TD potenciali Flashcards

1
Q

gradient TD potenciala

diferenciali dU, dH, dA, dG za zaprte sisteme

A

gradient TD potenciala = gonilna sila TD

diferenciali dU, dH, dA, dG za zaprte sisteme:
1. zakon TD: dU= dq + dW = dqrev + dWrev; le volumsko delo (dW’=0)
2. zakon TD: dS ≥ dq/T, dqrev = TdS; dWrev= -pdV

združimo
dU = TdS - pdV
dU = (∂U/∂S)v dS + (∂U/∂V)s dV

T= (∂U/∂S)v
-p = (∂U/∂V)s

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2
Q

Maxwellova enačba

Maxwellova zveza

A
  1. Maxwellova enačba
    notranja energija (odvod U(S, V))
    (∂T/∂V)s = -(∂p/∂S)v
  2. Maxwellova enačba
    entalpija (odvod H(S,p))
    (∂T/∂p)s = (∂V/∂S)p
  3. Maxwellova enačba
    Helenholtzova p. e. (odvod A(T,V))
    (∂S/∂V)t = (∂p/∂T)v
  4. Maxwellova enačba
    Gibbsova p.e (odvod G(T,P))
    -(∂S/∂p)t = (∂V/∂T)p
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3
Q

TD enačbi stanja

A

povezujeta TD funkciji stanja z merljivimi količinami (T, p, V)

1) notranji tlak
π = (∂U/∂V)t = -p + T (∂p/∂T)v (same merljive količine)

2) TD enačba stanja za H
(∂H/∂p)t = V - T (∂V/∂T)p = V - TVα = V (1 - Tα)

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4
Q

odvisnost G od temperature

A

dG = -SdT + Vdp, p=konst
dG = -SdT
(dG/dT) = -S, S>0

G je padajoča f(T)!

entropija S je naraščajoča f(T)
dS= Cp/T dT

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5
Q

odvisnodt G pri nizkih temperaturah

A

Cp = aTˇ3

H= Ho + aTˇ4/$
S= a Tˇ3/3

G= H - TS = Ho - a Tˇ4/12

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6
Q

Gibbs-Helmholtzova zveza

A

[∂(G/T) /∂T]p = -H/Tˇ2

[∂(A/T) /∂T]v = -U/Tˇ2

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7
Q

odvisnost G od tlaka

A

dG = -SdT + Vdp, T=konst

(∂G/∂p)= V

G je naraščajoča f(p)!!

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8
Q

odvisnost S od tlaka

A

dG = -SdT + Vdp

(∂S/∂p)= -(∂V/∂T)= Vα

idealni plin:
ΔS = -nR ln(p2/p1)

ostali sistemi:
ΔS= integral (Vα dp)

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9
Q

odvisnost S od temperature

A

p=konst
dS= (Cp/T) dT, dH= Cp dT

V=konst
dS= (Cv/T) dT , dH= Cv dT

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10
Q

uporaba TD enačb stanja
notranji tlak

A

π = (∂U/∂V)t = -p + T (∂p/∂T)v
= (∂H/∂p)t = V - T (∂V/∂T)p

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11
Q

notranji tlak idealnega plina

A

π = -p + T (∂p/∂T)v

(∂p/∂T)v = (∂nRT/V∂T)v = nR/V

π = -p + TnR/V = 0!

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12
Q

notranji tlak van der waalsovega plina

A

π = -p + T (∂p/∂T)v

(p + anˇ2/Vˇ2)(V-nb)=nRT

π= anˇ2/Vˇ2 > 0

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13
Q

uporaba TD enačb stanja Cp - Cv

A

Cp - Cv = (p + π)((∂V/∂T)p

Cp - Cv = TV αˇ2/β delimo z n,
kar dobimo je >0

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14
Q

uporaba TD enačb stanja Joule-Thomsonov koeficient

A

μ= (∂T/∂p)h

vstavimo pi

μ= V/Cp [Tα - 1]

μ>0 plin se pri ekspanziji ohlaja
μ<0 plin se pri ekspanziji greje
μ=0 inverznatemperatura, idealni plin α= 1/T

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