy with a salpingo-oophorectomy?
When the uterus and ovary (ies) are cut out
241
What is a radical hysterectomy?
When the uterus, both ovaries and part of the birth canal and nearby tissue are cut out

Abi Biology 2016 (10 decks)

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