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Entomology 200 > Taxonomy and Classification > Flashcards

Taxonomy and Classification Flashcards

1
Q

What is Taxonomy?

A

The science of classification

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2
Q

What is Phylogenetics?

A

The study of evolutionary relationships

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3
Q

What is systematics?

A

Study of taxonomy and relationships

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4
Q

What is the breakdown of the linnaen classification?

A

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, genus, Species

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5
Q

What is a monophyletic group?

A

A group that shares a common ancestor

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6
Q

What is a paraphyletic group?

A

A group derived from a single ancestor excluding some descendants

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7
Q

What is a Polyphyletic group?

A

A group that is derived from multiple ancestors

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8
Q

What is plesiomorphy?

A

An ancestral character

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9
Q

What is apomorphy?

A

A derived character

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10
Q

What is a symplesiomorphy?

A

A shared ancestral trait

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11
Q

What is a synapomorphy?

A

Shared Derived Characteristic

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12
Q

What is Homology?

A

Similarity of structures due to common origin

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13
Q

What is serial homology?

A

similar structures on two segments of one organism due to common origin

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14
Q

What is Homoplasy?

A

Similar structures due to convergent evolution

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15
Q

In which time period did flowering plants lead to a burst in evolution of insects?

A

The cretaceous

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16
Q

What is the order of the oldest hexapod fossil

A

Collembola

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17
Q

What happened during the cretaceous?

A

Flowering plants evolved massive radiation of coleoptera and lepidoptera

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18
Q

What are the key innovations in insect evolution?

A
  1. internal fertilization, 2. 6-legged body plan, 3. female ovipositor, 4. dicondylic mandibles, 5. wings, 6. wing flexing, 7. complete metamorphosis
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19
Q

What is the superclass of insects?

A

Hexapoda

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20
Q

What are the characteristics of Collembola?

A

rudementary eyes, furcula to enable jumping, epimorphic development

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21
Q

What are the characteristics of order diplura?

A

no eyes, long antennae, developed trachea, epimorphic development

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22
Q

What are the characteristics of the order protura?

A

lack eyes and antennae, anamorphic development

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23
Q

What are the ancestral characters of the class insecta?

A

adults with ocelli and compound eyes, ectognathous mouthparts, 6 segmented thoracic legs, primitive 11 segment abdomen, gonopore segments 8 and 9, cerci, spiracle gas exchange, larval development epimorphic

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24
Q

What are the characteristics of Archeognatha?

A

Commonly known as bristle tails, Monocondylic mouthparts, prognathous mouthparts, earliest branch of insecta

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25
Q

What are the characteristics of Zygentoma?

A

Commonly known as silverfish, dorso-ventrally flattened, dicondylic mandibles, multi-segmented cerci + caudal filament that makes a T

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26
Q

What are the characteristics of ephemeroptera?

A

non-functional adult mouthparts, male forelegs modified, subimago stage, aquatic immatures, intermediate mouthparts.

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27
Q

What are the characteristics of Odonata?

A

Specialized secondary genitalia in males, aquatic immatures.

28
Q

What are the subdivisions of neoptera?

A

Polyneoptera, paraneoptera, endopterygota

29
Q

What are the orders of polyneoptera?

A

Plecoptera, dermaptera, Zoraptera, Orthoptera, Embioptera, Phasmatodea, Grylloblattodea, Mantophasmatodea, Mantodea, and Blattodea

30
Q

What is the polyneopteran subgroup Xenomia?

A

It includes grylloblattodea and mantophasmatodea

31
Q

What is the polyneopteran subgroup Dictyoptera?

A

It includes the order mantodea and blattodea

32
Q

What are the characteristics of Plecoptera?

A

Mandibulate mouthparts, absent ovipositor, undulating swimming, cercus heart, temperate climates, fold wings over body

33
Q

What are the characteristics of Dermaptera

A

Dorso-ventrally flattened, forcep cerci, mandibulate mouthparts, no ocelli, many apterous, short tegmina, female parental care

34
Q

What are the characteristics of order Orthoptera?

A

Jumping Hindlegs, Large shield like pronotum, Tegmina forewings, reduced abdomen, elaborate courtship.

35
Q

What are the characteristics of Zoraptera?

A

Very small order 40 spp. termite like appearance, short cerci, can be winged with compound eyes + ocelli or apterous with no eyes.

36
Q

What are the characteristics of embioptera?

A

Short cerci, mostly apterous, tarsal silk glands, wings with veins developed into blood sinuses

37
Q

What are the characteristics of Phasmatodea?

A

Wings often reduced or absent, tegmina forewings, Cryptic behaviour and colouration, seed-like eggs that attracts ants to disperse them

38
Q

What are the characteristics of Mantodea?

A

Elongate prothorax, leathery tegmina, predatory, triangular heads, raptorial forelegs, cannabalistic copulation

39
Q

What are the characteristics of Mantophasmatodea?

A

Most recently recognized order 2002, named for superficial resemblance, apterous, sister taxa to grylloblattodea, predatory, known as gladiators, cannibalistic copulation

40
Q

What are the characteristics of Grylloblattodea?

A

Apterous, larger prothorax, predatory scavenger behaviour, can live up to 10 years

41
Q

What are the characteristics of Termites?

A

known as Isoptera, proventriculus with teeth, eusocial species detritovores of wood, multisegmented antennae, elaborate gut symbionts

42
Q

What are the characteristics of Cockroaches?

A

Dorsoventrally flattened, enlarged pronotum, leathery tegmina, large anal lobe on hindwings, often pests

43
Q

What orders are in Paraneoptera?

A

Psocodea, Thysanoptera, Hemiptera, Elongate maxillary lacinia, swollen postclypeus and enlarged cibarium reduced number of tarsomeres

44
Q

What are the characteristics of Psocoptera?

A

Large mobile head with bulbous postclypeus, membranous wings held roof-like over abdomen, but many apterous, parthenogenesis common, elaborate courtship, pests

45
Q

What are the characteristics of Phthiraptera?

A

secondarily wingless eyes absent, obligate ectoparasites, dorsoventrally flattened, well developed legs, chelate forelegs, all stages live on host.

46
Q

What are the characteristics of Thysanoptera?

A

Intermediate development, asymmetric mouthparts, inflatable arolium, fringed wings, many apterous, haplodiploidy

47
Q

What are the common characteristics of the Hemiptera subdivisions?

A

Piercing-sucking mouthparts, lack maxillary and labial palps, reduced wing venation, pretarsal adhesive structures.

48
Q

What are the characteristics of Heteroptera?

A

Suborder of Hemiptera, true bugs, plant feeders, haves scent glands hemelytra

49
Q

What are the characteristics of moss bugs?

A

small flightless, associated with moss

50
Q

What are the divisions of Homoptera?

A

Cicadamorpha, Fulgormorpha, Sternorryncha

51
Q

What are the characteristics of endopterygota?

A

Holometabolic development, pupa, imaginal discs, larvae lack ocelli

52
Q

What are the subdivisions of endopterygota?

A

Neuroptida and Mecopterida (antliophora and amphiesmenoptera)

53
Q

What are the orders of neuropterida?

A

Raphidioptera, Megaloptera, Neuroptera, separated eyes, mandibulate mouth, fore/hind wings similar, fusion of third ovipositor valvulae.

54
Q

What are the characteristics of Rhaphidioptera?

A

mandibulate mouthparts, terrestrial, large prothorax, anal fold, elongated ovipositor, known as snakeflies

55
Q

What are the characteristics of Megaloptera?

A

aquatic larvae, large prognathous mandibles not used for feeding, subcostal cross veins

56
Q

What are the characteristics of neuroptera?

A

Costal-Subcostal cross veins, pupate in silken chambers, highly diverse, larval predators

57
Q

What are the characteristics of Coleoptera?

A

Largest order, elytra sclerotized forewings, mandibulate mouthparts, ocelli usually absent, occupy virtually every habitat

58
Q

What are the characteristics of Strepsitera?

A

endoparasitoids, sexually dimorphic, males look normal females live in host, haemocoelous viviparity, first instar triungulin

59
Q

What are the characteristics of Diptera?

A

Halteres, LArvae lack legs, wide variety of habitats

60
Q

What are the characteristics of Mecoptera?

A

Elongate, mandibulate monthparts, horseface, large seperated eyes, wings are same shape

61
Q

What are the characteristics of Siphonaptera?

A

Secondarily wingless, latterally compressed, posteriorly directed setae, ectoparasites, piercing-sucking mouthparts, no compound eyes, antennae in grooves

62
Q

What are the characteristics of trichoptera?

A

hairy wings, reduced mouthparts, aquatic larvae with cases, larval salivary glands produce silk

63
Q

What are the characteristics of Lepidoptera?

A

adults with coiled probuscis, scaly wings, and larvae have stemmata and produce silk from salivary glands

64
Q

What are the characteristics of Hymenoptera?

A

Modification of ovipositor as a sting in some species, haplodiploidy in some species, many have well developed social behaviours, grub like larvae

65
Q

What are the two categories of Hymenoptera?

A

Symphyta (waistless, sawflies) and Aculeata (stinger with waist)

Entomology 200 (13 decks)

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