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Entomology 200 > Insect Reproduction > Flashcards

Insect Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

What are female gonads called?

A

Ovaries

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2
Q

What are male gonads called?

A

Testis

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3
Q

What portion of the reproductive organ originates from the mesoderm?

A

Paired gonads and ducts

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4
Q

What Portion of the reproductive organ is of ectodermal origin?

A

Everything under where the lateral ducts meet?

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5
Q

What structure receives the male adeagus?

A

Genital chamber/Bursa copulatrix

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6
Q

Where are Sperm stored in the female?

A

Spermatheca

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7
Q

What functions do the female accessory gland serve?

A

Provide nutrients to the eggs and cement-like secretions to protect it on the outside

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8
Q

What are the different parts of the ovarioles?

A

Germarium and Vittelarium

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9
Q

What occurs in the germarium?

A

Oogonia produce Oocytes

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10
Q

What can be found in the Vitellarium?

A

Nurse cells, vitellogenins, follicle cells, forming the chorion

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11
Q

When does meiosis occur for the egg?

A

After ovulation, fertilization or oviposition, not in ovariole

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12
Q

What are egg micropyles?

A

Tiny pores on a portion of the egg to let sperm through

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13
Q

What is the haploid gamete of the female called?

A

Ovum

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14
Q

Where does the egg go after fertilization?

A

Proceeds down the genital tract to be coated by accessory gland secretions

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15
Q

What are the mature testis made of?

A

Sperm tubules in membranous sac

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16
Q

What is spermiogenesis?

A

Production of haploid sperm in sperm tubes

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17
Q

What structure carries sperm from the testis to the ejaculatory duct?

A

Vas deferens

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18
Q

What aggregate forms can sperm take on?

A

Semen or Spermatophore

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19
Q

What are the functions of the male accessory glands?

A

Add fluids and additional coverings to protect spermatophores from desiccation and to allow semen to be liquid

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20
Q

What structure transfers sperm to the female?

A

Aedeagus

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21
Q

What are the different portions of the sperm tubes called?

A

Germarium, Zone 1 (growth), Zone 2 (Maturation, meiosis), Zone 3 (Transformation)

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22
Q

What is the function of the male germarium?

A

Production of spermatocytes by mitosis

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23
Q

What is the function of the zone of maturation?

A

meiosis, spermatocytes become spermatids

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24
Q

What is the function of the zone of transformation?

A

finished development of the gamete with a tail, creating spermatozoa.

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25
Q

How do sperm leave the sperm tubes?

A

In bundles

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26
Q

What two hormones can control the development of gametes?

A

Juvenile Hormone or Ecdysteroids

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27
Q

What is Oviparity?

A

Egg production and fertilization done interiorly, egg oviposition following fertilization but before hatching with sufficient yolk, waxy chorion to prevent desiccation, most common

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28
Q

What is Ovoviparity?

A

Eggs are fertilized interiorly and incubate in female reproductive tract, eggs hatch inside female or immediately following oviposition ready to eat

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29
Q

What is Pseudoplacental Viviparity?

A

Yolk deficient fertilized eggs provide additional nutrients to the eggs through placental-type feeding, no oral feeding

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30
Q

What is Hemocoelous viviparity?

A

Embryos develop freely in hemolymph of the female, embryos take up nutrients through osmosis, rare

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31
Q

What is adenotrophic viviparity?

A

Poorly developped juvenile hatches inside mother and feeds orally on accessory gland secretions, full grown larva deposited to immediately pupate

32
Q

what is parthenogenesis?

A

Asexual reproduction where an unfertilized egg develops into an individual

33
Q

What is Thelytoky?

A

A form of parthenogenesis that creates only female individuals

34
Q

What is Arrhenotoky?

A

A form of parthenogenesis that creates only male individuals

35
Q

What is Amphitoky/Deuterotoky?

A

A form of parthenogenesis that creates both male and female individuals

36
Q

What is apomictic Parthenogenesis?

A

Production of diploid females through parthenogenesis, purely by mitosis

37
Q

What is automictic parthenogenesis?

A

production of a diploid offspring, but meiosis does occur, haploid egg fuses with haploid polar body to create diploid individual

38
Q

What is generative parthenogenesis?

A

Production of haploid individual offspring through parthenogenesis, usually male

39
Q

What is haplodiploidy?

A

Sex determination mechanism in Hymenoptera and Thysanoptera by which ploidy determines sex

40
Q

What is Paedogenesis?

A

A combination of parthenogenesis and viviparity by which offspring hatch inside the mother and the mother is usually eaten as a result

41
Q

What is Hermaphroditism?

A

A reproductive strategy where individuals develop both male and female reproductive organs

42
Q

What is Mating Behaviour?

A

All events involved inn the transfer of sperm from male to female

43
Q

What are the three steps of Mating Behaviour?

A

Finding Mates, Copulation, Oviposition

44
Q

How do insects find mates?

A

One sex must send out a signal that is received by the opposite sex

45
Q

What forms of Visual Mate Finding are there?

A

Swarming, LEK Mating-System, Flight patterns, Colouration, Lighting systems of fireflies

46
Q

What are characteristics of Swarms?

A

Male-dominated, effective for low-density populations, promote outbreeding

47
Q

What are characteristics of LEK Mating-System?

A

Ariel and/or substrate-based aggregation, males hold certain territory, male-male aggression for the territory

48
Q

What is the difference between LEK and Attraction to a common resource?

A

In LEK the two sexes do not meet on a productive resource for the female

49
Q

What type of EMR can help distinguish butterfly patterns?

A

UV Light

50
Q

What chemical do Fireflies use to light-up?

A

Oxidation of Luciferase, with ATP

51
Q

How else can lighting up be used in insects?

A

Used to mimic mating calls, to attract prey, to deter predators

52
Q

How do mosquitos use sound for mate finding?

A

Male mosquitos use the Johnston’s organ in their antennae to perceive the wing vibrations of female, able to detect readiness of female for copulation

53
Q

What is Stridulation?

A

Rubbing of Stridulatory pegs against a file structure on their bodies creates a high-pitched call, typical of orthoptera

54
Q

How do Cicadas Produce sound for mating?

A

Males have an abdominal tymbal, a ribbed-thing cuticular membrane that vibrates when distended by muscles, air-sac aids in the amplification of sound, species-specific

55
Q

What is Drumming?

A

For insects that use sound for mating but don’t have structures to create a sound, they tap against substrates to create vibrations. Another example would be water striders on water

56
Q

What is olfactory Mate Finding?

A

The use of volatile chemicals to attract mates i.e. pheromones, moths have species-specific chemicals that they use as pheromones

57
Q

What kind of flight do moths engage in to find females?

A

Optomotor anemotaxis

58
Q

What type of olfactory Chemical is used in Close-Range courtship?

A

Courtship pheromone

59
Q

What are different forms of close-range courtship?

A

Tactile Stimulation, Dancing, Courtship Pheromones

60
Q

What is Tactile Stimulation?

A

When mates find one another they engage in some form of touch to assess the fitness of the other individual

61
Q

What insect is known for using dancing as part of their short-range courtship?

A

Fruit Flies and other diptera

62
Q

What are the different structures used in Olfactory short-range courtship?

A

Coremata (extensible, scent-producing glands), androconia (Wing scales with glandular cells), Hair pencils (glandular hair-like Scales)

63
Q

What is Courtship pheromone derived from?

A

Specific chemicals found in diet can’t be synthesized just from the body of the lepidoptera

64
Q

What are the two methods of sperm transfer in insects? Which is more ancestral?

A

Spermatophore (more ancestral) and Internal Fertilization

65
Q

Which order exhibits random deposition of spermatophore?

A

Collembola

66
Q

What is the difference between direct and indirect sperm transfer?

A

Direct sperm transfer is where spermatophore or sperm is placed inside the female repro system via an intromittent organ. Indirect is where Spermatophore is placed in environment and female picks it up secondarily.

67
Q

What are the parts of the aedeagus?

A

Phallobase, endophallus, flagellum

68
Q

What are the different strategies of paternity assurance?

A

Prolonged Copulation, Post-Mating Guardian, Mating first with a newly emerged female, Removing sperm of previous male, Sperm Plugs, Fighting over Females, Sneaky Copulators, Gift Giving

69
Q

What is a nuptial gift?

A

Resource offering to the female by the male to then have sex

70
Q

What is a spermatophylax?

A

Sperm free portion of the spermatophore exreceted from the adaegus that serves as a nuptial gift containing nutrients and sodium.

71
Q

What is sexual cannibalism?

A

A means by which the man is eaten by the woman after hes spread his seed.

72
Q

How can sexual cannibalism lead to a sperm plug?

A

Some sand flies adaegus remains attached to within the female after they perish.

73
Q

How can the male regulate the female fecundity?

A

Fecundity enhacing secretions from the accessory gland, Receptivity inhibiting subtances form the accessory glands and sperm plugs

74
Q

What is a good example of indirect sperm transfer in flying insects?

A

Odonata that place the spermatophore on a secondary site for the female to uptake

75
Q

How is site selection for oviposition chosen?

A

Genetically and learned from immature

76
Q

What is an ootheca?

A

Casing surrounding the oviposition of many eggs produced by the accessory glands.

Entomology 200 (13 decks)

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