Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AP Bio > Taxonomy > Flashcards

Taxonomy Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Viruses

A

(virion)- consists of nucleic acid core surrounded by a protein coat called a capsid. smaller than bacteria. Not living- classified separately, based on common characteristics:

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Capsid make up

A

proteins called capsomeres- determines shape of virus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

bacteriophage

A

virus that affects bacteria;

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

cell makeup of viruses

A

acellular and cannot independently perform metabolic activities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

virus reproduction

A

Can reproduce but only within other cells- takes over the cell’s genetic information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Virus nucleic acid

A

Nucleic acid=DNA or RNA but not both. DNA–single or double stranded.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

virus classification

A

type of nucleic acid (DNA/RNA…see recording). presence/absence of capsid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

virus origin

A

Virus came from bits of nucleic acids that “escaped” from cellular organisms (transposons or plasmids) in plants, animals, or bacteria

plant virus can only infect plant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Lytic cycle-

A

type of virus reproductive cycle. lyses or destroys host cell. Viruses that only have lytic cycles are virulent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Attachment or absorption

A

viruses attach to receptors on host cell wall or cell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Penetration-

A

nucleic acid moves from virus into cytoplasm of host cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Replication and synthesis

A

virus degrades host cell nucleic acid and uses host cell to synthesize necessary components for its replication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Assembly

A

newly synthesized viral components are assembled into new viruses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Release

A

new viruses are released from cell. Lytic enzymes produced by phage destroys host’s plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Steps of lytic cycle

A

Attachment or absorption, penetration, Replication and synthesis, Assembly, Release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Temperate viruses

A

do not always destroy their hosts. They have lysogenic cycle in which the virus become integrated into the hosts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Temperate viruses details

A

This virus replicates when the host cell replicates. Certain external conditions can cause them to revert to a lytic cycle, or they may remain repressed indefinitely.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Viruses that infect animal cells

A

May have DNA–DNA from virus integrates into DNA of the host cell
May have RNA–in some, used as mRNA in the host cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

retroviruses

A

infect animal cells; Reverse transcriptase produces DNA from the RNA, which then becomes integrated into the host DNA, which is used to make RNA again (HIV is ex)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Viruses that infect plant cells

A

Because plants have thick cell walls, viruses cannot penetrate plant cells unless they are damaged. Once enters- spreads through plant via plasmodemata. Most RNA viruses
Symptoms: reduced plant size, spots or streaks on leaves, flowers or fruits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Viroid-

A

smaller than a virus, has no protective protein coat, Consists of short strand of RNA; Cause plant disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Prion

A

“proteinaceous infectious particle”- animals have a gene that codes for this prion (208 amino acids)- normally harmless. But it can convert to a different shape and cause disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

tobacco mosaic virus

A

infects tobacco plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy-

A

“mad cow disease”- prion. cattle became infected when ate feed containing infected brains and organs from sheep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs)-

A

prion. group of fatal degenerative brain diseases- when animals are infected, brain appears to develop holes and become sponge- like

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Prokaryotes

A

no nucleus or organelles except for ribosomes; have single chromosome and some have plasmids; Cells walls contain peptidoglycans; Some contain flagella or capsule around the cell wall for added protection against phagocytosis; many have pilli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

peptidoglycans

A

polysaccharides with polypeptides

28
Q

pilli

A

hair-like appendages that help in adherence

29
Q

flagella prokaryotes

A

consists of flagellin (single filament), not tubulin in 9 + 2 like in eukaryotes

30
Q

How do prokaryotes reproduce?

A

Binary fission, budding

31
Q

Binary fission-

A

one cell divides into two equal sized cells

32
Q

Budding

A

cell develops small bud that matures and separates from the mother

33
Q

Genetic variation in prokaryotes can be introduced by

A

Conjugation, Transduction, Transformation

34
Q

Transformation-

A

bacteria absorbs DNA from its surroundings

35
Q

Transduction-

A

new DNA is introduced into bacteria through a virus

36
Q

Conjugation-

A

DNA exchange between two bacteria cells. Donor bacteria produced tube, or pilus that connects to the recipient cell Donor’s chromosomes can be sent, allowing recombination w the recipient

37
Q

How are prokaryotes organized?

A

organized by mode of nutrition (chemo/photoautotroph/Heterotrophs–parasites/saprophytes) or by O2 presence

38
Q

saprophytes

A

decomposers

39
Q

Obligate aerobes

A

need O2

40
Q

Obligate anaerobes

A

cannot be in presence of O2

41
Q

Facultative anaerobe

A

grow in oxygen but can switch to anaerobic conditions

42
Q

Archeabacteria

A

Cell walls lack peptidoglycans; similar ribosomes to eukaryotes; Different lipids in plasma membranes as compared to eubacteria; 3 groups

43
Q

3 groups Archeabacteria

A

Methanogens produce methane gas
o Extreme halophiles live in high salt conc
o Thermoacidophile hot and acidic environments

44
Q

Eubacteria

A

Mostly decomposers; Reside in human body (700 trillion) and can be beneficial;

45
Q

protists

A

This kingdom is unique in that the organisms that are grouped here are
extremely diverse- grouping them together in the Protist kingdom is
done for sake of convenience. Ex- organisms may be algaelike, animallike, funguslike,
unicellular, or multicellular

46
Q

FUNGI

A

Eukaryotic, heterotrophic, cell walls with chitin, filamentous inside, Mold or yeasts, Reproduction by spores,

47
Q

PLANTS

A

Eukaryotic, Autotrophs

  • Cell walls with cellulose
  • Terrestrial
  • Have alternation of generation
  • All have protected embryos
48
Q

alternation of generation

A

o Spend part of lives in multicellular haploid stage and part in
multicellular diploid stage

49
Q

ANIMALS

A 
Multicellular eukaryotes
- Heterotrophic
Diploid generation is dominant
- Most are motile at some point in life
Most undergo a period of embryonic development during which 2 – 3 layers of tissue form
50
Q

Eumetazoa

A

animals cells organized into tissues

51
Q

Parazoa

A

animals no organs/tissues

52
Q

Diploblastic

A

eumetazoa embryo w 2 cell layers

53
Q

Triploblastic

A

eumetazoa embryo w 3 cell layers

54
Q

Ectoderm

A

outer layer Triploblastic outer covering of the body and nervous tissue

55
Q

Mesoderm

A

Triploblastic middle layer- gives rise to muscles, skeleton, circulatory system

56
Q

Endoderm-

A

Triploblastic inner layer- gives rise to digestive tube

57
Q

Body symmetry

A

Radial symmetry- circular body pattern (body has form of
wheel), only have front and back/ top and bottom

o Bilateral symmetry- can be divided through one plane to
produce right and left halves of the body

58
Q

Cephalization-

A

In animals with bilateral symmetry, the anterior end

has increasing tissue (ex- formation of brain) as organism increases in complexity

59
Q

Gastrovascular cavity-

A

“gut” area where food is digested, One-two openings

60
Q

Coelom

A

fluid filled space between body wall and digestive tissue that cushions internal organs

61
Q

Acoelomate

A

animals lack a coelom

62
Q

Pseudocoelemate

A

animals that have a cavity that is not completely lined by mesoderm tissue

63
Q

Coelomate

A

animals with a true coelom lined completely by

mesoderm, producing a tube within a tube body plan

64
Q

Segmentation

A

Many have body parts that are the same but repeat or modified to perform special functions

65
Q

Protostomes/Deuterostomes

A

Animals with coelom are divided into two groups:
 Protostomes- include mollusks, annelids, arthropods
 Deuterostomes- include echinoderms and chordates

Differ in pattern of cleavage- cell divisions that take place in the early development of the zygote and differentiation of archenteron first infolding from the blastula (ball of stem cells)

AP Bio (35 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions