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AP Bio > Ecology > Flashcards

Ecology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Community ecology

A

studies the interaction of populations

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2
Q

population

A

group of living things living in a given area

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3
Q

Ecological niche

A

species’ ecological role within a community

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4
Q

ecological niche examples of components

A

habitat (living place), use of resources, (temp, food acquisition, etc) overall lifestyle, (mating season, when active (day v night))
each species has its own niche within a given area

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5
Q

Fundamental niche

A

ideal niche– the niche that an organism occupies in the

absence of competing species

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6
Q

realized niche

A

modified niche that an organism occupies when competitors are present so there is
no niche overlap

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7
Q

realized niche–if two species need the same resource,…

A

…they need to learn how to coexist by subdividing

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8
Q

Limiting resource-

A

environmental resource that may

restrict ecological niche of species

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9
Q

limiting resource examples

A

temp extremes, precipitation amounts

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10
Q

When does competition occur?

A

when two or more individuals attempt to use the same essential resource, such as food, water, living space, sunlight

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11
Q

Intraspecific competition

A

competition among individuals of same species

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12
Q

Interspecific competition

A

competition between different species

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13
Q

Competitive exclusion principle

A

one species excludes another from its niche as a result of

interspecific competition. if one’s better, the other species will die out

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14
Q

Resource partitioning

A

two different species may be able to coexist if their niche differs from one another in slightly different ways

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15
Q

Character displacement

A

when two similar species living in the same area start to

diverge from one another in certain traits–start to evolve to act differently, helps them survive together

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16
Q

Character displacement–darwin’s finches

A

When G. fuliginosa and G. fortis live separately, each has an
intermediate sized beak
When the two species live together on the same island, G. fuliginosa has a smaller beak (to crack smaller seeds) and G. fortis has a larger beak (to crack larger seeds).

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17
Q

Predation

A

consumption of one species, the prey, by another species, the predator

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18
Q

Coevolution

A

interdependent evolution of two interacting species

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19
Q

How is chemical protection achieved for prey through appearance?

A

aposematic coloration.

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20
Q

What is another name for aposematic coloration?

A

warning

coloration

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21
Q

Warning coloration

A

Being one of a select group that can tolerate a plant’s toxin, eating it, (thereby avoiding competition,) and accumulating the toxin in their tissues. Their coloring signals to predators that they are poisonous.

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22
Q

What are some defensive adaptations to avoid predators

?

A

Mechanical defenses, group living, cryptic coloration, batesian mimicry, mullerian mimicry

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23
Q

Mechanical defenses

A

shells of turtles, porcupine quills, presence of spines,

thorns, wax in plants help discourage herbivores

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24
Q

herbivores

A

eat plants

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25
Q

Why would animals live in groups?

A

easily spot predators

26
Q

Cryptic coloration

A

colors or markings that help prey blend into surroundings

27
Q

What kind of coloration does a poison dart frog display?

A

aposematic

28
Q

What kind of coloration does a canyon tree frog display?

A

cryptic coloration

29
Q

Batesian mimicry

A

non-poisonous species resembles a poisonous species; evolved in order to avoid predation

30
Q

How does a hawkmoth larva make use of batesian mimicry?

A

Impersonates green parrot snake

31
Q

Mullerian mimicry

A

different species, all of which are poisonous, resemble

one another. Predators therefore easily learn a single aposematic coloration

32
Q

Example of mullerian mimicry

A

cuckoo bee and yellow jacket

33
Q

Symbiosis

A

intimate relationship or association between members of

two or more species

34
Q

What does symbiosis usually involve?

A

one species living on or in another species

35
Q

Mutualism

A
  • symbiotic relationship in which both partners benefit
36
Q

nitrogen-fixing bacteria of legumes

A

bacteria supply the plants with

usable nitrogen, and legumes supply bacteria with energy rich organic molecules–it changes atmospheric to usable

37
Q

Zooxanthellae

A

symbiotic algae live inside cells of coral, where they
photosynthesize- provide animal with carbon and nitrogen compounds, and
oxygen. When algae is found in coral, coral grows faster. Corals also
provide algae with waste products like ammonia

38
Q

Mycorrhizae

A

associations between fungi and roots of plants- Fungus helps
with absorption of materials, plant provides fungus with
organic materials produced by photosynthesis

39
Q

Commensalism-

A

type of symbiosis in which

one species benefits and the other is not harmed or helped

40
Q

Ex of Commensalism

A

host tree and epiphytes, which are smaller plants (orchids, ferns) that
attach to the branches of the tree. Tree enables epiphyte to obtain adequate
light, water, and minerals (washed out of tree’s leaves by rainfall). Host
tree is
neither harmed nor helped

41
Q

Parasitism

A

symbiotic relationship in which one member, the parasite, benefits, and the other
member, the host, is harmed

42
Q

ex of parasites

A

flukes, tapeworms, hookworms

43
Q

Keystone species

A

species that have an important role in maintaining the

community even though they may not be very abundant

44
Q

What happens if a keystone species disappears

A

If keystone species disappears from a community, other species might
become either more common or they may disappear

45
Q

where are fig trees keystone

A

fig tree produces a continuous crop of fruits (even in winter), so they
are a keystone species in tropical rainforests

46
Q

why are gray wolves keystone

A

top predators such as gray wolf- when population of wolves decline,
herbivores increased, which decrease vegetation population

47
Q

Succession

A

the process of community development over time, which involves
species in one stage being
replaced by different species (generally plants, once they stabilize, animals follow)

48
Q

beginning of succession

A

pioneer species

49
Q

pioneer species

A

the first to colonize a

newly exposed habitat

50
Q

pioneer species characteristics (r-selected?)

A

usually r-selected, reproduce fast, not too many resources needed, Can tolerate harsh conditions such as rocky substrate and nutrient-deficient soils

51
Q

What replaces pioneer species?

A

Pioneer species are replaced by stable K-selected species

Ex- grasses, herbs, shrubs, or trees This slows down the rate of succession

52
Q

final successional stage of constant species composition

A

climax community

53
Q

kinds of succession

A

primary + secondary

54
Q

primary succession

A

change in types of species over time in a habitat that

was not previously inhabited by organisms–bare rock surfaces, volcanic lava, 100s-1000s of years

55
Q

protists

A

microscopic mostly unicellular simple organisms

56
Q

succession on rock–first step

A

Begins with establishment of lichens- helps erode rock into soil

57
Q

lichens

A

symbiotic relationship between algae and fungus

58
Q

what happens as the soil builds up during succession on rock

A

bacteria, protists, mosses, and other fungi appear, then insects, then other r-selected species such as weeds and grasses, then Replaced by K- selected species-

59
Q

Secondary succession

A

quicker, change in types of species that takes place after
some disturbance removes the existing vegetation- soil is
already present

60
Q

Secondary succession example

A

Ex- habitats damaged by fires or floods, Succession on abandoned cropland

61
Q

Succession on abandoned cropland

A

r- selected species already in soil germinate, Trees follow, type depends on specific region

AP Bio (35 decks)

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