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Respiratory system > Histology of the respiratory system > Flashcards

Histology of the respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the parts of the respiratory tract?

A

Conducting part

Respiratory part

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2
Q

What is meant by the conducting part of the respiratory tract?

A

Air passes through here

but no gas exchange occurs

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3
Q

What are the actual conducting parts of the respiratory tract?

A

Nasal cavity

Pharynx

Larynx

Trachea

Bronchi

Terminal bronchioles

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4
Q

What is meant by the respiratory part of the respiratory tract?

A

Where gas exchange takes place

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5
Q

What are the actual respiratory parts of the respiratory tract?

A

Respiratory bronchioles

Alveolar ducts

Alveolar sacs

Alveoli

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6
Q

What covers the surface of the nasal cavity?

A

Mucosa

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7
Q

What are the different types of mucosa in the nasal cavity?

A

Nasal mucosa

Olfactory mucosa

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8
Q

Where are the nasal and olfactory mucosa located in the nasal cavity?

A

Olfactory mucosa is located in the superior posterior region of the nasal cavity

Nasal mucosa is located everywhere else

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9
Q

What type of epithelium lines the nasal mucosa?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated epithelium

Goblet cells

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10
Q

What is the function of goblet cells in the nasal mucosa?

A

Produce mucus

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11
Q

What is the function of mucus in the nasal cavity?

A

Trap particles, bacteria etc.

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12
Q

What is the function of the cilia in the nasal mucosa?

A

Beat

waft mucus containing particles, bacteria etc. down to oropharynx to be swallowed

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13
Q

What does the lamina propria of the nasal mucosa contain?

A

Serous glands, mucous glands

Lots of blood vessels

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14
Q

What is the function of the mucous glands in the nasal mucosa?

A

Secrete mucus

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15
Q

What is the function of the serous glands in the nasal mucosa?

A

Secrete watery substance

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16
Q

What is the function of the watery substance secreted by the serous glands in the nasal mucosa?

A

Humidify the inspired air

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17
Q

What is the function of the rich blood supply of the nasal mucosa?

A

Warms the inspired air

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18
Q

How does the olfactory mucosa compare to the nasal mucosa?

A

Contains olfactory neurons

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19
Q

What is the function of the olfactory neurons?

A

Special sensory - smell

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20
Q

What is the wall of the trachea made up of?

A

Mucosa

Submucosa

Hyaline cartilage

Adventitia

21
Q

What type of epithelium lines the mucosa of the trachea?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated epithelium

Goblet cells in between

22
Q

What is significant about the basement membrane of the epithelium of the trachea?

A

Thick

23
Q

What does the submucosa of the trachea contain?

A

Seromucous glands

Trachealis muscle

24
Q

What is the function of the seromucous glands in the submucosa of the trachea?

A

Secrete watery-mucus substance

25
Q

What is the function of the hyaline cartilage in the trachea?

A

Prevent collapse of the trachea during inspiration

26
Q

What shape is the hyaline cartilage of the trachea?

A

C shaped rings

27
Q

How does the trachealis muscle relate the C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage?

A

Trachealis muscle joins the free ends of the C-shaped rings

28
Q

What is the function of the smooth muscle outside of the lamina propria in the primary bronchi?

A

Contracts to give bronchoconstriction

Relaxes to give bronchodilation

29
Q

How do the walls of the primary bronchi compare to the wall of the trachea?

A

Primary bronchi have layer of smooth muscle outside of lamina propria

In primary bronchi, the hyaline cartilage forms a complete circle, not C-shaped

30
Q

How do the walls of the secondary and tertiary bronchi compare to the walls of the primary bronchi?

A

In secondary and tertiary bronchi, the hyaline cartilage forms a crescent shape, not a complete circle

31
Q

How do the walls of terminal bronchioles compare to the walls of secondary and tertiary bronchi?

A

Terminal bronchiole has simple ciliated columnar epithelium, Clare cells, no goblet cells

Terminal bronchiole has no seromucous glands in its submucosa

Terminal bronchiole has no cartilage

32
Q

How do the walls of respiratory bronchioles compare to the walls of terminal bronchioles?

A

Respiratory bronchioles have simple cuboidal epithelium

33
Q

What is the function of Clara cells?

A

Produce surfactant

34
Q

Why are there no seromucous glands and goblet cells in the terminal bronchioles?

A

Bronchioles have narrow lumen

mucus would narrow the lumen, close the lumen

35
Q

If the walls of terminal bronchioles have no cartilage, how are they held open during inspiration?

A

By the pull of the surrounding alveoli

36
Q

What is an alveolar sac?

A

Air space which many alveoli open into

37
Q

What is an alveolar duct?

A

Airway which many alveoli open into

38
Q

What are the walls of alveoli made up of?

A

Simple squamous epithelial cells

Macrophages

Pulmonary capillaries

Elastic and reticular fibres

39
Q

What are the types of simple squamous epithelial cells lining alveoli? Which is more common?

A

Type 1 pneumocytes - more common

Type 2 pneumocytes

40
Q

What is the function of type 1 pneumocytes in the alveoli?

A

Gas exchange

41
Q

What is the function of type 2 pneumocytes in the alveoli?

A

Produce and secrete surfactant

42
Q

What lies between the pneumocytes and the pulmonary capillaries?

A

Basement membrane of both the endothelium of the pulmonary capillaries and of the pneumocytes fused together as one

43
Q

How are the type 2 pneumocytes differentiated from the type 1 pneumocytes?

A

Type 2 pneumocytes contain lamellar bodies

44
Q

What are lamellar bodies of type 2 pneumocytes?

A

Vesicles containing surfactant

45
Q

What happens to the lamellar bodies of type 2 pneumocytes?

A

Exocytosed

46
Q

What is the function of the macrophages of the alveoli?

A

To phagocyose particles or bacteria in the alveoli

47
Q

How does the lumen of the respiratory tract change as you go down the tract?

A

Decreases in diameter

48
Q

How does the thickness of the walls of the respiratory tract change as you go down the tract?

A

Decrease in thickness

Respiratory system (32 decks)

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