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Psychoptahology > Task 8 > Flashcards

Task 8 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the defintion of psychosis ?

A
  • not able to tell the difference between what’s real and what isn’t
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2
Q

What is the definition of schizophrenia ?

A
  • alterations between inactive and active psychosis phases
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3
Q

What two types of symptoms do we have regarding schizophrenia ?

A
  • Postive and negative symptoms
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4
Q

What is the definition of the posotive symptoms regarding schizophrenia ? (als name the four types)

A
  • overt expressions of unusual perceptions, thoughts, and behaviours
    1. Delusions
    2. Hallucinations
    3. Disorganised Thought/Speech
    4. Disorganised/ Catatonic Behaviour
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5
Q

What is meant by delusion ?

A
  • ideas exist but are highly unlikely or even impossible to become true
  • resistant against compelling arguments
  • be aware of high cultural differences
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6
Q

What is meant by Persecutory delusions ?

A
  • believe they are being watched
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7
Q

What is meant by Delusions of reference ?

A
  • believe random events/comments by others are directed at them
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8
Q

What is meant by Grandiose delusions ?

A
  • believe they are a special being or possess special powers
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9
Q

What is meant by Delusions of thought insertion ?

A

believe that thoughts are being controlled by outside forces

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10
Q

What is meant by delusion of thought withdrawl ?

A
  • belief that thoughts are being removed by someone
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11
Q

What is meant by the delusion of guilt or sin ?

A
  • False belief that one has commited a terrible act
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12
Q

What is meant by the delusion of thought broadcasting ?

A
  • belief that ones thaught are being broadcast (other can hear your thought)
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13
Q

What is the defintion Hallucinations ?

A
  • Unreal perceptual experiences
  • frequent presistent complex and bizzare
  • Auditory, visual, tactile (outside), somatic (inside) -> all senses can provoke a hallicunation
  • important to keep cultural differences in mind
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14
Q

What is the definition of Disorganised Thought/Speech ? (and which gender is more prevalence for the symptoms)

A
  • they have a formal thought disorder = disorganized thinking
  • Loose association: slip from one topic to another (unrelated topic)
  • men = Less bialetrally language control
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15
Q

What are the 3 stages of loose association ?

A
  1. Word salad: totally incoherent (gegensetzlich)
  2. Neologism: make up words
  3. Clangs: make associations btw words based on their sounds rather than content
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16
Q

What is the definition of Disorganised/ Catatonic Behaviour ? (2 types)

A
  1. Unpredictable & apparently untriggered movement -> daily routines can not be followed
  2. Catatonia: unresponsiveness to environment
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17
Q

Name the 3 types and there function of cantonia:

A
  • Negativism: lack of response to instructions
  • Mutism: complete lack of verbal/motor responses
  • Catatonic excitement: purposeless and excessive motor activity for no apparent reason
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18
Q

What is the defintion of negative symptoms regarding schizophrenia ? (name the 2 types)

A
  • loss of certain qualities of the person
    1. Retsricted affect
    2. Avolition/ Asociality
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19
Q

What is meant by the retsricted affect ?

A
  • Severe reduction/ absence of emotional expression
  • or intense emotions (overload)
  • Having anhedonia
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20
Q

What is meant by anhedonia ?

A
  • loss of the ability to experience pleasure
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21
Q

What is meant by Avolition/ Asociality ?

A
  1. Avolition: inability to initiate/ persist at common goal-directed activities
  2. Asociality -> no interest in socialisation
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22
Q

What are the cognitive deficits regarding schizophrenia patients ?

A
  • Deficits in: attention, memory (especially working memory), and processing speed
  • Can’t distinguish relevant from irrelevant can’t ignore the irrelevant
  • Cognitive deficits have been found to be present before the definite onset
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23
Q

According to the auditory verbal hallucinations article, are external explanations an indicator of schizophrenia ?

A
  • Having an external explanation was not an indicator for psychotic disorders
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24
Q

According to the auditory verbal hallucinations article, what are the differences between a disorder and “normal person”?

A
  • Disorder patient had more:
    1. Negative emotional valence of content
    2. higher frequency of hali
    3. less control
    4. later onset 21
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25
Q

According to the auditory verbal hallucinations article, what are the similarities between a disorder and “normal person”?

A
  • Both experinced: location (inside vs. outside), number of voices, loudness, personification
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26
Q

What are the DSM 5 charactersitics of schizophrenia ?

A
  • 2 or more of the positive and negative symptom have to be present
  • at least a month
  • one of them (delusion hallucinationa and disorganies speach must be present)
  • functioning in major areas is impaired (school)
  • has to have a 6 months ratio which can be split up in prodromal/ residual symptoms and major month disorder
  • not a depressive or bipolar disorder (do not met full criteria
  • not due to substance
  • if autism is present hallucination or delusion must also be present
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27
Q

What is meant by prodromal symptoms ?

A
  • symptoms occurring (more or less 6 months) before the acute phase
  • more characterized by negtaive symptoms
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28
Q

What is meant by residual symptoms ?

A
  • symptoms occurring after the acute phase (+/- 6 months)

- more characterized by negtaive symptoms

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29
Q

What are the prevalenzes of schizophrenia ?

A
  • 1-2%
  • Onset: late adolescence/ early adulthood (for men a bit earlier, teenager)
  • chronic
  • improve with age
  • life expectancy 10 years shorter
  • high suicide: 10-15%
  • worse symptoms in man
  • 50% in man and 50% in woman
30
Q

What are the causes of relapse ?

A
  • stressful life events, or not taking given medication
31
Q

Why is it for man more common then for woman to develope schizophrenia ?

A
  • higher risk for abnormal brain development (because onset is in teenage time)
  • Estrogen in woman has a protective function
32
Q

What is meant by Schizoaffective Disorder ?

A
  1. Mix of schizophrenia and mood disorder

2. At least 2 weeks of hallucinations or delusions without mood symptoms (other then that mood must be persistent)

33
Q

What is meant by Schizophreniform Disorder ?

A
  • show symptoms that last only 1-6 months

- functional impairment is not neccesary

34
Q

What is meant by brief psychotic Disorder ?

A
  • Only lasts one day to one month, afterword’s the symptoms are completely gone
35
Q

What is meant by delusional Disorder ?

A
  • Only show delusions
  • at least a month
  • late onset and more in females
36
Q

What is meant by Schizotypal personality Disorder ?

A
  • Think & behave in odd ways, but remain control on reality
  • completly similar besides no impaiment with reality
37
Q

What is meant by Paranoid schizophrenia Disorder ?

A
  • characterized by delusions and hallucinations that involve themes of persecution and grandiosity
  • most common type
38
Q

How do gentic theories explain schizophrenia ?

A
  • Different genes responsible for different symptoms
  • Risk decreases as genetic similarity decreases
  • Genes more than environment
  • Connected to genes which regulate the dopamine system
39
Q

Do only genetic factors play a role regarding schizophrenia ?

A
  • expression is depending on environment
  • so it is an interaction between both
  • genes are cuases
40
Q

How do brain abnormalities explain schizophrenia ?

A
  • Grey matter reduction
  • PFC: abnormal activity
  • Hippocampus: abnormal activation, shape & volume
  • White matter reduction in WM areas
  • Ventricles are larger -> leads to decrease of other brain tissue
41
Q

How does brain damage explain schizophrenia ?

A
  • birth complications -> such as Perinatal hypoxia or prenatal viral exposure
42
Q

What is meant by Perinatal hypoxia ?

A
  • oxygen deprivation before or after birth
43
Q

What is meant by prenatal viral exposure ?

A
  • viral infections while pregnant -> immune system of mother is more active
  • When immune system is more active -> it negatively impacts the devlopment of brain cells and dopamine sytem of child
44
Q

How does a deficit in neurotransmitter explain schizophrenia ?

A
  • Via the orginal dopamine theory

- Via the revised dopamine theory

45
Q

Explain the orignal dopamine theory:

A
  • To much Dopamine accounts for everything

- > Stated as wrong because drugs which reduce lvl of dopamine only weakned positive symptoms

46
Q

Explain the revised dopamine theory:

A
  • It is about different lvl of dopamine in different areas
  • To much in mesombolic pathway -> account for postive symptoms
  • to low lvl of dopamine in PFC -> accounts for negative symptoms
  • > Also states that serotonin modulates dopamine and also a lower lvl of glutamate and gaba impact the disorder
47
Q

How do psychological theories explain schizophrenia ?

A
  • via the Social drift theory and the urban birth theory
  • Also it states that high stress lvls are determined as causes and Families with high expression/fluctuation of emotions
48
Q

Define the social drift theory:

A
  • symptoms interfere with functioning thus people drift down in social class
49
Q

Define the urban birth theory:

A
  • Large city = more stress + overcrowding leads to viral infections of pregnant people
50
Q

How do cognitive theories explain schizophrenia ?

A
  • people use certain cognitive biases or thinking styles to preserve (erhalten) their limited cognitive resources
  • delusion and hallucinations help to understand the overwhelming information streaming ( portection for intact brain parts)
  • have an hypersensitvity to input
51
Q

What is meant by the jumping to conclusion bias ?

A
  • gather only little info and jump straight to the conclusion
52
Q

What is meant by the metamemory bias ?

A
  • having a reduced memory vividness & overconfidence in errors
53
Q

What is meant by the theory of mind deficit bias ?

A
  • Influences all other biases
  • not able to follow/dentify others intention /emotions and feeling
  • they belive that others are hiding there intention and are hostile (gegner)
54
Q

What are the biological treatment options ?

A
  • Phenothiazines or Neuroleptics

- Atypical Antipsychotics

55
Q

How do phenothiazines or neuroleptics work and what do they treat ?

A
  • block dopamine receptors -> less dopamine

- only control positive symptoms

56
Q

What were the major side affects of phenothiazines or neuroleptics ?

A
  • Akinesia

- Tardive dyskinesia

57
Q

What does akinesia stand for ?

A
  • slowed motor activity
58
Q

What does Tardive dyskinesia stand for ?

A
  • involuntary movements of the face, mouth
59
Q

How do Atypical Antipsychotics work and what do they treat ?

A
  • affect dopamine availability -> more dopamine for meso limbic system
  • treats negative and positive symptoms
  • via Clozapine and Risperidone
60
Q

How does psychological and social treatment treat schizophrenia ?

A
  • Increase social skills, reduce isolation, stress and conflict
  • also making the patient understand the disorder
  • remain the medication
  • teaching them coping effect with side mechanism
  • Via cognitive behavioural, famliy and social intervention treatment, Reattribution
61
Q

How does cognitive treatment try to treat schizophrenia ?

A
  • try to teach them how to participate in social life

- change attitude regarding the illness

62
Q

How does behavioural try to treat schizophrenia ?

A
  • social learning theory+operant conditioning

- try to be a role model to teach them how to inniate or maintain conversation

63
Q

How does social intervention try to treat schizophrenia ?

A
  • self-support groups for increasing contact and support
64
Q

How does family treatment try to treat schizophrenia ?

A
  • combine basic education with coping and behavioural techniques to encourage appropriate behaviour within the family
65
Q

How does the reattribution theory treat people with schizophrenia ?

A
  • Ecourage patient to consider normal causes for hallucination
66
Q

What is meant by the attributional style bias ?

A
  • blame negative events on other people and institutions rather than spreading blame over multiple sources
67
Q

What is meant by the bais against disconformity evidence ?

A
  • clients do not listen to counterarguments
68
Q

How does the metacognitive training work ?

A
  • raise patients’ awareness of biases & make them critically reflect on and change current way of thinking
  • hybrid model using psychoeducation, cognitive remediation and cognitive-behaviour therapy
  • it works with 8 modules
  • Greater decline in Positive and Negative Syndrom
69
Q

How does the frontal lobe model explain schizophrenia ?

A
  • Hypo-frontality: psychos have reduced frontal to posterior blood flow
  • DLPFC blood flow
  • > leads to less activity or hyperactvity
  • not 100% true dependent on the behavioural state
  • WM deficit was given as true cause.
70
Q

How does the temporal lobe model explain shizophrenia ?

A
  • dysfunction is characterized by a left
    hemispheric overactivation during task
  • Also LTM problems because of hippocampal and frontal lobe abnormalities
71
Q

How does the disrupted connectivity explain schizophrenia ?

A
  • deficit in
    the connectivity between frontal and temporal lobe
  • disruption in brain network rather than a disorder in a single brain region
  • might be due to Abnormal correlations between left STG and left DLPFC,
  • increased temporal-VLPFC connectivity to compensate

Psychoptahology (10 decks)

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