Circulation and Gas Exchange

Question 1

What is Hemocoeal?

Answer 1

It is the insect body cavity with sinuses

Question 2

What is the dorsal sinus called?

Answer 2

The pericardial Sinus

Question 3

What is the structure that seperates the pericardial sinus?

Answer 3

The dorsal diaphragm

Question 4

What is the ventral sinus called?

Answer 4

The perineural sinus

Question 5

What separates the perineural sinus?

Answer 5

The ventral diaphragm

Question 6

What allows for single direction circulation in appendages?

Answer 6

Septa

Question 7

What is Hemolymph?

Answer 7

The fluid of the hemocoel carries nutrients, waste, hormones, chemical defense

Question 8

What makes up hemoplymph?

Answer 8

Plasma and Hemocytes

Question 9

What pumps the hemolymph?

Answer 9

The dorsal Vessel

Question 10

What are the 2 sections of the dorsal vessel?

Answer 10

Aorta anterior, Heart posterior

Question 11

What makes up the plasma of the Hemolymph?

Answer 11

Ions, Waste, Organic acids, Sugars (trehalose or glycerol-rarely), lipids, amino acids, proteins (Hexamerins, lipophorin)

Question 12

What are the functions of hemocytes?

Answer 12

Phagocytosis, encapsulation of parasites and large foreign material, coagulation, storage and distribution of nutrients

Question 13

What is the dorsal diaphragm made of?

Answer 13

Connective tissue and alary muscles

Question 14

What are Ostia?

Answer 14

Arranged openings into the dorsal vessel with one way valves.

Question 15

In what direction does hemolymph circulate?

Answer 15

postero-venterally, towards the venter and posterior

Question 16

How does the ventral diaphragm aid circulation?

Answer 16

Pushes hemolymph back and to the sides from the venter

Question 17

What are accessory pulsatile organs?

Answer 17

Additional pumps throughout the body that help move hemolymph, found at the base of appendages, antennae, legs, cerci and wings

Question 18

What organ allows air to enter the gas exchange system?

Answer 18

Spiracles

Question 19

How many spiracles are typical?

Answer 19

8, up to 10

Question 20

What triggers the opening of spiracles?

Answer 20

Lack of oxygen and a build up of Carbon Dioxide

Question 21

What are the three types of Spiracles?

Answer 21

Simple, Atriate, Filter

Question 22

What are trachea?

Answer 22

paired invaginations of the epidermis, that aid in the transport of air through the body and shed at molting

Question 23

What are Tracheoles?

Answer 23

Fine tubules that branch off of trachea, come into contact with cells to facilitate gas exchange

Question 24

What are the four different Trachea?

Answer 24

Visceral, Dorsal, Ventral, and lateral trunk

Question 25

What are the three phases of gas exchange?

Answer 25

Closed Spiracular, Flutter, Open spiracular

Question 26

How is gas moved throughout the system?

Answer 26

Simple Diffusion and Ventilation

Question 27

What are air sacs?

Answer 27

Dilated sections of trachea to serve as oxygen reserves

Question 28

What are Ventilation Movements?

Answer 28

Body compression and expansion of trachea with coordinated opening and closing of spiracles

Question 29

What do air sacs do?

Answer 29

Assist in flight, serve as an oxygen reservoir, decrease mass, give space for molting, have tympanic structures

Question 30

What is characteristic of a Closed Tracheal System?

Answer 30

No spiracles, aquatic insects

Question 31

Challenges of Aquatic insects with gas exchange?

Answer 31

Breaking the waters surface, keeping water out of spiracles, current, much lower concentration of oxygen in water

Question 32

Whats a terminal spiracle?

Answer 32

Suspended from the water meniscus, water repellent hairs at the tip

Question 33

What are piercing siphons?

Answer 33

Terminal spiracle with the capability of piercing the aerenchyma of plants

Question 34

What are Hydrofuge Hairs?

Answer 34

Hairs with hydrophobic properties that let siphons get gas without letting water into the spiracles

Question 35

What are Compressible Gills?

Answer 35

Air bubble on insects dorsal or ventral side that has relatively the same pressure as the atmosphere, allowing more oxygen to go in

Question 36

What are Plastrons?

Answer 36

Made up of dense hydrofuge hairs on the surface of the bugs that trap air in a layer around the spiracles

Question 37

What are Tracheal Gills?

Answer 37

Thin Cuticular layer that allows for O2 uptake across the membrane