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AP Bio > Immune System > Flashcards

Immune System Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Immune system-

A

internal defense system against pathogens

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2
Q

pathogens

A

disease causing agents

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3
Q

Immune system- abilities

A

Ability to distinguish self from nonself; Ability to respond to danger signals from injured tissues

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4
Q

Three levels of defense:

A

Nonspecific first line of defense o Second line of defense (also nonspecific) o Third line of defense- the immune response

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5
Q

Leukocytes

A
  • all white blood cells that come from stem cells in bone marrow; Secrete cytokines
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6
Q

cytokines-

A

signaling molecules

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7
Q

Neutrophils-

A

most abundant leukocytes, are phagocytes

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8
Q

Macrophages-

A

slower leukocytes, perform large amounts of phagocytosis

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9
Q

Dendritic cells-

A

alert immune system to antigens

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10
Q

antigens

A

foreign molecules

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11
Q

Basophils and mast cells

A

release enzymes and cytokines in response to antigens or injury

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12
Q

B and T lymphocytes-

A

help in the immune response

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13
Q

Natural Killer cells (NK cells)

A

help in second and third line of defense- kill mutated or infected body cells

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14
Q

see diagram

A

ok

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15
Q

Nonspecific first line of defense function

A

Function- general defense against all kinds of pathogens: Prevents pathogens from entering the body and quickly destroys those that do enter

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16
Q

Outer coverings-

A

part of first line of defense. skin, cuticles (plants), shells, chitin. Skin is covered with oily and acidic secretions from sweat glands which helps kill pathogens

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17
Q

Mucous membranes

A

part of first line of defense. Mucous membranes found in respiratory tract and reproductive tract. Mucous helps trap pathogens, Enzymes found in mucous helps destroy them

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18
Q

Enzymes such as lysozyme

A

part of first line of defense. found in tears and body fluids and breaks down cell wall of bacteria;

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19
Q

Gastric juice (acidic) of stomach

A

part of first line of defense. kills bacteria

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20
Q

Macrophage process

A

If a foreign organism passes through the first line of defense, a macrophage is generally the first to recognize. Engulfs the foreign cell; Releases cytokines- attract more macrophages and neutrophils; Releases complement proteins;

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21
Q

complement proteins

A

Bind to antigen and becomes activated; Positive feedback occurs- activates other types of complements, and so on; Activated complement proteins attract more phagocytic cells; Activated complement proteins also attack the cell wall or cell membrane of foreign bacteria and help lyse the cell

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22
Q

Inflammatory response

A

Cytokines and complements cause Inflammatory response, or inflammation- begins immediately after pathogen invasion or physical injury

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23
Q

mast cell

A

type of white blood cell

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24
Q

response to tissue damage

A

Mast cells respond to tissue damage by releasing histamine, causing warming and reddening of the skin. Histamine also causes increase in permeability of capillaries surrounding the infected tissue. Fluid and antibodies can leave circulation and enter the tissues. Edema occurs. Clotting factors leak out of capillaries to help heal damaged tissue

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25
Q

antibodies

A

unique antigen receptors. attach to and

mark/fight off foreign things

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26
Q

edema

A

fluid surrounding tissues increase, causing pain.

27
Q

Histamine

A
  • trigger vasodilation of arterioles in infected area (increase in diameter of blood vessels), causing warming and reddening of the skin.
28
Q

What happens after clotting factors leak out of capillaries to help heal damaged tissue?

A

Phagocytic cells move from capillaries into infected area to engulf the pathogens. During phagocytosis, pyrogenic cytokines are released that raise the body’s temperature, causing fever. Fever helps increase enzyme activity, speeds metabolism, forms phagocytes quicker.

29
Q

study second line of defense diagram

A

ok

30
Q

Third line of defense- immune response–four features

A

Self/ nonself recongnition, Specificity, diversity, memory

31
Q

Self/ nonself recongnition-

A

attack only foreign agents

32
Q

Specificity-

A

attack specific foreign agents

33
Q

diversity

A

cells have potential to respond to many different threats

34
Q

Memory- r

A

some cells are set aside for future battle with that foreign agent

35
Q

target third line of defense

A

`The immune response targets specific antigens- molecule, such as protein or polysaccharide, that can be identified as foreign

36
Q

key defenders 3rd line

A

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC), Helper T cells, Cytotoxic (Killer) T cells, B cells

37
Q

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-

A

glycoproteins which help immune system differentiate self from non self. Also called HLA in humans. Depends on 20 genes, each with around 50 alleles, therefore, no two people have same MHC proteins.

38
Q

HLA

A

human leukocyte antigen complex

39
Q

Cytotoxic (Killer) T cells

A

kill infected body cells

40
Q

Helper T cells

A

bind to antigen-MHC complexes and secrete signals that call for production of B cells or T cells

41
Q

B cells

A

recognize foreign antigens directly. Develop and mature in bone marrow. Each acquires antibodies before leaving bone marrow. Each B cell has more than 100,000 antigen receptors–Activated when meets antigen that it is programmed to detect

42
Q

Antibody molecule

A

y shaped, Embedded in plasma membrane, Coded for by large gene which randomly selects different sections for transcription, producing billions of different varieties

43
Q

immunoglobulins

A

5 classes of antibodies that are immunoglubulins, or Igs- IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM- have different functions

44
Q

T cells

A

Developed in bone marrow, mature in thymus gland Also acquire TCRs. receptors recognize antigen-MHC complexes.

45
Q

TCRs

A

T cell receptors. antigen receptors acquired by T cells.

46
Q

antigen-MHC complex

A

MHC complexes of your own body cell if they have foreign antigen bits attached to them

47
Q

clonal selection

A

Each B and T cell bears only one type of antigen receptor. Through clonal selection, antigen binds to only the B or T cell displaying the receptor specific for it. Descendants of activated cell form large population of genetically identical cells called a clone. Some become effector cells, which fight infection, while others become memory cells, which are held in body for years.

48
Q

Where are antigens dealt with?

A

Antigens are captured and dealt with in lymph node.

49
Q

Antibody-mediated (humoral) response

A

Responds directly to antigens or pathogens that are circulating in the lymph or blood.

50
Q

first step of Antibody-mediated (humoral) response

A

APC (“Antigen Presenting Cell”), or dendritic cell ingests an antigen and presents an antigen-MHC complex

51
Q

2nd step of Antibody-mediated (humoral) response

A

A helper T cell recognizes the antigen-MHC complex and proliferates, releasing cytokines that signal the b cells to divide

52
Q

3rd step of Antibody-mediated (humoral) response

A

A B cell with the proper antibody recognizes the foreign antigen and is activated

53
Q

4th step of Antibody-mediated (humoral) response

A

B cells produce effector, or plasma cells, which release antibodies that bind with antigens. prevents them from attaching to body tissues; also tags them for disposal by NK cells. B cells produce memory cells, which provide future immunity

54
Q

Antibody-mediated (humoral) response diagram

A

ok

55
Q

cell mediated diagram

A

ok

56
Q

cell mediated diagram steps

A

Uses mostly T cells and responds to any nonself cell, including body cells invaded by pathogens (instead of circulating pathogens)

Antigen presenting cell ingest foreign antigen and displays an antigen MHC complex on the cell surface
T cells that recognize the antigen-MHC complex are activated and stimulated to make cytotoxic T cells and helper T cells
Helper T cells produce cytokines which stimulate a proliferation of helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells
Cytotoxic T cell can contact infected cell and touch-kill it by releasing perforins, which make holes in the infected cells plasma membrane

57
Q

Active immunization-

A

vaccine, a substance that stimulates the production of memory cells, is taken into the body–either weakened or killed pathogens. Once memory cells are formed, live micoroorganisms will stimulate quick response by immune system.

58
Q

Passive immunization-

A

injections of a purified antibody. Effects do not last- patient has no memory cells.

59
Q

antibiotics

A

Antibiotics are chemicals derived from bacteria or fungi that are harmful to other microorganisms

60
Q

invertebrates + plants

A

invertebrates have nonspecific response mechanisms but lack pathogen
specific defense responses

infections in plants trigger chemical responses that destroy infected and
adjacent cells thus localizing the effects

61
Q

newborn infants

A

Newborn infants are protected through transfer of antibodies across the placenta and antibodies
in breast milk.

62
Q

purpose of humoral response

A

deal with antigen

63
Q

purpose of cell mediated response

A

deal with infected body cells

AP Bio (35 decks)

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