Sensory Organs

Question 1

What is a Sensilla?

Answer 1

A small hair like protrusion of the cuticle that allows for sensory perception, can be used for mechano-, chemo- and photo reception

Question 2

What are the main mechanoreceptors?

Answer 2

Trichoid Sensilla, Hair plates, Stretch Receptors and Campaniform Sensilla

Question 3

What cells make up a Trichoid Sensilla?

Answer 3

Trichogen Cell, Tormogen Cell, Sensory Neuron

Question 4

What’s the function of hairs beds?

Answer 4

To detect movement and position of joints

Question 5

Where are stretch receptors found?

Answer 5

Inside the Insects body associated with muscles

Question 6

What’s the function of the Campaniform Sensilla?

Answer 6

Detect the strain and movement of the cuticle

Question 7

Compared to humans how is insects ability to perceive sound?

Answer 7

It is superior with a range from 1-2 Hz up to 100 000 Hz

Question 8

What is the purpose of Sound Perception in insects of the same species?

Answer 8

Courtship and Mating

Question 9

What is the function of Sound perception in insects of different species?

Answer 9

Detection of predators

Question 10

What two types of sound reception is there?

Answer 10

Non-tympanal, and tympanal

Question 11

How does an insect conduct Non-tympanal Reception?

Answer 11

Sensitive elongated trichoid sensilla are able to detect vibrations of the air very close around them and the substrate that they are perched on

Question 12

What is a chordotonal organ made of?

Answer 12

Many scolopidia and the Johnstons organ, able to receive vibration stimuli

Question 13

What the function of the Johnstons Organ?

Answer 13

Within the pedicel of the antennae, senses movement of the antennae relative to the rest of the body

Question 14

What is a Tympani?

Answer 14

Thin cuticular membrane able to receive sound

Question 15

What Chordotonal Organs are associated with Tympani?

Answer 15

Subgenual organ, intermediate organ, crista acustica

Question 16

What is the main body of a tympanum made of?

Answer 16

A trachea, separated into anterior and posterior halves

Question 17

What are the functions of contact chemoreceptors?

Answer 17

Taste, Gustation, detection of aqueous chemicals

Question 18

What are properties of Contact chemoreceptors?

Answer 18

Uniporous and thick walled

Question 19

What are functions of airborne chemoreceptors?

Answer 19

Smell, olfaction, detection of low concentration volatile substances in the air.

Question 20

Properties of Airborne chemoreceptors

Answer 20

Multiporous, thin walled

Question 21

How do Airborne Chemoreceptors Perceive Chemicals?

Answer 21

Chemicals enter through pores, dissolve in fluid, bind to receptors on dendritic membrane

Question 22

What part of the deutocerebrum integrates Antennae signlas?

Answer 22

The Macroglomerular Complex

Question 23

What is Optomotor Anemotaxis?

Answer 23

Upwind flight, with visual progress tracking

Question 24

What tool can we use to test the effects of semiochemicals?

Answer 24

Electroantennograms

Question 25

What can Insects use pheromones for?

Answer 25

Kin reception, trail-marking, alarm, aggregation, courtship, etc.

Question 26

What are Ocelli?

Answer 26

Simple eyes, made up of a transparent cuticular lens and retina made of retinular cells

Question 27

What are Stemmata?

Answer 27

Simple eyes found in larvae of holometabolous insects located laterally, have a cuticular lens overlaying a crystalline lens focusing light onto a rhabdom made of retinula cells

Question 28

What are compound eyes made of?

Answer 28

Aggregation of many many ommatidia, with high variety in number of ommatidia

Question 29

What is the structure of the ommatidia?

Answer 29

Cuticular lens overlaying crystalline cone, focusing light onto 6-10 retinula cells making an aggregate rhabdom, encased by pigment cells

Question 30

What makes a rhabdom?

Answer 30

Rhabdomeres of multiple retimula cells in close proximity, rhabdomeres are made of microvilli filled with visual pigment

Question 31

What is a Fovea?

Answer 31

A high resolution area of the compound eyes caused by larger cuticular cone

Question 32

What is an Apis Ommatidia?

Answer 32

Retinula cells rotate around one another with an additional ninth retinular cell at the base

Question 33

What is a Lepisma Ommatidia?

Answer 33

Stacked Retinular cells contributing to different parts of the rhabdom

Question 34

What is a Spodoptera Ommatidia?

Answer 34

Single domminating retinula cell decreases contribution to rhabdom closer to base, at the base an eighth retinula cell takes over major part of rhabdom.

Question 35

What are some adaptations for nocturnal vision?

Answer 35

Clear zones, tapetum, reflective mirror surface made by a trachea at the base of the ommatidia

Question 36

What are appositional eyes adapted for?

Answer 36

Diurnal vision, high resolution

Question 37

What are superpostion eyes adapted for?

Answer 37

Nocturnal vision, low resolution, clear zone

Question 38

What the difference between apposition and superposition eyes?

Answer 38

Superposition eyes have reduced pigment cells and clear zones allowing light to shine on all rhabdoms

Question 39

What are Migrating pigment cells?

Answer 39

Pigment cells that are able to change their position in the eye to either create or eliminate a clear zone, changing form dark adapted to light adapted vision

Question 40

How do moths navigate while flying?

Answer 40

maintain a constant angle realtive to the source of light they sense

Question 41

What type of spectral vision do insects have?

Answer 41

Trichomatic vision, UV B G

Question 42

What are nectar guides?

Answer 42

Co-evolution with flowers that display themselves in UV light to the insects they wish to use to pollinate

Question 43

Who proved that bees can see colour?

Answer 43

Karl von Frisch

Question 44

What types of patterns were bees better at distinguishing?

Answer 44

Vertical Patterns

Question 45

What types of horizontal patterns can bees not distinguish?

Answer 45

solid shapes

Question 46

What allows insects to distinguish polarity of light?

Answer 46

Microvillar organization of ommatidia

Question 47

How do insects use Polarized light perception?

Answer 47

Homing behaviour in bees, Orientation in Odonata and Dipteran, Detection of water surface in aquatic insects

Question 48

What is Polarotaxis?

Answer 48

Orientation and movement based on polarization of light

Question 49

Which insects use binocular vision best?

Answer 49

Mantids

Question 50

Do some insects have extraocular photoperception?

Answer 50

Yes