Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AP Bio > Photosynthesis > Flashcards

Photosynthesis Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Autotrophs

A

sustain themselves by making organic molecules from inorganic raw materials obtained from the environment; (primary) producers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

photoautotrophs

A

use energy from the light for this process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

plants are ____autotrophs

A

photoautotrophs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

some bacteria are ____autotrophs

A

chemoautotrophs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

chemoautotrophs

A

use energy from the breakdown of inorganic compounds, like sulfur or ammonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Heterotrophs

A

live on compounds produced by other organisms. Some eat plants and animals; Others consume the remains ofdead or decaying organisms (detritivores/decomposers)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Chloroplasts

A

organelles within the leaves of plants that are the major site of photosynthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Chlorophyll

A

green pigment located within chloroplasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

mesophyll

A

tissue in the interior of the leaf.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

palisade mesophyll v spongy mesophyll

A

palisade mesophyll–closer packed, on top, spongy mesophyll have more spaces, covered by epithelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

stomata

A

plural of stoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

stoma

A

microscopic pores on the surface of the leaf–little holes on bottom of leaf allowing gases in and out not on top bc the sunlight’s heat could evaporate the water out–Carbon dioxide and oxygen enter leaf through.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

cuticle

A

hydrophobic layer on top reduces water loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Stroma

A

liquid within chloroplasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Thylakoid membranes

A

home to light-dependent reactions and chlorophyll. on inside, hollow, separate stroma from thylakoid space (otherwise called thylakoid lumen) Thylakoid sacs stacked in columns called grana (sing. granum)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Equation photosynthesis

A

6CO2 + 6H2O (+light)–>C6H12O6 + 6O2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

why does photosynthesis + respiration change to glucose and back?

A

change to glucose and back bc ATP is so unstable and plants can’t store it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

reactants and products of light dependent reactions?

A

light reaction uses light and water, produces O2 as a waste, useful: ATP, NADPH (not listed as products bc intermediates)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

other names for Calvin Cycle

A

CC/carbon fixation/light independent reaction/ dark reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Light reactions-

A

converts solar energy to chemical energyoccurs in thylakoids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

steps photosynthesis

A

light reactions, Calvin cycle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

photophosphorylation

A

uses light energy to add a phosphate group onto ADP, forming ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Light reactions-process

A

Chlorophyll absorbs lightElectrons and hydrogen are transferred to acceptor calledNADP+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate)Water is split, giving off O2 as a waste product ATP is generated in photophosphorylation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Wavelength

A

distance between the crests of electromagnetic waves; longer wavelength=less energy; nm nanometers measures wavelength; wavelengths visible light power photosynthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

carbon fixation–

A

taking carbon from an inorganic source and changing it into an organic compound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Calvin cycle

A

incorporates CO2 from air into organic molecules(carbon fixation) using electrons from NADPH and energy from ATP; occurs in the stroma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Why is Calvin cycle also called light-independent reactions, or dark reactions,

A

becausedoesn’t need light directlyonly happens in light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Visible light-

A

from 380 nm to 760 nmdetected as colors by human eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Light behavior

A

Light can behave as waves (waves=radiation) or photonsphotons–particles of energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

photons

A

Shorter the wavelength, thegreater the energy of each photon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

photon violet energy

A

double energy of photon of red

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what powers photosynthesis?

A

Visible light powers photosynthesis, specificallyblue and red

33
Q

Photosynthetic pigments-

A

the light receptors (Light can either bereflected or absorbed by matter)

34
Q

Pigment

A

substance thatabsorbs visible light

35
Q

Pigment details

A

Different pigments absorbdifferent wavelengthsWavelengths that are absorbed, disappear The color that is reflected is the color we see (black absorbs all, white reflects all)

36
Q

o Spectrophotometer

A

device that can measure the ability of a pigment to absorb various wavelengths of light

37
Q

Chlorophyll a

A

appears blue green–best absorbs violet and red; Can participate directly in light reactions

38
Q

Chlorophyll b

A

appears yellow-green, best absorbs blue and orange; Can absorb light energy but must pass it to chlorophyll a

39
Q

Carotenoids-

A

shades of yellow and orange; Some function in photosynthesis-best absorb blue, violet, green; others function in photoprotection

40
Q

photoprotection

A

absorbs and scatters excessive light energy that would otherwise damage chlorophyll

41
Q

why leaves change colors in fall

A

in fall, chlorophyll breaks down from cool tempphotosynthesis goes downcarotenoids are no longer hidden by chlorophyllthen gets too cold for carotenoids and turns brown

42
Q

reaction center

A

where photosynthesis begins

43
Q

What happens when photon absorbs light?

A

photon bounces from pigment to pigment (pigment in one antenna complex to another in another) until it reaches specific chlorophyll a molecule,located in the reaction center

44
Q

Photosystem

A

an organization of chlorophyll and other proteins in the thylakoid of the chloroplast; Has light-gathering “antenna complex” made of a few hundred chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoid molecules

45
Q

What happens when chlorophyll absorbs photons of energy from light?

A

raises an electron in the pigment molecule from the ground state to an excited state (higher energy orbital). Compounds can only absorb photons corresponding to specific wavelengths. The wavelengths that are not absorbed will be reflected.

46
Q

What happens once the electron is in the high energy state? Why?

A

it is very unstable, so either: The electron drops back down, giving off heat and sometimes light, or, the electron may be captured by an electron acceptor and used for later. any chlorophyll molecule can do this

47
Q

What happens when light hits chlorophyll a molecule?

A

an electron isexcited and it is trapped by the primary electronacceptor before the electron can return to its ground state (functions as light-harvesting unit)

48
Q

types of photosystems

A

Photosystem I (P700), and Photosystem II (P680)

49
Q

Photosystem I (P700)

A

discovered before II–called P700 bc it best absorbs wavelengths of 700 nm (far red)

50
Q

Photosystem II (P680)

A

best absorbs wavelengths at 680nm (plain red)

51
Q

Noncyclic electron flow step one

A

PS II absorbs light and an electron is excited and it is captured by a primary electron acceptor

52
Q

more common electron flow

A

noncyclic

53
Q

What happens when an electron is excited and it is captured by a primary electron acceptor (Noncyclic electron)

A

In order to fill “hole” from lost electron in chlorophyll amolecule, an enzyme extracts electrons from water. H2O –> 2e- + 2H+ + 1/2O2– (photolysis)

54
Q

photolysis

A

the breakdown of water in Noncyclic electron flow step two

55
Q

What happens after photolysis?

A

Excited electron from electron acceptor passes to PS I through an electron transport chain

56
Q

What happens when electron is passed to PS I?

A

noncyclic photophosphorylation. As electron “falls”, energy is captured by thylakoid membraneto produce ATP driven by light energy.

57
Q

What happens AFTER electron is passed to PS I?

A

Electron reaches bottom of chain and fills a hole in P700

58
Q

What happens AFTER electron fills hole in P700?

A

Electron acceptor in PS I passes excited electron down a second electron transport chain, transmitting them toa molecule called ferredoxin, which passes the electron to NADP+, forming NADPH

59
Q

cyclic electron flow

A

PS I only. No release of oxygen or production of NADPH. light shines down on PS1, goes down e-t chain, and then Electrons cycle from ferredoxin back tothe first electron transport chain, which leads back to PSI.

60
Q

cyclic photophosphorylation-

A

produces ATP using light energy but recycling the same electron (cyclic electron flow)

61
Q

why is cyclic electron flow needed?

A

Needed because Calvin cycle needs more ATP than NADPH-so sometimes switches to cyclic in order to catch up with the production of ATP

62
Q

chemiosmosis

A

Similar to chemiosmosis in mitochondria- uses an H+ conc gradient and ATP synthase to form ATP

63
Q

differences between chemiosmosis in mitochondria and chloroplasts

A

High-energy electrons in mitochondria come fromsplitting of food, high-energy electrons in chloroplastscome from harvesting light energy; Mitochondria- proton gradient forms in the intermembrane space, chloroplast- in the thylakoid space

64
Q

calvin cycle

A

Carbon enters in the form of CO2 and leaves in the form of glucose using ATP and NADPH

65
Q

Why is G3P removed from the cycle?

A

to build a molecule of glucose (need 6 turns or 6CO2 molecules)

66
Q

carbon fixation

A

6 CO2 attaches to 6 ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP) (5 Csugar) using enzyme rubisco. (Most abundant protein onearth).Splits into 12 3-phosphoglycerate.

67
Q

Carbohydrate synthesis:

A

2 G3P are used tobuild on glucose

68
Q

Net- Calvin cycle

A

uses 6CO2, 18 ATP, and 12 NADPH, producing G3P that can be made into glucose

69
Q

50% of sugars made by photosynthesis are used for…

A

respiration

70
Q

Green cells

A

only cells that perform photosynthesis;

71
Q

what do nongreen cells do instead of photosynthesis

A

other molecules depend on organic molecules exported from leaves through veins

72
Q

what do plants do with the extra sugar they make

A

store starch, stored in roots (transported as sucrose first)

73
Q

phases CC

A

CO2 uptake phase, Carbon reduction phase, RuBP regen phase

74
Q

CO2 uptake phase

A

6 RuBP –>+ 6CO2–>12 PGA

75
Q

PGA

A

phosphoglycerate

76
Q

Carbon reduction phase

A

12 ATP–>12 ADP, 12 NADPH –> 12NADP+ and 12Pi, 12PGA–>12G3P–> 2 + 10 G3P (2G3P go to glucose)

77
Q

RuBP regeneration phase

A

10 G3P–>6RP()–>6RuBP, (6ATP–>6ADP,)

78
Q

structure of chloroplast

A

double membrane; internal liquid called stroma; thylakoids;

AP Bio (35 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions