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Entomology 200 > Insect Locomotion > Flashcards

Insect Locomotion Flashcards

1
Q

What is required for locomotion?

A

sensory organs, CNS, skeletomuscular system

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2
Q

What stance do insects use?

A

The tripod stance

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3
Q

What do insects use to better grip the substrate?

A

Claws, arolia, pulvilli and hairy pads

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4
Q

What are adhesive tarsal pads made of?

A

tenent hairs adhesion caused by surface tension of fluid

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5
Q

Other than walking how can insects with no legs move?

A

Crawling

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6
Q

How do insects crawl?

A

They use hemolymph pressure and a hydrostatic skeleton to contract and relax their body to move throughout their environment

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7
Q

How do maggots crawl?

A

Waves of contraction and relaxation that run from head to tail, bands of adhesive hooks and a mouth that grips to substrate

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8
Q

How do caterpillars crawl?

A

The move their prolegs posteriorly to anteriorly one by one from the substrate to crawl forwards using retractor muscles

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9
Q

Other than crawling and Walking how else can insects move on the ground?

A

Jumping

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10
Q

What morphological traits enable insects to jump?

A

Modified hindlegs, Long legs, Mechanism to store and release energy quickly

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11
Q

What is the fastest jumping insect?

A

Froghoppers

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12
Q

Where is energy stores in Auchenorrhyncha jumpers?

A

Energy is stored at the coxo-trochanteral joint

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13
Q

Where is energy stored in fleas?

A

In a compression pad made of resilin

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14
Q

How does jumping work without the use of legs?

A

Collembola are able to jump with the use of terminal furcula and click beetles use a peg and pit structure to lever themselves off their backs

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15
Q

How do Insects walk on water?

A

Surface tension of water acts like an elastic membrane. Many insects also use hydrophobic hairs on their legs and abdomens to stay above water. They use a hydrophilic claw to propel across the surface.

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16
Q

What was recently discovered about water strider movement?

A

They use vortices to created by their hydrophilic claws to give them additional propulsion

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17
Q

How do Staphylinidae move across the water?

A

With the help of hydrophobic hairs and the pygidial gland that reduces water surface tension behind them essentially propelling them forwards

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18
Q

What can it be difficult to climb out of the water how do waterlily leaf beetles combat this?

A

The meniscus of the water makes a small climb up even larger, waterlily leaf beetles ride the meniscus of the water sinking the middle abdomen down and pushing their head up.

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19
Q

How do insects walk underwater?

A

Similarly to as they do on land, there are additional forces that push against them

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20
Q

What features enable insects to swim?

A

streamlined bodies, oar-like hindlegs

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21
Q

What are oar like hind legs?

A

Legs covered in long hairs like a bipectinate antennae that provide like to no resistance on the recovery stroke but a wide surface area on the power stroke.

22
Q

What are the technical names for the recovery and power strokes?

A

retraction (Power) protraction (recovery)

23
Q

What are the divisions of the insect order in relation to wings?

A

Apterygota, Paleoptera, Neoptera

24
Q

What is the group apterygota?

A

The ancestral insects that have no wings

25
Q

What is the group paleoptera?

A

The group that first evolved wings, fused sclerites at the base of the wing, wings can move independently

26
Q

What is the group neoptera?

A

more derived wings can be folded over the thorax, indirect flight muscles, wings move in unison

27
Q

What are axillary sclerites?

A

A hardened portion of the cuticle at the base of the wing, allows complex wing movements, move together through joints and hinges in neoptera, fused together in paleoptera.

28
Q

What are the structure that enable flight on the side of the thoracic segments?

A

Pleural wing process, basalare sclerite, subalare sclerite, phragma

29
Q

What are the two categories of flight muscles?

A

Direct and Indirect

30
Q

What muscles does direct flight use?

A

Dorsoventral (upstroke) and basalare and subalare (downstroke)

31
Q

What type of muscles does indirect flight use?

A

Dorso-Ventral (Upstroke), Dorso-Longitudinal (Downstroke)

32
Q

What does the pleural wing process do in flight?

A

Acts as a fulcrum to enable the wing to act against

33
Q

What insect orders are direct flyers?

A

Odonata, Ephemeroptera, Blattodea

34
Q

Which insect orders are indirect flyers?

A

Everything - apterygota - Odonata, ephemeroptera and blattodea

35
Q

What is the trajectory of the wing in flight?

A

A figure 8

36
Q

What is the motion called when the leading edge flips down at the top of the upstroke?

A

Pronation

37
Q

What is the motion called when the leading edge flips up at the base of the downstroke?

A

Supination

38
Q

What is the wing angle called?

A

Pitch

39
Q

What do the basalare and subalare muscles do in indirect flight?

A

They control the pitch of the wing

40
Q

Which muscle controls pronation?

A

Basalare

41
Q

Which muscle controls Supination

A

Subalare

42
Q

How do the wings move air to creating thrust?

A

They create vortices through their path creating an air current that pushes them forwards

43
Q

How to small insects creating thrust with their wings?

A

They create currents with the help of the clap and fling method.

44
Q

What are the two types of neural impulses for flight?

A

Synchronous (one impulse = one beat), asynchronous (one impulse = more than one beat)

45
Q

What muscles are used in synchronous flight?

A

Neurogenic msucles

46
Q

What muscles are used in asynchronous flight?

A

Myogenic muscles

47
Q

How does asynchronous flight work?

A

Muscles contract once and resilin within pleural wing process and the notum cause wing to beat more than once

48
Q

What are the different types of wing coupling

A

mecopteran (using little hairs), Jugate coupling (using a long extension, frenate coupling (using large joined hairs or one large hair called a frenulum), Hmauli coupling (Hymenoptera hooks) and amplexiform coupling (laid one on top of the other)

49
Q

What structures do insects use to monitor and control flight speed and direction?

A

Compound eyes give visual cues, Dorsal ocelli show rotation, Johnstan’s organ monitors anteanna vibration and halteres in Diptera act as gyroscopes, can also use legs for direction

50
Q

How do scientists study insect flight?

A

using high speed cameras, wind tunnels, smoke trails, strobe lights, electrophysiology and models

Entomology 200 (13 decks)

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