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Entomology 200 > Taxonomy and Classification > Flashcards

Taxonomy and Classification Flashcards

1
Q

What is Taxonomy?

A

The science of classification

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2
Q

What is Phylogenetics?

A

The study of evolutionary relationships

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3
Q

What is systematics?

A

Study of taxonomy and relationships

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4
Q

What is the breakdown of the linnaen classification?

A

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, genus, Species

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5
Q

What is a monophyletic group?

A

A group that shares a common ancestor

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6
Q

What is a paraphyletic group?

A

A group derived from a single ancestor excluding some descendants

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7
Q

What is a Polyphyletic group?

A

A group that is derived from multiple ancestors

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8
Q

What is plesiomorphy?

A

An ancestral character

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9
Q

What is apomorphy?

A

A derived character

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10
Q

What is a symplesiomorphy?

A

A shared ancestral trait

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11
Q

What is a synapomorphy?

A

Shared Derived Characteristic

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12
Q

What is Homology?

A

Similarity of structures due to common origin

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13
Q

What is serial homology?

A

similar structures on two segments of one organism due to common origin

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14
Q

What is Homoplasy?

A

Similar structures due to convergent evolution

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15
Q

In which time period did flowering plants lead to a burst in evolution of insects?

A

The cretaceous

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16
Q

What is the order of the oldest hexapod fossil

A

Collembola

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17
Q

What happened during the cretaceous?

A

Flowering plants evolved massive radiation of coleoptera and lepidoptera

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18
Q

What are the key innovations in insect evolution?

A
  1. internal fertilization, 2. 6-legged body plan, 3. female ovipositor, 4. dicondylic mandibles, 5. wings, 6. wing flexing, 7. complete metamorphosis
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19
Q

What is the superclass of insects?

A

Hexapoda

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20
Q

What are the characteristics of Collembola?

A

rudementary eyes, furcula to enable jumping, epimorphic development

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21
Q

What are the characteristics of order diplura?

A

no eyes, long antennae, developed trachea, epimorphic development

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22
Q

What are the characteristics of the order protura?

A

lack eyes and antennae, anamorphic development

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23
Q

What are the ancestral characters of the class insecta?

A

adults with ocelli and compound eyes, ectognathous mouthparts, 6 segmented thoracic legs, primitive 11 segment abdomen, gonopore segments 8 and 9, cerci, spiracle gas exchange, larval development epimorphic

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24
Q

What are the characteristics of Archeognatha?

A

Commonly known as bristle tails, Monocondylic mouthparts, prognathous mouthparts, earliest branch of insecta

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25
What are the characteristics of Zygentoma?
Commonly known as silverfish, dorso-ventrally flattened, dicondylic mandibles, multi-segmented cerci + caudal filament that makes a T
26
What are the characteristics of ephemeroptera?
non-functional adult mouthparts, male forelegs modified, subimago stage, aquatic immatures, intermediate mouthparts.
27
What are the characteristics of Odonata?
Specialized secondary genitalia in males, aquatic immatures.
28
What are the subdivisions of neoptera?
Polyneoptera, paraneoptera, endopterygota
29
What are the orders of polyneoptera?
Plecoptera, dermaptera, Zoraptera, Orthoptera, Embioptera, Phasmatodea, Grylloblattodea, Mantophasmatodea, Mantodea, and Blattodea
30
What is the polyneopteran subgroup Xenomia?
It includes grylloblattodea and mantophasmatodea
31
What is the polyneopteran subgroup Dictyoptera?
It includes the order mantodea and blattodea
32
What are the characteristics of Plecoptera?
Mandibulate mouthparts, absent ovipositor, undulating swimming, cercus heart, temperate climates, fold wings over body
33
What are the characteristics of Dermaptera
Dorso-ventrally flattened, forcep cerci, mandibulate mouthparts, no ocelli, many apterous, short tegmina, female parental care
34
What are the characteristics of order Orthoptera?
Jumping Hindlegs, Large shield like pronotum, Tegmina forewings, reduced abdomen, elaborate courtship.
35
What are the characteristics of Zoraptera?
Very small order 40 spp. termite like appearance, short cerci, can be winged with compound eyes + ocelli or apterous with no eyes.
36
What are the characteristics of embioptera?
Short cerci, mostly apterous, tarsal silk glands, wings with veins developed into blood sinuses
37
What are the characteristics of Phasmatodea?
Wings often reduced or absent, tegmina forewings, Cryptic behaviour and colouration, seed-like eggs that attracts ants to disperse them
38
What are the characteristics of Mantodea?
Elongate prothorax, leathery tegmina, predatory, triangular heads, raptorial forelegs, cannabalistic copulation
39
What are the characteristics of Mantophasmatodea?
Most recently recognized order 2002, named for superficial resemblance, apterous, sister taxa to grylloblattodea, predatory, known as gladiators, cannibalistic copulation
40
What are the characteristics of Grylloblattodea?
Apterous, larger prothorax, predatory scavenger behaviour, can live up to 10 years
41
What are the characteristics of Termites?
known as Isoptera, proventriculus with teeth, eusocial species detritovores of wood, multisegmented antennae, elaborate gut symbionts
42
What are the characteristics of Cockroaches?
Dorsoventrally flattened, enlarged pronotum, leathery tegmina, large anal lobe on hindwings, often pests
43
What orders are in Paraneoptera?
Psocodea, Thysanoptera, Hemiptera, Elongate maxillary lacinia, swollen postclypeus and enlarged cibarium reduced number of tarsomeres
44
What are the characteristics of Psocoptera?
Large mobile head with bulbous postclypeus, membranous wings held roof-like over abdomen, but many apterous, parthenogenesis common, elaborate courtship, pests
45
What are the characteristics of Phthiraptera?
secondarily wingless eyes absent, obligate ectoparasites, dorsoventrally flattened, well developed legs, chelate forelegs, all stages live on host.
46
What are the characteristics of Thysanoptera?
Intermediate development, asymmetric mouthparts, inflatable arolium, fringed wings, many apterous, haplodiploidy
47
What are the common characteristics of the Hemiptera subdivisions?
Piercing-sucking mouthparts, lack maxillary and labial palps, reduced wing venation, pretarsal adhesive structures.
48
What are the characteristics of Heteroptera?
Suborder of Hemiptera, true bugs, plant feeders, haves scent glands hemelytra
49
What are the characteristics of moss bugs?
small flightless, associated with moss
50
What are the divisions of Homoptera?
Cicadamorpha, Fulgormorpha, Sternorryncha
51
What are the characteristics of endopterygota?
Holometabolic development, pupa, imaginal discs, larvae lack ocelli
52
What are the subdivisions of endopterygota?
Neuroptida and Mecopterida (antliophora and amphiesmenoptera)
53
What are the orders of neuropterida?
Raphidioptera, Megaloptera, Neuroptera, separated eyes, mandibulate mouth, fore/hind wings similar, fusion of third ovipositor valvulae.
54
What are the characteristics of Rhaphidioptera?
mandibulate mouthparts, terrestrial, large prothorax, anal fold, elongated ovipositor, known as snakeflies
55
What are the characteristics of Megaloptera?
aquatic larvae, large prognathous mandibles not used for feeding, subcostal cross veins
56
What are the characteristics of neuroptera?
Costal-Subcostal cross veins, pupate in silken chambers, highly diverse, larval predators
57
What are the characteristics of Coleoptera?
Largest order, elytra sclerotized forewings, mandibulate mouthparts, ocelli usually absent, occupy virtually every habitat
58
What are the characteristics of Strepsitera?
endoparasitoids, sexually dimorphic, males look normal females live in host, haemocoelous viviparity, first instar triungulin
59
What are the characteristics of Diptera?
Halteres, LArvae lack legs, wide variety of habitats
60
What are the characteristics of Mecoptera?
Elongate, mandibulate monthparts, horseface, large seperated eyes, wings are same shape
61
What are the characteristics of Siphonaptera?
Secondarily wingless, latterally compressed, posteriorly directed setae, ectoparasites, piercing-sucking mouthparts, no compound eyes, antennae in grooves
62
What are the characteristics of trichoptera?
hairy wings, reduced mouthparts, aquatic larvae with cases, larval salivary glands produce silk
63
What are the characteristics of Lepidoptera?
adults with coiled probuscis, scaly wings, and larvae have stemmata and produce silk from salivary glands
64
What are the characteristics of Hymenoptera?
Modification of ovipositor as a sting in some species, haplodiploidy in some species, many have well developed social behaviours, grub like larvae
65
What are the two categories of Hymenoptera?
Symphyta (waistless, sawflies) and Aculeata (stinger with waist)

Entomology 200 (13 decks)

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