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Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

Immune system-

A

internal defense system against pathogens

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2
Q

pathogens

A

disease causing agents

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3
Q

Immune system- abilities

A

Ability to distinguish self from nonself; Ability to respond to danger signals from injured tissues

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4
Q

Three levels of defense:

A

Nonspecific first line of defense o Second line of defense (also nonspecific) o Third line of defense- the immune response

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5
Q

Leukocytes

A
  • all white blood cells that come from stem cells in bone marrow; Secrete cytokines
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6
Q

cytokines-

A

signaling molecules

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7
Q

Neutrophils-

A

most abundant leukocytes, are phagocytes

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8
Q

Macrophages-

A

slower leukocytes, perform large amounts of phagocytosis

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9
Q

Dendritic cells-

A

alert immune system to antigens

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10
Q

antigens

A

foreign molecules

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11
Q

Basophils and mast cells

A

release enzymes and cytokines in response to antigens or injury

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12
Q

B and T lymphocytes-

A

help in the immune response

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13
Q

Natural Killer cells (NK cells)

A

help in second and third line of defense- kill mutated or infected body cells

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14
Q

see diagram

A

ok

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15
Q

Nonspecific first line of defense function

A

Function- general defense against all kinds of pathogens: Prevents pathogens from entering the body and quickly destroys those that do enter

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16
Q

Outer coverings-

A

part of first line of defense. skin, cuticles (plants), shells, chitin. Skin is covered with oily and acidic secretions from sweat glands which helps kill pathogens

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17
Q

Mucous membranes

A

part of first line of defense. Mucous membranes found in respiratory tract and reproductive tract. Mucous helps trap pathogens, Enzymes found in mucous helps destroy them

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18
Q

Enzymes such as lysozyme

A

part of first line of defense. found in tears and body fluids and breaks down cell wall of bacteria;

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19
Q

Gastric juice (acidic) of stomach

A

part of first line of defense. kills bacteria

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20
Q

Macrophage process

A

If a foreign organism passes through the first line of defense, a macrophage is generally the first to recognize. Engulfs the foreign cell; Releases cytokines- attract more macrophages and neutrophils; Releases complement proteins;

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21
Q

complement proteins

A

Bind to antigen and becomes activated; Positive feedback occurs- activates other types of complements, and so on; Activated complement proteins attract more phagocytic cells; Activated complement proteins also attack the cell wall or cell membrane of foreign bacteria and help lyse the cell

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22
Q

Inflammatory response

A

Cytokines and complements cause Inflammatory response, or inflammation- begins immediately after pathogen invasion or physical injury

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23
Q

mast cell

A

type of white blood cell

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24
Q

response to tissue damage

A

Mast cells respond to tissue damage by releasing histamine, causing warming and reddening of the skin. Histamine also causes increase in permeability of capillaries surrounding the infected tissue. Fluid and antibodies can leave circulation and enter the tissues. Edema occurs. Clotting factors leak out of capillaries to help heal damaged tissue

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25
antibodies
unique antigen receptors. attach to and | mark/fight off foreign things
26
edema
fluid surrounding tissues increase, causing pain.
27
Histamine
- trigger vasodilation of arterioles in infected area (increase in diameter of blood vessels), causing warming and reddening of the skin.
28
What happens after clotting factors leak out of capillaries to help heal damaged tissue?
Phagocytic cells move from capillaries into infected area to engulf the pathogens. During phagocytosis, pyrogenic cytokines are released that raise the body’s temperature, causing fever. Fever helps increase enzyme activity, speeds metabolism, forms phagocytes quicker.
29
study second line of defense diagram
ok
30
Third line of defense- immune response--four features
Self/ nonself recongnition, Specificity, diversity, memory
31
Self/ nonself recongnition-
attack only foreign agents
32
Specificity-
attack specific foreign agents
33
diversity
cells have potential to respond to many different threats
34
Memory- r
some cells are set aside for future battle with that foreign agent
35
target third line of defense
`The immune response targets specific antigens- molecule, such as protein or polysaccharide, that can be identified as foreign
36
key defenders 3rd line
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC), Helper T cells, Cytotoxic (Killer) T cells, B cells
37
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-
glycoproteins which help immune system differentiate self from non self. Also called HLA in humans. Depends on 20 genes, each with around 50 alleles, therefore, no two people have same MHC proteins.
38
HLA
human leukocyte antigen complex
39
Cytotoxic (Killer) T cells
kill infected body cells
40
Helper T cells
bind to antigen-MHC complexes and secrete signals that call for production of B cells or T cells
41
B cells
recognize foreign antigens directly. Develop and mature in bone marrow. Each acquires antibodies before leaving bone marrow. Each B cell has more than 100,000 antigen receptors--Activated when meets antigen that it is programmed to detect
42
Antibody molecule
y shaped, Embedded in plasma membrane, Coded for by large gene which randomly selects different sections for transcription, producing billions of different varieties
43
immunoglobulins
5 classes of antibodies that are immunoglubulins, or Igs- IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM- have different functions
44
T cells
Developed in bone marrow, mature in thymus gland Also acquire TCRs. receptors recognize antigen-MHC complexes.
45
TCRs
T cell receptors. antigen receptors acquired by T cells.
46
antigen-MHC complex
MHC complexes of your own body cell if they have foreign antigen bits attached to them
47
clonal selection
Each B and T cell bears only one type of antigen receptor. Through clonal selection, antigen binds to only the B or T cell displaying the receptor specific for it. Descendants of activated cell form large population of genetically identical cells called a clone. Some become effector cells, which fight infection, while others become memory cells, which are held in body for years.
48
Where are antigens dealt with?
Antigens are captured and dealt with in lymph node.
49
Antibody-mediated (humoral) response
Responds directly to antigens or pathogens that are circulating in the lymph or blood.
50
first step of Antibody-mediated (humoral) response
APC (“Antigen Presenting Cell”), or dendritic cell ingests an antigen and presents an antigen-MHC complex
51
2nd step of Antibody-mediated (humoral) response
A helper T cell recognizes the antigen-MHC complex and proliferates, releasing cytokines that signal the b cells to divide
52
3rd step of Antibody-mediated (humoral) response
A B cell with the proper antibody recognizes the foreign antigen and is activated
53
4th step of Antibody-mediated (humoral) response
B cells produce effector, or plasma cells, which release antibodies that bind with antigens. prevents them from attaching to body tissues; also tags them for disposal by NK cells. B cells produce memory cells, which provide future immunity
54
Antibody-mediated (humoral) response diagram
ok
55
cell mediated diagram
ok
56
cell mediated diagram steps
Uses mostly T cells and responds to any nonself cell, including body cells invaded by pathogens (instead of circulating pathogens) Antigen presenting cell ingest foreign antigen and displays an antigen MHC complex on the cell surface T cells that recognize the antigen-MHC complex are activated and stimulated to make cytotoxic T cells and helper T cells Helper T cells produce cytokines which stimulate a proliferation of helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells Cytotoxic T cell can contact infected cell and touch-kill it by releasing perforins, which make holes in the infected cells plasma membrane
57
Active immunization-
vaccine, a substance that stimulates the production of memory cells, is taken into the body--either weakened or killed pathogens. Once memory cells are formed, live micoroorganisms will stimulate quick response by immune system.
58
Passive immunization-
injections of a purified antibody. Effects do not last- patient has no memory cells.
59
antibiotics
Antibiotics are chemicals derived from bacteria or fungi that are harmful to other microorganisms
60
invertebrates + plants
invertebrates have nonspecific response mechanisms but lack pathogen specific defense responses infections in plants trigger chemical responses that destroy infected and adjacent cells thus localizing the effects
61
newborn infants
Newborn infants are protected through transfer of antibodies across the placenta and antibodies in breast milk.
62
purpose of humoral response
deal with antigen
63
purpose of cell mediated response
deal with infected body cells

AP Bio (35 decks)

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