Terminology

Question 1

Define echolalia

Answer 1

Pathological, non-purposeful imitation of another’s speech - thought form disorder

Can also be sign of Catatonia

Question 2

Define logorrhoea

Answer 2

Increase in quantity of speech

Question 3

Define pressure of speech

Answer 3

Rapid speech of increased quantity (logorrhea) that is difficult to interpret

Question 4

Define dysprosody

Answer 4

Loss of normal melody/prosody/rhythm of speech

Question 5

Name the term to describe a decrease in quantity of speech

Answer 5

Poverty of speech

Question 6

Name the term to describe adequate amount of speech but lacking information due to vagueness

Answer 6

Poverty of speech content

Question 7

How is anxiety and fear differentiated?

Answer 7

Anxiety is a feeling of apprehension caused by anticipation of danger, whereas fear is anxiety caused by a real/realistic danger.

Question 8

Define psychosis

Answer 8

Inability to distinguish reality from fantasy

Question 8

Define psychosis

Answer 8

Inability to distinguish reality from fantasy

Question 9

Define delusion

Answer 9

Fixed false belief based on incorrect inferences which is not consistent with their cultural or religious beliefs and practices and cannot be logically reasoned with

Question 10

Define catalepsy

Answer 10

A type of catatonic behavioural symptom. Less rigid than catatonic rigidity. Can still move postured limb but patient will stay in fixed position after they’ve been passively moved

Question 11

Define negativism

Answer 11

A behavioural catatonic symptom in which there is sudden or random motiveless resistance against or no response to instruction /external stimuli, questioning or to be moved

Question 12

Define echopraxia

Answer 12

A catatonic behavioural symptom in which there is a pathological imitation of another’s movement.

Question 13

What is the difference between tremor and chorea?

Answer 13

A tremor is an involuntary, rapid, rhythmical alternating movement. Chorea is involuntary and rapid but random and jerky. Both are behavioural symptoms

Question 14

Define dyskinesia

Answer 14

A behavioural symptom in which there is difficulty performing voluntary movements that the patient could previously perform

Question 15

Define dystonia

Answer 15

A behavioural symptom in which there are sustained contractions of opposing muscle groups. Very painful eg torticollis

Question 16

Define mania (6)

Answer 16

A mood characterised by elation or irritability, hyperactivity, hypersexuality, pressured speech + thought, flight of thought AND complete disruption to work or social activities. If psychotic symptoms present, the episode is by definition mania. If not, could be mania or hypomania.

Question 17

Define an alexithymic mood

Answer 17

Inability to be aware of/ describe own emotions

Question 18

Define anhedonia

Answer 18

Loss of interest in all pleasurable activities. Mood abnormality

Question 19

Define compulsion

Answer 19

Pathological need to act on an impulse/ obsession that, if restricted, produces anxiety

Question 20

Define circumstantiality

Answer 20

A thought form disorder in which there is over-inclusive speech, delaying the final goal due to unnecessary diversions and details. The speaker does eventually connect the starting point to the destination. Not necessarily pathological

Question 21

Define tangeniality

Answer 21

A thought form disorder in which the speaker diverts from the initial train of thought slowly and never returns to the original point, jumping tangentially from one topic to the next.

Question 22

Define derailment

Answer 22

A thought form disorder in which the speaker begins with a normal thought form but rapidly derails the topic

Question 23

Define loosening of associations

Answer 23

A severe thought form disorder with many derailments that do not link to the previous subject at all, incoherent.

Question 24

Define thought blocking

Answer 24

A thought form disorder that begins as a normal train of thought, but the speaker abruptly stops speaking and thinking about the subject. Could indicate seizure, stroke, psychosis, hallucinations..

Question 25

Define flight of ideas

Answer 25

A thought form disorder in which thinking is markedly accelerated, resulting in a stream of connected concepts. One idea can follow directly from the next or can be links not relevant to the overall goal. The speaker will reach the end goal. Comes with pressure of thought and speech. Seems that there are pieces of information missing

Question 26

Define perseveration

Answer 26

Thought form disorder in which the speaker gives a persisting response to a previous stimulus, even following a new stimulus

Question 27

Define verbigeration

Answer 27

Thought form disorder with meaningless repetition of specific words/phrases

Question 28

Define delusion of reference

Answer 28

Belief of behaviour of others relating to himself

Question 29

Define nihilistic delusion

Answer 29

Belief that one’s self, others or the world is nonexistent or coming to an end

Question 30

Define hallucination

Answer 30

False sensory perception not associated with real external stimuli

Question 31

Define cenesthetic hallucination

Answer 31

Perception of sensation in organ unable to experience sensation. Usually brain

Question 32

Define hypnagogic hallucination

Answer 32

Nonpathological perception occurring while falling asleep

Question 33

Define hypnopompic hallucination

Answer 33

Nonpathological perception occurring while awakening from sleep

Question 34

Define illusion

Answer 34

Misperception/ misinterpretation of real external sensory stimuli

Question 35

Define disinhibition

Answer 35

The inability to inhibit inappropriate behaviour involving impulsivity, poor risk assessments, disregard for social conventions. Seen in fronto-temporal degen, Alzheimer’s, stroke…

Question 36

Define akathisia

Answer 36

Subjective tension AND objective restlessness and agitation caused by antipsychotics usually in the first week of commencing treatment or changing dose

Question 37

Define tardive dyskinesia

Answer 37

Abnormal involuntary movements due to antipsychotic use appearing after >4 years of use. Irreversible!

Especially of mouth - tongue protrusion, pouting

Question 38

Which thought form disorder has over-inclusive speech, delaying the final goal due to unnecessary diversions and details. The speaker does eventually connect the starting point to the destination.

Answer 38

Circumstantiality

Question 39

Define overvalued ideas

Answer 39

Beliefs that are unreasonable or false with a conviction that is beyond the bounds of reason, held with less tenacity than delusions eg paranoid and narcissistic personality disorders

Question 40

What are Beliefs that are unreasonable or false with a conviction that is beyond the bounds of reason, held with less tenacity than delusions eg paranoid and narcissistic personality disorders

Answer 40

Overvalued ideas

Question 41

What is centered around a particular idea, often with strong emotional overtone, that a person recognises his or her own thoughts and experiences as understandable?

Answer 41

Preoccupations . Normal eg hobby.

Question 42

What Term describes Recurrent, persistent intrusive, Unwanted and distressing thoughts, urges or images That cause anxiety?

Answer 42

Obsession

Question 43

Term to describe feeling of grief or anguish consequent to a loss?

Answer 43

Bereavement

Question 44

Which term describes a disruption of and or discontinuity of functions of the mind that are normally integrated resulting in 1 group functioning independently from the nest

Answer 44

Dissociation

Question 45

Which disorder is described by exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury or sexual violence resulting in intrusion symptoms, avoidance, negative alterations in cognitions and mood associated with traumatic event and marked alterations in arousal and reactivity associated with event

Answer 45

Posttraumatic stress disorder

Question 46

Which term describes the belief that one does not control the events in one’s life but that all events, including happiness and well-being etc, depends on other people, environment or higher power

Answer 46

External locus of control

Question 47

Which term best describes behaviour intended to hurt other, self or property by domineering, forceful verbal or physical action?

Answer 47

Aggression

Question 48

Which term describes excessive verbal or motor behaviour?

Answer 48

Agitation

Question 49

Which term describes enduring and recognisable pattern of perceiving, relating to and thinking about oneself, other people and the environment?

Answer 49

Personality

Question 50

Which term describes breath holding and expiratory groaning during sleep?

Answer 50

Catathrenia

Occurs during rem parasomnias

Question 51

Which term is described by a mental state where you feel detached or experience unreality from your surroundings?

Answer 51

Derealisation

Individuals or objects feel dreamlike, foggy, lifeless or visually distorted but reality testing intact

Question 52

Which term describes experiences of unreality , detachment, or being outside observer with respect to thoughts, feelings, sensations, body or actions

Answer 52

Depersonalization
Eg perceptual alterations, distorted sense of time, unreal or absent self, emotional and or physically numbing but reality testing intact.

Question 53

Which term describes transient stress related feeling of being threatened , persecuted or conspired against?

Answer 53

Paranoid ideation

Question 54

Name 3 disorders that can include paranoid ideation as symptom

Answer 54

• Borderline personality disorder
• ptsd
• psychotic disorders eg schizophrenia

Question 55

Define waxy flexibility

Answer 55

Slight/resistance to positioning by examiner

Question 56

Define word salad

Answer 56

Incoherent mixture of words/phrases (most severe disorganised thought form)