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AP Bio > Cell notes > Flashcards

Cell notes Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Plasma membrane-

A

cell membrane

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2
Q

cell membrane Structure:

A

thin outer membrane. Called a lipid bilayer- double layer of lipids

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3
Q

Purpose:

cell membrane

A

Separates metabolic activities inside the cell from random events outside cell. Still allows materials in and out

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4
Q

Nucleus

A

membrane bound sac in eukaryotic cells that contains DNA

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5
Q

Nucleoid

A

region in prokaryotic cells that contains

DNA that is not enclosed in a membrane

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6
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Everything in between the plasma membrane and the region of DNA. Contains a semi-fluid matrix (called the cytosol) and
structural components with specific jobs (organelles)

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7
Q

Why can’t cells grow infinitely large?

A

surface to vol ratio

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8
Q

surface-to-volume ratio

A

if a cell expands in diameter during growth,

then its volume will increase faster than its surface area

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9
Q

why can’t a cell live if the cell gets too big and vol increases faster than surface area?

A

The inward flow of nutrients and outward flow of wastes
will not be fast enough to keep up with the metabolic activity of the cell, and it’ll be hard to move materials thru cytoplasm

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10
Q

compound light microscope structure

A

two or more sets of glass lenses bend waves of light

passing thru a specimen

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11
Q

compound light microscope ability

A

Views objects that are thin enough for light to

pass through them

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12
Q

electron microscope structure

A

Structure: use magnetic lenses to

bend and defract beams of electrons

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13
Q

Transmission electron microscope:

A

electrons pass through a

specimen and are used to make images of its internal details

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14
Q

Scanning electron microscope:

A

a beam of electrons pass back

and forth across a surface of a specimen with a thin metal coating

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15
Q

Two domains of prokaryotic cells:

A

Bacteria and Archaea

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16
Q

Size of prokaryotic cell

A

not much wider than a micrometer, no more than a few micrometers long

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17
Q

Cell wall permeability prokaryotic

A

permeable to dissolved substances

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18
Q

Flagella:

A

movable structure that helps move prokaryotic cells through

fluid habitats

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19
Q

characteristics cytoplasm–prokaryotic

A

contains many ribosomes, DNA is concentrated in a

nucleoid region, some have plasmids

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20
Q

plasmids

A

small circles of DNA (separate from main DNA)

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21
Q

advantages of partitioning the cell interior into many organelles:

A

Outer membrane encloses a microenvironment for cell
activities, allowing each organelle to do its own job. Specialized organelles interact, keeping a whole cell functioning as it should.

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22
Q

DNA in the nucleus

A

contains the instructions for encoding proteins

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23
Q

functions of nucleus DNA

A
  • Prevents the DNA from getting

tangled with the cytoplasm, Can control what moves in and out of the nucleus from the cytoplasm

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24
Q

Nuclear envelope-

A

Consists of double membrane system in which two lipid

bilayers are pressed against each other

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25
Q

Nucleolus

A

produces ribosomes

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26
Q

ribosomes

A

get info from RNA about DNA and make proteins

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27
Q

Chromosomes stages

A

Chromatin + chromosomes

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28
Q

Chromatin

A

all of a cell’s DNA and its associated proteins

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29
Q

chromosomes

A

a specific section of a double-stranded DNA

molecule and its associated proteins

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30
Q
  • Endomembrane System
A

ER, Golgi bodies, vesicles

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31
Q
  • Endoplasmic reticulum:
A

Flattened channel that starts at nuclear envelope and folds back on its own repeatedly

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32
Q

Rough ER

A

Has many ribosomes attached to its
outer surface. Allows polypeptide chains that are produced by
ribosomes to enter where they can be modified by enzymes

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33
Q

where is rough ER abundant

A

Abundant in cells such as: pancreas, or any cells that make and secrete a lot of proteins

34
Q

Smooth ER:

A

Ribosome free; Makes lipids that become part of cell membrane, helps
break down fatty acids and toxins

35
Q

Golgi Bodies

A

Attaches sugar side chains to proteins and lipids received from ER. Package finished products into vesicles. Membrane channel folds back on itself (like stacked pancakes)

36
Q

Vesicles

A

tiny sacs that bud from the ER, Golgi bodies, and plasma

membrane.

37
Q

Lysosomes

A

vesicles that bud from Golgi bodies and take part in intracellular digestion. They store enzymes

38
Q

Peroxisomes

A

hold enzymes that digest fatty acids, amino acids, and hydrogen peroxide

39
Q

Mitochondria

A

where ATP is formed through aerobic respiration. has a double-membrane system, allowing for two separate compartments.

40
Q

Where are mitochondria found?

A

eukaryotic cells

41
Q

Mitochondria are like bacteria in that they-

A

1- Have their own DNA and divide on their own

2- Have ribosomes

42
Q

Plastids

A

organelles that function in

photosynthesis or storage in plants

43
Q

chloroplasts

A

plastid Function-photosynthesis
Oval or disk shaped
Two outer membranes enclose stroma

44
Q

stroma

A

semifluid interior, contains the thylakoid

membrane

45
Q

thylakoid membrane

A

membrane in stroma that is folded into

granum

46
Q

granum

A

(plural, grana). flattened disks–folded shape of thylakoid membrane

47
Q

Chlorophyll

A

most abundant
photosynthetic pigment. Chloroplasts are also like bacteria: have DNA, replicate
on their own, may have evolved by endosymbiosis

48
Q

Chromoplasts

A

plastid–have no chlorophylls, have an abundance of

carotenoids

49
Q

Amyloplasts

A

plastid–pigment free, store starches in plants

50
Q

Central vacuole:

A 
Stores fluid (amino acids, sugars, ions, toxic wastes)
o  During growth, it expands and increases pressure against the cell wall
o  Takes up 50 to 90 % of the cell’s interior
51
Q

cell wall: eukaryotic

A

Cell wall:
Protects and physically supports the cell
Porous, allows water and solutes to easily move to and from the plasma membrane

52
Q

primary cell wall

A

not every time. Composed of pectin, glue-like polysaccharides, and cellulose

53
Q

Secondary cell wall:

A

Composed of lignin

Function: waterproof and stronger, reinforces cell shape

54
Q

matrixes

A

instead of cell walls, animals have these between them, made of cell secretions
and materials absorbed by surroundings (such as cartridge)

55
Q

Cell Junctions

A

allows cell to sends or receives signals or materials to
other cells or
to recognize and glue itself to cells of the same type

56
Q

plant cell junctions

A

plasmodesmata

57
Q

plasmodesmata

A

channels in plant cells that

connect the cytoplasm of neighboring cells

58
Q

animal cell junctions

A

tight, adhering, gap junctions

59
Q

tight junctions

A

links cells of most body tissues, seals
neighboring cells together so
substances cannot leak between them

60
Q

desmosomes

A

adhering junctions

61
Q

adhering junctions

A

occur in organs
subjected to
continuous stretching

62
Q

Gap junctions-

A

cytoplasm of certain adjacent cells
connect directly to allow for
the flow of substances

63
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

organized system of protein filaments that extends

between nucleus and plasma membrane.

64
Q

Microtubules-

A

Keeps organelles or cell structures in place or moves them to new locations

Examples of microtubule poisons: colchicine, taxol (used
to stop the spread of certain tumors)

65
Q

Where do microtubules grow from?

A

centrosomes

66
Q

How does a cell act on microtubules?

A

Cell can cap the microtubules to stabilize them or leave them uncapped so they’ll break apart.

67
Q

Structure: Microfilaments-

A

thinnest of cytoskeletal elements, two helically
coiled polypeptide chains of
actin, Found in the cell cortex

68
Q

Microfilaments-function

A

1- Reinforce the cell’s shape
2- Reconfigure the cell surface (example, pinches a cell
down the middle during cell division)
3- Anchor membrane proteins and are components of muscle contraction
4- Allow for cytoplasmic streaming

69
Q

Intermediate filaments:

A

Structure: between microtubules and microfilaments in
size
Function: strengthen and maintain the
shape of cells or cell parts

70
Q

pseudopods

A

false feet found in marcophages and amoebas. Temporary, irregular lobes bulge out from cell and help
move the cell for engulfing prey

71
Q

motor protein cell movement

A

Tracks= microtubules and microfilaments
o Train engines= motor proteins- kinesins, dyneins, myosins
Myosin moves structures along microfilaments or slide
one microfilament over another.

72
Q

ways cells move

A

cilia, flagella, false feet, motor proteins

73
Q

flagella

A

motile structure, longer and not as

abundant as cilia

74
Q

cilia

A

motile structure, many are found one one cell

75
Q

bottom of cilia/flagella

A

basal body

76
Q

Where do cilia and flagella arise from?

A

Both arise from a centriole found in an area called a

centrosome.

77
Q

cilia or flagella beating

A

Both beat by a sliding mechanism using dynein arms and ATP. The arms grab the microtubule pairs in front of them and tilt in a short, downward stroke- bends them

78
Q

cilia and flagella structures

A

Both cilia and flagella have a structure of 9 + 2 array.

Nine pairs of microtubules form a ring around a central pair, always stabilized by protein spokes

79
Q

Microtubules structure

A

Structure: hollow cylinders of tubulin monomers

80
Q

primary cell wall function

A

Cements neighboring cells together. Cells with primary
cell wall can still
enlarge, divide, change shape

AP Bio (35 decks)

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