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Psychoptahology > Task 9 > Flashcards

Task 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Name the four conditions which are needed to identify a substance abuse disorder:

A
  1. Intoxication
  2. Withdrawal
  3. Substance abuse
  4. Substance dependence /drug addiction
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2
Q

What is meant by intoxication ?

A

-behavioural and psychological changes as a response to the substance

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3
Q

What is meant by Withdrawal ?

A
  • behavioural and psychological responses that occur in response to cut off a substance after heavy use
  • main factor while u take the drug !! -> to form normal
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4
Q

What is meant by Substance abuse ?

A
  • when recurrent use results in harmful consequences and still continued with taking it (legal problems)
  • frequent within the last 12 month
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5
Q

What is meant by sunsatnce dependence or dug aditcion ?

A
  • Dependent people develop tolerance and thus need higher doses
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6
Q

What are the 4 criterias of subatsance abuse disorder regarding the DSM 5 ? Also how many symptoms must be present for a diagnostic ?

A
  1. Impaired centre control
  2. Social impiarment
  3. Risky use
  4. Pharmacological criteria
    - 2 or more symptoms
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7
Q

Name the Symptoms of impaired centre control according to the DSM :

A
  1. Over intake and longer intake of substance
  2. Craving occurs
  3. ongoing desire to control substance abuse
  4. Much time spent on gaining using or recovering from substance
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8
Q

Name the Symptoms of Social Impairment according to the DSM :

A
  1. Inability to meet responsabilites (home/work/school)
  2. Important activites are even cut back cause of substance abuse
  3. Even social difficulties can not stop substance intake
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9
Q

Name the Symptoms of Risky use according to the DSM :

A
  1. Use of substance in physical dangerous situation

2. Awarnes of connection between physical/psychological problems and substance does not stop the intake

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10
Q

Name the Symptoms of Pharmacological criteria according to the DSM :

A
  1. When tolerance goes up

2. Withdrawal symptoms are present

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11
Q

What are the 3 forms of substance abuse disorder ?

A
  • Mild 2-3 criteria
  • moderate 4-5 critria
  • Severe 6+ criteria out of 12
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12
Q

What are the prevalance of substance abuse disorder ?

A
  • 2.5-5.0%
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13
Q

What are the comorbidities of substance disorder ?

A
  • anxiety derpession and mood disorder
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14
Q

What is the main function of depressants psycholeptics ? And name some examples also opiods

A
  • slow the CNS
  • Alcohol, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, inhalants
  • Opioids: heroin, morphine
  • work on gaba ! (inhibitory)
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15
Q

What is the main function of stimulants Psychoanalatics ? And name some examples:

A
  • activate CNS
  • Cocaine, amphetamines, nicotine, caffeine
  • > increase Dopamine (relaxed)
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16
Q

Descripe the effect of alcohol regarding the stage of intoxication, withdrawal and long term effects:

A
  • While intoxication: inappropriate sexual/aggressive behaviour, mood lability, impaired judgement, blackouts
  • Withdrawal:
    1. Hyperactivity, puking,headache
    2. Cramps
    3. Extreme boily reaction + delirium tremens(confusion)
  • long term effects: cognitive/personality changes and increase risk of heart and cancer also hypertension and high cholestrol
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17
Q

Define heavy drinking:

A
  • Drinking every day more then two beers
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18
Q

Define binge drinking:

A
  • 5 drinks within an hour
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19
Q

What is meant by malnurished ?

A
  • tend to drink their meals as high in calories, however, low in nutrition
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20
Q

What is the prevalance for a drinking disorder ?

A
  • More in men
  • The earlier the onset the more sever
  • higher in countries with high unemployemnt and low lvl of education
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21
Q

Descripe the effect of caffeine regarding the stage of intoxication, withdrawal and long term effects:

A
  • during intoxication: exitment and hyperactiity/ restlesness
  • during withdrawal: depression and low lvl of energy
  • long term effects: cause extreme excitement, cramps, heart problems, respiration failure
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22
Q

How does caffeine work ?

A
  • Increases levels of dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin
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23
Q

Descripe the effect of nicotine regarding the stage of intoxication, withdrawal and long term effects:

A
  • during intoxication: stress reduction and similar to fight of flight repspond
  • druing withdrawal: depressed, scared angry, restless, hungry, can’t concentrate
  • long term effects: lung cancer, bronchitis, coronary heart diseas
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24
Q

How does nicotine work ?

A
  • Release of dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin,
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25
Q

Wha t is the main function of opioids ?

A
  • relieve pain
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26
Q

How does canabis work ? Name also side effects:

A
  • Calming and stimulant effects

- Side effects: short-term memory deficit and motor performance impaired leads also less concentartion

27
Q

How do biological theories expalin substance abuse disorder ?

A
  • the dopamine pathway is changed
  • VTA (ventral tegmental area) -> NAC (nucleus accumbens) -> PFC (frontal cortex)
  • reward system overules the control system
  • Heritable (general rather than specific)
  • also enhancing of gaba can lead to dative effect
28
Q

How do psychological theories explain subastance abuse disorder ?

A
  • via social learning (modeling)
  • > learned that alcohol reduces stress
  • Certain personality types are more vulnerable
29
Q

Which personality type is more vulnerable towards substance abuse disorder according to the psycholgical theory ?

A

-behavioural under-control, impulsiveness, sensation-seeking, prone to antisocial behaviours

30
Q

How do sociocultural theories explain substance abuse ?

A
  • more likely if you are under chronic stress

- more comman in enviormental areas where alcohol is not restricted

31
Q

What are the gender differences regarding alcohol ?

A
  • Women less likely to carry risk factors like personality traits
  • Women suffer from alcohol earlier & may notice that sooner
  • Men tend to start in socialising context, women in family/partner/lover context
32
Q

Do only dependent drinkers show places of prefeered alcohol intake ? (Some facts about the induced pace conditioning)

A
  • no also non dependant drinkes show preferred
  • Which is called CPP (conditioned place prefference)-> meassured by time
  • > Due to relaxing and sedative preference people stay longer in bars if they show relaxation effects (CPP)
  • > cue pairing can happen unconsciously
  • > So you have to go to bars without bariing
33
Q

What is so special about CPP ?

A
  • Conditioning happened without explicit knowledge of the drug context contigency
  • behaviour influenced by drug before being aware of it
34
Q

Explain the dieseas model ?

A
  • Explains substance disorder as a true disease rather then a decision making task
  • via 3 stages
    1. Binge and; intoxication
    2. Withdrawal & negative affect
    3. Preoccupation & anticipation
35
Q

What happens according to the disease model in the satge of binge and intoxication with the patient ?

A
  • Drug activate reward system -> more dopamine
  • repeated experience of reward become associated with stimuli
  • After repeated exposure dopamine stops firing towards reward instead start firing regarding and anticipatory repsonse (priming)
  • only cue triggers craving drug-seeking behaviour
36
Q

What happens according to the disease model in the satge of withdrawal and negative effect with the patient ?

A
  1. drug consumption triggers much smaller increases in dopamine levels
  2. less sensitive to drug and non-drug related rewards
  3. also lead to less motivated by everyday stimuli (dysphoria)
  4. Anti-reward system becomes overactive-> basel forebrain and amygdala gets more activated
    - > dopamine cell less active !!
    - > increase reaction to stress and higher negative emotion
37
Q

What happens according to the disease model in the satge of preoccupationa and anticipation with the patient ?

A
  • Prefrontal region changes (caused by down regulation of glutamate and dopamine)
  • That leads to weakened ability to resist strong urges -> CAN NOT STOP anymore
38
Q

How does the dual process model explain alcohol dependence ?

A
  • imbalance Two systems:
    1. Reflective sytems: cognitive evaluation controlled response (prefrontal)
    2. Affective system: emotional evaluation automatic respons (limbic)
  • > Alcohol dependence is caused by an imbalance
  • Affective system = overactivity -> impulsive behaviours (short term decision)
  • Reflective system = impaired -> can not stop actively
  • > SUBSTANCE ABUSE IS NOT A choice
39
Q

What is meant by the continuum hypothesis ?

A
  • assumes similar deficits across different alcohol related disorders
40
Q

How does the dual process model explain binge drinking ?

A
  • only impairment in reflective system
  • showed by reduce cortical thickness
  • Affective system in binge drinking must be more explored
41
Q

What does the choice model of heyman states ?

A
  • u can stop an addiction by your own power and decision
  • recovery is possible
  • It explains decison making process based on locally and gloablly decisions
  • in relaity this model does not apply
42
Q

How can an addiction problem being solved by regarding the choice model ? (Heyman’s Message)

A
  • choose globally (so long term run benefits)

- seeing overall summation of rewards over time & and ignoring the attraction of immediate goal

43
Q

What are the limitations of the choice model ?

A
  • addictive behaviour is involuntary because it is primarily driven by cues and not by consequences
  • locally decision making is not overcome in matter of a second
  • dismisses the importance of structural and functional brain changes
44
Q

What are some biological treatments ?

A
  • Detoxification
  • Drug replacement/maintenance therapy
  • Antagonist drugs
  • Antabuse/disulfiram
45
Q

How does detoxification work ?

A
  • drugs used to weaken withdrawal symptoms and dosaage will decrease
46
Q

How does Drug replacement/maintenance therapy work ?

A
  • treat severe substance abuse with by substituting a drug that has fewer damaging effects
47
Q

How does Antagonist drug therapy work ?

A
  • block/change effect of addictive drug, reducing the desire for it BUT cause severe withdrawal
48
Q

How does Antabuse/disulfiram work ?

A
  • makes alcohol punishing but only as long as they continue to take it -> make drug unpleasant
49
Q

How do prevention programm work ?

A
  • target young people cause brain is still developing
  • use education over immediate risk of excess & payoffs of moderation
  • Skills for resisting peer pressure
  • learn to be aware of addiction and maybe try to calculate proportion
50
Q

How do Community Programmes (AA= Alcoholics anonymous) work ?

A
  • By and for people with alcohol related problems
  • follows a 12 step program
  • 1 first step is the admitting
  • Group members provide moral and social support
  • never fully cured
51
Q

What is meant by the abstinence violation effect ?

A
  • when they violate their abstinence, they tend to attribute it to lack of will power and self-control rather than sitch-factors
52
Q

How can the Abstinence violation effect being treated ?

A
  • via relapse prevention programmes -> teach peopel that slip is based on situational factor and not based on will also teach them to identify high risk stich
53
Q

How does cognitive theory treat substance abuse ?

A
  • identify stitch where substance is most likly to be taken
  • challange expectations of drug taking by showing negative effect
  • use mindfulness and mediation + motivational interviewing
54
Q

How does motivational interviewing work ?

A
  • straigthen motivation and commitment to changing their substance use
  • find arguments for change
55
Q

How does behavioural therapy treat substance abuse ?

A
  • >
    • via
      1. Aversive classical conditioning
      2. Covert sensitisation therapy
      3. Contingency management programmes
56
Q

How does Aversive classical conditioning work ? Rework!

A
  • Pair drug with another operant conditioning
  • so they do not want to be attached to the aversive condition !
  • condition could be something realy discusting !
57
Q

How does Covert sensitisation therapy work ?

A

imagine unpleasant associations between drug & consequences to create -> reduce assumption of what drug does for u

58
Q

How does Contingency management programmes work ?

A
  • provide reinforcements (like employment) for individuals who stop taking substance
59
Q

What fits into the category of Hallucinogens ? (what do they do in the brain)

A
  • Cannabis and LSD
  • leads to hallucinations
  • inhibit gaba and less dopamine
60
Q

Name the timeline of prevalance ?

A
  1. Tobacco
  2. Alcohol
  3. Cannabis
  4. Cocaine and heroin
61
Q

What is meant by the behavioural under control theory ?

A
  • the tendency to be impulsive is correlated to drinking or substance abuse
62
Q

Can binge drinking lead to alcohol dependence ?

A
  • Yes
63
Q

What are the 2 types of motivation to engage in a substane absued behaviour ?

A
  • Pull factors: experience euphoira

- Push factors: escape withdrawl

64
Q

What is lewis opinion on the heymann message ?

A
  • it is a choice but very hard because of biological reasons

Psychoptahology (10 decks)

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