1
Q
What is the definition of PTSD ?
A
- Consequence of experiencing extreme stressors (= traumas)
2
Q
What are the causes of PTSD ?
A
- traumas, which can be extraordinary events (i.e. terror attack), traffic accidents
3
Q
What are the four major symptoms ?
A
- Repeated reexperiencing the event (memoreies or dreams)
- flashbacks
- Avoidance (feeling detached)
- Negative changes in thought and mood (also survivor guilt)
- Chronically on guard (aroused/stressed
4
Q
What does PTSD lead to ?
A
- Dissocaition
5
Q
What is meant by Dissociation ?
A
- different facets of one’s sense of self, memories or consciousness become disconnected from one another
6
Q
What are comorbidity disorders of PTSD ?
A
- Acute stress disorder
- Adjustment disorder
- 50%of all also have other dissorder
- Anxiety sleep and substance /personality
7
Q
What is acute stress disorder ?
A
- short term PTSD
- symptoms occur in the first month and last only for 4 weeks
- Dissociative symptoms are also comman
8
Q
What is adjustment disorder ?
A
- Does not have to be and extreme stressor like PTSD
- Also arises within 3 weeks
- emotional and behvaoural symptoms
9
Q
What is the prevalance regading PTSD ?
A
- First responders are at the highest risk 10%
- also woamn have a greater risk
- 1-3% overall population
10
Q
How does PTSD influence your daily life ?
A
- accomplishing less work,
- avoiding public gathering,
- using alcohol,
- sleep difficulties
11
Q
What is the menatl defeat theory about ?
A
- People can get in a mindset where they can not change
- complete loos of inner resistance
- predictor for PTSD
12
Q
What are the DSM 5 criteria for PTSD ?
A
- Exposure to actual/ threatened death, serious injury or sexual violence in one (or more)
- > Most happen to self close member (witness) or learning that it could occur - Presence of one (or more) of the following symptoms
- Persistent avoidance of stimuli associated with traumatic event
- Negative alterations (änderungen) in cognitions and mood associated with traumatic event
- must be present more then an month
- clinically significant distress or impairment in
- can not be better explianed by another disordr
13
Q
What are two additional symptoms ?
A
- Depersonalisation
- Derealisation: persistent experience of unreality of surroundings (seeing stuff which is not there
14
Q
How long after a traumatic event can symptoms become present ?
A
- Sometimes it can happpen that after 6 month of the actuall event symptoms occur
15
Q
What different kind of traumas do we devlope ?
A
- Natural disasters
- humand made disaster
- sexual assulat 46%
- death or injury
16
Q
Are traumas equal to actuall events ?
A
- no they are not
17
Q
How do chilldreen express PTSD ?
A
- express less symptoms
- express them in there playing style
18
Q
What are certain risk factors regarding PTSD ?
A
- low social support
- low income
- low intellegnec
- young age
- gentic vulnerability
- female
- high on Neuroticism
19
Q
Why does not everyone react to the same event in the same way according to enviormental and social factors ?
A
- severity and duration of the traumatic event
- proximity of the event
- availability of social suppport
20
Q
Why does not everyone react to the same evnts in the same way according to Psychological factors ?
A
- people with in increades syptoms of anxiety and depression are more pron
- Style of coping also influences vulnerability (drinking or dissociaton is bad)
21
Q
Why does not everyone react to the same evnts in the same way according to gender and cultural differences ?
A
- PTSD more for woman (beacuse experinece triggers more often and stigmatisation) -> sexual abuse
- minorities -> less treatment
- cultural influences evaluation of anxiety
22
Q
Why does not everyone react to the same evnts in the same way according to biological factors ?
A
- Stronger amygdala reaction
- Weaker PFC
- smaller hippocmapus (memory problem)
- Lower resting cortisol levels
- overexposure of brain to epinephrine & norepinephrine causes memories of event to be over-consolidated
23
Q
What is meant by dissociative amnesia ?
A
- loss of autobiographical memory for certain past experiences
- subtype of PTSD
24
Q
What is meant by dissociative fugue ?
A
- amnesia covers the whole or at least a large part of the patient’s life
25
What is meant by Dissociative identity disorder (DID) ?
- single patient appears to have 2 or more distinct identities, called alter egos
- meories can not be transfered
26
What is meant by Depersonalisation disorder ?
- patients believe they have changed in some way or are in some way no longer real
27
What is the differnce between dissociative disorders and PTSD ?
- PTSD has definitely a traumatic event before onset (precondition) while in dissociative disorder there is no evidence
28
How do we asses dissociative dissorders ?
- Structural clinical interview for diagnosis
| - Dissociative experience scale (DES) (popular questionnaire )
29
What are the causes of dissociative disorders ?
- Trauma memory argument
30
What is the trauma memory argument about ?
- trauma victims deploy psychological defences to block their awareness of the trauma -> leads to amnesia
31
How do we treat dissociative dissorders ?
- Appropriate retrieval cues may help to make traumas conscious again
- no drugs !
- integration of alter egos
32
What kind of knowledge will be forgotten in dissociative disorders ?
- for events before the trauma
| - identity and semantic knowledge
33
How do we treat PTSD according the Cognitive behavioural thearpy ?
- Exposing clients to fear (trauma focused therapy)
- Challenging unhealthy thinking patterns
- Helping to reducing stress (Stress-inoculation therapy)
- using systematic desensitisation
- cognitive restructure of view point
- Exposure therapy with VR
- very effective
34
How does systematic desensitisation work ?
- create hierachy structure of fear
- imaging the traumaic event
- shoul be in a safe environment allows them to habituate to trauma
35
How do we treat PTSD patient regarding biological substance ?
- Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ( short form SSRIs) & benzodiazepines
- not as good
36
What is one of the most effective treatment methods ?
- EMDR
37
How does EMDR work ?
- Recalling traumatic memories while making horizontal eye movements
- uses Interhemispheric communication
38
Why is EMDR so good ?
- Eye movements decrease vividness (anschualichkeit) & emotionality
39
What is meant by Interhemispheric communication ?
- for example because of eye movement reight and left hemisphere work better together -> increasing communication
40
Is EMDR the only method which leads to Interhemispheric communication ?
- No all kind of right and left stimuli increased communication
41
What theory was devloped after the EDMR was testet ?
- Dual task WM memory theory
42
How does the dual task WM memory theory work ?
- WM is needed for revealling and also for focusing on the secondary task
- this leads to competing regarding campacity -> which means the recall process is done but with decreases vividness and emotionallit
43
How was it tested that the dual task WM memory tehory actually needs more capacity ?
- via the reaction time
| - longer reaction time means use of WM
44
Can other disorders be treated with EDMR or dual task WM memory theory ?
- yes for example social anxiety and flashback disorders
45
How do we determine the perfect secondary task in the dual task working memory theory ?
- via reaction tim again
- it should not add to much reaction time = no recall possible
- it should not add to less reaction time = ineffective
46
Besides EDMR, what other majpr treatment method can be used ?
- Mindfulness & Mindful Breathing
47
How does mindful breathing as an strategy to cure a diseas work ?
Step 1 = focus on breathing
step 2: accept thought
step 3: slowly draw attention back to breathing
- > same effects as EDMR
48
What major method is not working for dealing with PTSD ?
- Psychological debreifeing right after the trauma
- Because not all people will develope PTSD
- waste of resources
49
How does the presence of DS influence the treatment of PTSD ?
- DS peeps have worse symptoms
- but the amout of improvment is the same for DS and PTSD people
- DS and PTSD can be similar treated
50
What is the defintion of emotion based reasoning ?
- Internal feelings trigger the thought of being in danger
| - linked to chronic PTSD
51
What is the defintion of intrusion based reasoning?
- Cue present giving the feeling that there is danger
| - correlated with lower intelligence
52
What is used by PTSD patient intrusion or emotion?
- both were used but intrusion reasoning a bit more
| - Peoplel without PTSD only use intrusion based reasoning
53
Where are PTSD people more affraid in comparison to non PTSD people ?
- PTSD people also feel more threatened in objective safety and objective save zones
54
Ask someon about the math part and maybe gain some more info about the intrusion and reason absed article ?
-
