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AP Bio > Cellular Respiration > Flashcards

Cellular Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

goal of Cellular Respiration

A

goal is to make ATP by breaking down glucose

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2
Q

Redox reactions-

A

oxidation-reduction reactions in which there is a transfer of 1+ electrons from one reactant to another

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3
Q

Oxidation

A

loss of electron (greater positive charge)

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4
Q

Reduction

A

addition of electron (greater negative charge)

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5
Q

Oxidation and reduction always…

A

goes together

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6
Q

4 stages: Cellular Respiration

A

Glycolysis Formation of acetyl coA Citric Acid cycle (Krebs cycle) Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation

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7
Q

lyse

A

break apart

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8
Q

Respiration

A

exchanges energy found in glucose for ATP

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9
Q

How many molecules of ATP are formed for each molecule of glucose?

A

between 36 and 38 molecules of ATP are formed

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10
Q

Glycolysis

A

splitting of glucose, in cytoplasm; 10 steps (each with own enzyme), two phases (Energy investment phase + Energy payoff phase)

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11
Q

Energy investment phase

A

cell uses 2 ATP

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12
Q

Energy payoff phase-

A

substrate level phosphorylation (onto ADP to produce ATP

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13
Q

phosphorylation–

A

adding a phosphate group

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14
Q

substrate level phosphorylation ( Energy payoff phase)

A

enzyme transfers P group to ADP forming ATP by using energy from the breakdown of a compound/substrate (here glucose)

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15
Q

i

A

inorganic

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16
Q

Pi

A

inorganic phosphate

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17
Q

Glycolysis–Net Glucose

A

2 pyruvate

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18
Q

Glycolysis–Net 2 ADP + 2 Pi

A

2 ATP from SLP

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19
Q

Glycolysis–Net 2 NAD+

A

picks up H+ + e- = 2NADH

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20
Q

coenzyme

A

type of cofactor, nec for enzyme to do their job

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21
Q

NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)

A

is a coenzyme that can accept H+ ions and electrons becoming NADH

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22
Q

electron transport chain

A

NADH can later transfer electrons to oxygen in a series of steps called the electron transport chain, helping an enzyme form ATP

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23
Q

Glycolysis occurs whether or not O2 is present- but if it is present….

A

energy stored in NADH can becan be further released from glucose

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24
Q

Prestep–krebs cycle

A

formation of acetyl coA

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25
Q

Krebs cycle

A

releases the energy (GET FINISH); Takes place within mitochondrial matrix; For each pyruvate (of the two produced)- enters the mitochondrial matrix, where it’s converted to molecules called acetyl CoA.

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26
Q

mitochondrial matrix

A

inner fluid part of the mitochondria

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27
Q

What 3 things happen during formation of acetyl coA?

A

Carboxyl group on pyruvate is removed and given off as CO2; Electrons are extracted from remaining 2 carbon molecules, forming acetate (electrons and H+ ions join NAD+ to form NADH) Coenzyme A attaches to acetyl, forming acetyl CoA

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28
Q

acetate

A

acetyl

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29
Q

What happens to the 2-Carbon acetate in acetyl CoA?

A

joins the 4-C oxaloacetate (last product of the cycle) to form the 6-C citrate which goes through many steps eventually reforming oxaloacetate

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30
Q

Products of KC (assuming 2 pyruvate molecules enter):

A

4 CO2 (waste), 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2FADH2

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31
Q

How are ATP formed during KC?

A

substrate level phosphorylation

32
Q

How are NADH formed during KC?

A

cycle passes electrons to 6 NAD+

33
Q

How are FADH2 formed during KC?

A

cycle passes electrons to 2 FAD

34
Q

FADH2

A

also coenzyme that carries electrons and H+ ions also gonna help form ATP, but fewer than NADH

35
Q

cristae

A

mitochondria’s inner membrane

36
Q

Where does e-t chain take place?

A

collection of molecules embedded in the cristae

37
Q

Where do the electrons in the e-t chain come from originally?

A

came from the original glucose, made it this far

38
Q

Where do the electrons in the e-t chain enter from?

A

NADH and FADH2 FADH2 adds electrons at a lower energy level–generate fewer ATP molecules

39
Q

What happens to the electrons in the e-t chain?

A

Electrons are then passed from one molecule to the next, slowly losing energy along the way. electrons will join H+ ions and O2 and form water O2 is the final electron acceptor. This makes no ATP directly- depends on chemiosmosis

40
Q

Chemiosmosis

A

energy coupling mechanism that uses energy stored in the form of an H+ gradient (from the redox reactions) to drive the formation of ATP

41
Q

ATP synthase-

A

enzyme that makes ATP. Works by using a proton gradient (ion gradient) as power source for generating ATP.

42
Q

Where is ATP synthase?

A

In the inner membrane of mitochondria (after the electron transportchain) are many copies

43
Q

mechanics of e-t chain/chemiosmosis

A

Electron transport chain uses the energy from falling electrons to pump H+ ions from the matrix to the intermembrane space, building up the proton gradient in that space (forms proton-motive force.) The protons then flow down their gradient through a special H+ channel in ATP synthase. Then OP happens.

44
Q

Formation of acetyl coA net product

A

2NADH (which becomes 6ATP) OP

45
Q

Krebs cycle net product

A

2ATP (SLP), 2FADH2(becomes 4ATP (OP)), 6NADH (becomes 18ATP(OP))

46
Q

Electron transport chain, which drives oxidativephosphorylation net product

A

USES so negative (10NADH + 2FADH2)

47
Q

total net product CR

A

32-34 ATP from OP + 4 from SLP total=36-38 ATP

48
Q

oxidative phosphorylation

A

The ATP synthase harnesses the force to phosphorylate ADP, turning it into ATP

49
Q

proton

50
Q

Glycolysis total net products (SLP and OP)

A

2 NADH, which results in 4-6 ATP through OP (range bc may use some for transport of NADH) and 2 ATP from SLP

51
Q

Complete oxidation of glucose

A

686 kcal/ mol

52
Q

ATP stores…(#)

A

7.3 kcal/ mol

53
Q

efficiency of respiration

A

40% (rest is lost as heat).

54
Q

Fermentation

A

Extension of glycolysis that can generate 2 NADH and 2 ATP only by substrate level phosphorylation; Does not break down glucose fully; Only yields enough energy to sustain single celled organism

55
Q

anaerobicrespiration

A

respiration w/o O2

56
Q

aerobicrespiration

A

respiration with O2

57
Q
  • Glycolysis generates 2 ATP whether or not…
A

O2 is present

58
Q

Why does NAD+ need to be regenerated?

A

there must be a sufficient supply of NAD+ to accept electrons from KC

59
Q

Aerobic- how is NAD+ regenerated?

A

NAD+ is regenerated from NADH during electron transport chain

60
Q

Anaerobic- how is NAD+ regenerated?

A

transfer electrons from NADH to pyruvate

61
Q

Alcoholic fermentation

A

pyruvate is converted to ethanol. carried out by yeast and certain bacteria (this is how wine is made)

62
Q

alcoholic fermentation process

A

pyruvate–>CO2 + acetaldehyde (intermediate compound here). Acetaldehyde + NADH–>ethanol=ethyl alcohol + NAD.

63
Q

Lactic acid fermentation

A

pyruvate + NADH –> lactate + NAD+. Carried out by fungi and certain bacteria (this is how cheese/yogurt is made and food spoils). Also performed by muscle cells during strenuous exercise

64
Q

Facultative anaerobes

A

organisms, such as yeast and bacteria (and our muscle cells), that can make ATP by both fermentation and respiration

65
Q

Fate of electrons from NADH–aerobic respiration v fermentation

A

ar–electron transport chain; f–pyruvate

66
Q

Final e- acceptor in e- transport chain–aerobic respiration v fermentation

A

ar–O2; f–N/A

67
Q

Reduced product(s) formed–aerobic respiration v fermentation

A

ar–water; f–lactic acid or ethyl alcohol

68
Q

Mechanism of ATP synthesis–aerobic respiration v fermentation

A

ar–oxidative + SL phosphorylation; f–just SLP

69
Q

ATP formation–aerobic respiration v fermentation

A

ar–36-38; f–2

70
Q

Phosphofructokinase

A

enzyme in glycolysis; pacemaker of respiration when active, more respiration, when inactive, respiration will stophigh levels of ATP inhibits

71
Q

Carbohydrates taken in can be broken down into…

A

glucose to be used directly for respiration

72
Q

Proteins can be broken down into…

A

amino acids and converted into intermediates of glycolysis and the krebs cycle

73
Q

Fats can be broken down so that glycerol is converted to…

A

G3P (a glycolysis intermediate)fatty acids break down into acetate, entering there

74
Q

substrate level =

A

get the energy by breaking down substrate or some compound

75
Q

e-

AP Bio (35 decks)

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