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Respiratory system > TB - microbiology, pathophysiology > Flashcards

TB - microbiology, pathophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

What micro-organism causes TB?

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

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2
Q

What shape is mycobacterium tuberculosis?

A

Rod-shaped

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3
Q

How does mycobacterium tubercolusis react to oxygen?

A

Obligate aerobe

meaning it requires oxygen to survive

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4
Q

What is the cell wall of mycobacterium tuberculosis made up of?

A

Rich in lipids

e.g. mycolic acid

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5
Q

What is the importance of the structure of the cell wall of mycobacterium tuberculosis?

A

Gram stains cannot pass through cell wall

Resistance against breakdown

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6
Q

What is the virulence factor of mycobacterium tuberculosis?

A

Its cell wall being rich in lipids e.g. mycolic acid

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7
Q

How long does mycobacterium take to divide?

A

15-20 hours

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8
Q

What is the importance of mycobacterium tuberculosis taking so long to divide?

A

Takes a long time to culture

Longer course of antibiotic treatment for TB

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9
Q

How is TB transmitted?

A

Infected person releases respiratory droplets containing mycobacterium TB when they cough, sneeze
these droplets are in the air
Non-infected person inhales these droplets

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10
Q

What is the relative infectious dose of TB?

A

Low infectious dose

meaning few mycobacterium TB microbes required to cause TB

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11
Q

What is the relative amount of contact required between people for TB to spread between them?

A

A lot of contact

significant number of hours per day

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12
Q

Where is mycobacterium TB carried to when it is inhaled?

A

All the way to the alveoli

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13
Q

What happens to mycobacterium TB in the alveoli?

A

Macrophages attempt to phagocytose it
engulf it into phagosome
lysosome fuses to form phagolysosome

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14
Q

What happens to mycobacterium TB in the phagolysosomes of macrophages?

A

Enzymes and ROS released into phagolysosome to destroy mycobacterium TB
but it resists breakdown because of its lipid-rich cell wall

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15
Q

What does mycobacterium TB itself do in the phagolysosomes of macrophages?

A

Replicates within the phagolysosome

killing the macrophages

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16
Q

Where do the macrophages containing mycobacterium TB travel to?

A

Draining lymph nodes

17
Q

What other type of immune cell is involved in defence against mycobacterium TB? Why this type of immune cell?

A

T cells

because mycobacterium TB is an intracellular pathogen, within macrophages specifically

18
Q

What do new macrophages migrating to the granuloma do?

A

Fuse with infected macrophages

to form giant cells, Langhans cells

19
Q

What do macrophages and T cells fighting against mycobacterium TB form?

A

Granuloma

20
Q

What is the name of the granuloma formed in the primary infection?

A

Ghon’s focus

21
Q

What is the name of the granuloma formed in the primary infection along with the involvement of the draining lymph nodes?

A

Primary complex

22
Q

What happens to the primary infection with TB? Which is more common?

A

Becomes latent infection - more common

Becomes primary disease

23
Q

What is the latent infection of TB?

A

Primary infection is contained but not cleared

meaning immune response prevents mycobacterium TB from replicating and damaging lung tissue, but does not kill it

24
Q

What is the primary disease of TB?

A

Primary infection is not contained

mycobacterium TB replicates and damages lung tissue

25
Q

How severe is the primary disease of TB?

A

Not severe

patients don’t have many symptoms

26
Q

What determines whether the primary infection of TB becomes latent infection or primary disease of TB?

A

Infectious dose

Mycobacterium TB strain

Immune response to mycobacterium TB

27
Q

What causes the primary infection of TB to become primary disease of TB?

A

High infectious dose

More virulent mycobacterium TB strain

Defective macrophage and T cell immune response to mycobacterium TB

28
Q

What happens to the latent infection of TB? Which is more common?

A

Heals itself - more common

Becomes post-primary disease of TB

29
Q

What happens when the latent infection of TB heals itself?

A

Immune response destroys all mycobacterium TB

clearing the infection

30
Q

What is the post-primary disease of TB?

A

Mycobacterium TB start replicating

severe damage lung tissue

31
Q

How severe is the post-primary disease of TB? Why?

A

Severe
because mycobacterium TB is more aggressive
immune response is more aggressive because fighting against mycobacterium TB for second time
gives symptoms

32
Q

How else can a person get post-primary disease of TB, aside from the latent infection?

A

If had latent infection which healed itself

then get re-infected with TB

33
Q

What are the risk factors for post-primary disease of TB?

A

HIV infection

Immunosuppressed e.g. corticosteroid drugs, organ transplant

Haematological cancer

Diabetes

34
Q

How does HIV infection increase risk of post-primary disease of TB?

A

Low T cell count

poor immune response against mycobacterium TB

35
Q

How long after the primary infection of TB does post-primary disease of TB occur?

A

More than 5 years later

Respiratory system (32 decks)

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