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Cell notes Flashcards

1
Q

Plasma membrane-

A

cell membrane

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2
Q

cell membrane Structure:

A

thin outer membrane. Called a lipid bilayer- double layer of lipids

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3
Q

Purpose:

cell membrane

A

Separates metabolic activities inside the cell from random events outside cell. Still allows materials in and out

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4
Q

Nucleus

A

membrane bound sac in eukaryotic cells that contains DNA

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5
Q

Nucleoid

A

region in prokaryotic cells that contains

DNA that is not enclosed in a membrane

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6
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Everything in between the plasma membrane and the region of DNA. Contains a semi-fluid matrix (called the cytosol) and
structural components with specific jobs (organelles)

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7
Q

Why can’t cells grow infinitely large?

A

surface to vol ratio

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8
Q

surface-to-volume ratio

A

if a cell expands in diameter during growth,

then its volume will increase faster than its surface area

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9
Q

why can’t a cell live if the cell gets too big and vol increases faster than surface area?

A

The inward flow of nutrients and outward flow of wastes
will not be fast enough to keep up with the metabolic activity of the cell, and it’ll be hard to move materials thru cytoplasm

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10
Q

compound light microscope structure

A

two or more sets of glass lenses bend waves of light

passing thru a specimen

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11
Q

compound light microscope ability

A

Views objects that are thin enough for light to

pass through them

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12
Q

electron microscope structure

A

Structure: use magnetic lenses to

bend and defract beams of electrons

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13
Q

Transmission electron microscope:

A

electrons pass through a

specimen and are used to make images of its internal details

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14
Q

Scanning electron microscope:

A

a beam of electrons pass back

and forth across a surface of a specimen with a thin metal coating

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15
Q

Two domains of prokaryotic cells:

A

Bacteria and Archaea

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16
Q

Size of prokaryotic cell

A

not much wider than a micrometer, no more than a few micrometers long

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17
Q

Cell wall permeability prokaryotic

A

permeable to dissolved substances

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18
Q

Flagella:

A

movable structure that helps move prokaryotic cells through

fluid habitats

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19
Q

characteristics cytoplasm–prokaryotic

A

contains many ribosomes, DNA is concentrated in a

nucleoid region, some have plasmids

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20
Q

plasmids

A

small circles of DNA (separate from main DNA)

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21
Q

advantages of partitioning the cell interior into many organelles:

A

Outer membrane encloses a microenvironment for cell
activities, allowing each organelle to do its own job. Specialized organelles interact, keeping a whole cell functioning as it should.

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22
Q

DNA in the nucleus

A

contains the instructions for encoding proteins

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23
Q

functions of nucleus DNA

A
  • Prevents the DNA from getting

tangled with the cytoplasm, Can control what moves in and out of the nucleus from the cytoplasm

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24
Q

Nuclear envelope-

A

Consists of double membrane system in which two lipid

bilayers are pressed against each other

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25
Nucleolus
produces ribosomes
26
ribosomes
get info from RNA about DNA and make proteins
27
Chromosomes stages
Chromatin + chromosomes
28
Chromatin
all of a cell’s DNA and its associated proteins
29
chromosomes
a specific section of a double-stranded DNA | molecule and its associated proteins
30
- Endomembrane System
ER, Golgi bodies, vesicles
31
- Endoplasmic reticulum:
Flattened channel that starts at nuclear envelope and folds back on its own repeatedly
32
Rough ER
Has many ribosomes attached to its outer surface. Allows polypeptide chains that are produced by ribosomes to enter where they can be modified by enzymes
33
where is rough ER abundant
Abundant in cells such as: pancreas, or any cells that make and secrete a lot of proteins
34
Smooth ER:
Ribosome free; Makes lipids that become part of cell membrane, helps break down fatty acids and toxins
35
Golgi Bodies
Attaches sugar side chains to proteins and lipids received from ER. Package finished products into vesicles. Membrane channel folds back on itself (like stacked pancakes)
36
Vesicles
tiny sacs that bud from the ER, Golgi bodies, and plasma | membrane.
37
Lysosomes
vesicles that bud from Golgi bodies and take part in intracellular digestion. They store enzymes
38
Peroxisomes
hold enzymes that digest fatty acids, amino acids, and hydrogen peroxide
39
Mitochondria
where ATP is formed through aerobic respiration. has a double-membrane system, allowing for two separate compartments.
40
Where are mitochondria found?
eukaryotic cells
41
Mitochondria are like bacteria in that they-
1- Have their own DNA and divide on their own | 2- Have ribosomes
42
Plastids
organelles that function in | photosynthesis or storage in plants
43
chloroplasts
plastid Function-photosynthesis Oval or disk shaped Two outer membranes enclose stroma
44
stroma
semifluid interior, contains the thylakoid | membrane
45
thylakoid membrane
membrane in stroma that is folded into | granum
46
granum
(plural, grana). flattened disks--folded shape of thylakoid membrane
47
Chlorophyll
most abundant photosynthetic pigment. Chloroplasts are also like bacteria: have DNA, replicate on their own, may have evolved by endosymbiosis
48
Chromoplasts
plastid--have no chlorophylls, have an abundance of | carotenoids
49
Amyloplasts
plastid--pigment free, store starches in plants
50
Central vacuole:
``` Stores fluid (amino acids, sugars, ions, toxic wastes) o During growth, it expands and increases pressure against the cell wall o Takes up 50 to 90 % of the cell’s interior ```
51
cell wall: eukaryotic
Cell wall: Protects and physically supports the cell Porous, allows water and solutes to easily move to and from the plasma membrane
52
primary cell wall
not every time. Composed of pectin, glue-like polysaccharides, and cellulose
53
Secondary cell wall:
Composed of lignin | Function: waterproof and stronger, reinforces cell shape
54
matrixes
instead of cell walls, animals have these between them, made of cell secretions and materials absorbed by surroundings (such as cartridge)
55
Cell Junctions
allows cell to sends or receives signals or materials to other cells or to recognize and glue itself to cells of the same type
56
plant cell junctions
plasmodesmata
57
plasmodesmata
channels in plant cells that | connect the cytoplasm of neighboring cells
58
animal cell junctions
tight, adhering, gap junctions
59
tight junctions
links cells of most body tissues, seals neighboring cells together so substances cannot leak between them
60
desmosomes
adhering junctions
61
adhering junctions
occur in organs subjected to continuous stretching
62
Gap junctions-
cytoplasm of certain adjacent cells connect directly to allow for the flow of substances
63
Cytoskeleton
organized system of protein filaments that extends | between nucleus and plasma membrane.
64
Microtubules-
Keeps organelles or cell structures in place or moves them to new locations Examples of microtubule poisons: colchicine, taxol (used to stop the spread of certain tumors)
65
Where do microtubules grow from?
centrosomes
66
How does a cell act on microtubules?
Cell can cap the microtubules to stabilize them or leave them uncapped so they'll break apart.
67
Structure: Microfilaments-
thinnest of cytoskeletal elements, two helically coiled polypeptide chains of actin, Found in the cell cortex
68
Microfilaments-function
1- Reinforce the cell’s shape 2- Reconfigure the cell surface (example, pinches a cell down the middle during cell division) 3- Anchor membrane proteins and are components of muscle contraction 4- Allow for cytoplasmic streaming
69
Intermediate filaments:
Structure: between microtubules and microfilaments in size Function: strengthen and maintain the shape of cells or cell parts
70
pseudopods
false feet found in marcophages and amoebas. Temporary, irregular lobes bulge out from cell and help move the cell for engulfing prey
71
motor protein cell movement
Tracks= microtubules and microfilaments o Train engines= motor proteins- kinesins, dyneins, myosins Myosin moves structures along microfilaments or slide one microfilament over another.
72
ways cells move
cilia, flagella, false feet, motor proteins
73
flagella
motile structure, longer and not as | abundant as cilia
74
cilia
motile structure, many are found one one cell
75
bottom of cilia/flagella
basal body
76
Where do cilia and flagella arise from?
Both arise from a centriole found in an area called a | centrosome.
77
cilia or flagella beating
Both beat by a sliding mechanism using dynein arms and ATP. The arms grab the microtubule pairs in front of them and tilt in a short, downward stroke- bends them
78
cilia and flagella structures
Both cilia and flagella have a structure of 9 + 2 array. | Nine pairs of microtubules form a ring around a central pair, always stabilized by protein spokes
79
Microtubules structure
Structure: hollow cylinders of tubulin monomers
80
primary cell wall function
Cements neighboring cells together. Cells with primary cell wall can still enlarge, divide, change shape

AP Bio (35 decks)

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