Task 6 Flashcards
What are the two Uni polar dissorder ?
- Major depressive
- dysthymic disorder
What are the DSM 5 criteria for major depressive dissorder ?
- Five or more symptoms
- 2 weeks
- either depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure MUST BE PRESENT
- there has never been a manic or hypomanic episode
- no substance
- not better explained by other disorder
- impairment of social functioning and distress
What are the DSM 5 Symptoms ?
- Depressed mood most of the day, nearly every day
- Diminished interest/pleasure
- Significant weight loss/gai
- Insomania or hypersomnia
- Psychomotor agitation (aufrgung)
- loss of energy
- Feelings of worthlessness
- Diminished ability to think or concentrate
- Recurrent thoughts of death
What is meant by anhedonia ?
- Lost interest in everything in life
Define dysthymic disorder:
- Symptoms for at least 2 years (for children it’s 1 year)
- 2 or more present
- poor appetite, insomnia/hypersomnia, low energy/fatigue, low self-esteem, poor concentration, hopelessness
- More chronic but less sever
- depressive mood
What is meant with seasonal affective disorder ?
- least two years in which major depressive episodes occur during one season of the year (usually the winter season) -> vanish after season is over
What is meant by peripartum onset disorder ?
- onset of major depressive episode during pregnancy or in the 4 weeks following delivery
What is meant by Premenstrual dysmorphic disorder ?
- women who frequently have significant increase in distress symptoms prior to menstruation
What in general is meant by unipolar disorder ?
- experiencing only periods of depression and not mania (craziness)
What is meant by double depression ?
- Dysthymic disorder and major depression
What is the prevalance of major depressive disorder ?
- increasing
- 16% in US
- 2 times more in woman
- 18- to 29-year olds are at the highest risk
- mainly caused by other disorder
What are the comorbidity disorders of major depressive disorder ?
-substance abuse and anxiety disorder
How do genetic theories explain major depression ?
- 1st degree relatives 2 to 3 times more likely
- Moderate heritability (30-40%)
- Stronger genetic base for early onset depression
- Serotonin transporter gene
How do neurotransmitter dysfunction explain major depression ?
- Monoamine neurotransmitters: norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine in limbic system have been associated with depression -> low
How do brain abnorbilities explain major depression ?
- PFC: reduced activity & grey matter (esp. left side which is particularly involved in goal-orientation)
- Anterior cingulate: overactivity
- Hippocampus: smaller volume & lower activity
- Amygdala: large & increased activity
- Many receptors for cortisol which is chronically adjusted !
How does the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal explain depression ?
- HPA
Step 1: hypothalamus releases CRH (corticotropin-releasing hormone) onto receptors of anterior pituitary
Step 2 AP: releases corticotropin into bloodstream which stimulates adrenal cortex
Step 3 AC releases cortisol into bloodstream which helps body fight the stressor or flee from it
Steo 4: hypothalamus has cortisol receptors that detect the increased levels & decreases CRH
-> but the hippocampus does not work properly by depressed people
and u also have and increased pituitary gland which leads to increase in cortisol !!
-> More a trait then state !
How do behavioural theories expalin major depression ?
- +/- 80% of depression cases report a negative life event prior to the onset
- Life stress leads to depression because it reduces the positive reinforcers
- Pattern esp. likely for people with poor social skills
What is meant by the learned helpessness theory ?
- an uncontrollable neagtive event is most likely to lead to depression
- This leads people to think that the sitch isn’t controllable (which is wrong)
- > explains abused partnership
How can cognitive theories explain major depression ?
People have:
- Negative cognitive triad/self schema (Beck)
- Hopelessness depression
- Ruminative response style theory
What is meant by Reformulated learned helplessness theory ?
- people habitually explain negative events by causes that are internal, stable & global
- tends to blame themselves for these negative events and expect to experience negative events in the future
What is meant by negative cognitive self schema ?
- people have negative views of themselves
What is meant by Hoplessness depression ?
- people make pessimistic attributions for the most important events in their lives & think they have no way of coping with the consequences
